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Stabilising the Sahel

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Stabilising the Sahel July 2021 POLICY BRIEF STABILISING THE SAHEL Livestock as a driver of regional integration Catherine Simonet and Elizabeth Carabine Key findings The Sahel region is a growing focus for the international community, concerned to address the root causes of instability, violent extremism and forced displacement in countries including Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. Regional integration is key to economic development and political stability in the Sahel. Livestock mobility and trade strengthen regional integration and are the basis of resilience to climate and conflict-related crises. Livestock markets are well integrated at national and regional levels. Production areas in Mali and Niger are essential to the regional market, which overall is relatively resilient to conflict dynamics. But climate and conflict do affect livestock prices, and shocks can negatively affect communities and national economies. Strengthening the regional livestock sector and enabling environment can deliver sustainable outcomes for food security, economic development and stability. There are several feasible options to achieve this, including upgraded infrastructure, improved marketing, production of fodder and tailored financial services such as insurance. Cattle cool down in a reservoir, often the last water point during the hottest and driest months of the year, in Zorro village, Burkina Faso. Photo: Ollivier Girard/CIFOR/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Acknowledgements This policy brief is based on the report written by Catherine Simonet, Martial Sy Traoré, Stéphanie Brunelin and Lucie Royer, funded under the BRACED Knowledge Manager project and the Regional Dialogue for Livestock Transformation in Africa, funded by IDRC and led by Elizabeth Carabine and Catherine Simonet. The authors would like to thank Simon Levine, ODI and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the policy brief. Sahel in crisis? As a region where climate and security risks converge, goods and people (transhumance) and support livestock West Africa is receiving renewed policy attention development. This policy brief presents evidence-based from the international community. In intensified efforts and practical recommendations to support these efforts. to combine diplomacy, defence and development objectives (termed the ‘3Ds’), the Sahel Alliance of donors and multilateral organisations has committed to investing €11.6 billion in over 800 projects in the G5 Sahel countries, including Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger, by 2022.1 Other donor commitments are flowing to the region, testing innovative approaches to address the complex challenges that have only been exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, some incoherence in policy objectives is having unexpected consequences. For example, recent European Union (EU) policies have negatively affected mobility and regional integration, both important elements for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), of which the EU is a major supporter (Clingendael, 2019). This policy brief argues that, to avoid unintended outcomes and maximise positive and sustainable Herding cattle over the bridge. Mali. impact, there are two fundamental characteristics of the Photo: Curt Carnemark/World Bank/CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 region that must be understood and taken into account when planning and implementing interventions. First, regional integration is key to economic development The livestock sector and pastoral and political stability. Second, pastoralism and agro- pastoralism are major livelihoods and economic economy activities that strengthen regional integration through the movement and trade of livestock. Policies and Sahel countries are net exporters of livestock products, investments that reinforce these related processes supplying the coastal countries of West Africa in a can positively contribute to resilience and stability highly integrated and valuable regional market worth in the Sahel and West Africa. an average 40% of agricultural GDP (de Haan, 2016). Agriculture, and particularly the livestock sector, supports At the same time, there is a growing discourse around around 50% of jobs in West Africa (SWAC/OECD, 2008). herder–farmer conflict as a primary cause of insecurity As well as having potential to deliver sectoral growth in the Sahel. In reality, the interactions between inter- in the order of 6% annually (de Haan, 2016), extensive communal, natural-resource-based conflict on the production of livestock in the Sahel’s rangelands features one hand, and state insecurity and extremism on the a favourable carbon balance in terms of minimal other, are difficult to untangle. What is more clear is greenhouse gas emissions and potential for carbon the importance of agro-pastoralism for economic sequestration, when compared to other land uses development in the region, with several initiatives (Assouma et al., 2019; FAO, 2017). This is also a system focusing specifically on livestock, including the Regional that offers economic development that is low carbon Sahel Pastoralism Support Project (PRAPS), the and climate resilient (Carabine and Simonet, 2018). Key Regional Investment Programme for Livestock and to unlocking potential for climate-resilient economic Pastoral Development in Coastal Countries (PRIDEC) transformation2 through livestock are the free movement and Pathways to Resilience in Semi-arid Economies of pastoralists and regional integration of trade3 within (PRISE). ECOWAS and its member states have policies the Sahel and between Sahel and coastal countries in and plans in place to protect the free movement of West Africa (Figure 1). 2 SPARC Supporting Pastoralism and Agriculture in Recurrent and Protracted Crises Transhumance patterns A. T. Diop, JD. Cesaro, I. Touré, A. Ickowicz , B. Toutain Transhumance is the seasonal movement of livestock The distance covered during these movements may herds supervised by herders. In Sahelian countries, change from one season to the next depending on the transhumance is an adaptation strategy geared towards climatic conditions and the pastoral resource availa- optimizingAlthough livestock transhumance access to is enshrinedwater and in regional grazings of incomebility and and termsdistribution of trade (ODI/BRACED, in the host 2015). areas. Over the last frameworks, agro-pastoralism has changed in recent Vulnerabilities have been further compounded by sufficient years,quality with to intensified ensure the competition herds’ annualfor scarce production. resources politicalthree decades, instability and these the rise movements of extremism, have leading become to longer This practicebetween concerns herders 70-90% and farmers, of Saheliannew actors cattleentering herds. the directand andmore indirect dispersed, impacts onespecially human and foodsouthward. security This trend At the endsystem, of the and rainy commercialisation season, livestock of land (IOM,farmers 2019). leave incould the Sahel, be aexplained pattern that appearsby herd to beincreases, repeating environmental Added to this, the pastoral economy is threatened by through eastern Burkina Faso, northern Nigeria, Niger their homeincreasing area and severity drive and frequencytheir herds of climate towards extremes areas4 andaridification, Chad. It is critical the to theexpansion stability of theof Sahelagricultural to areas in that are moreand conflict.likely to5 Mali’s fulfil ongoing their crisisherds’ is anutritional perfect storm needs. of findtranshumance solutions that corridors protect livestock and themobility, diversity preserve of transborder successive years of rainfall deficits driving earlier and market integration and support transformation of the One familylonger may movements split up of peopleto follow and livestock several through different the sector.cattle Inmarkets, order to achieve thus forcingthis, governments, herders regional to find alternative transhumanceregion, trails, in turn dependingcontributing to oninter-communal the family’s violence assets, institutionstranshumance and technical routes. and It financialis also essentialpartners need to take the spe- size and composition,as groups fight toand access the crucialuse (or resources, not) of and salaried morecific information features aboutof each the complex country dynamics into account, along with labourers.livestock price shocks that have reduced pastoralists’ currentlythe question taking ofplace shared in the Sahel.management of the area and the incurred conflicts. FIGURE 1 LIVESTOCK MOBILITY IN THE SAHEL Summary of recent national and transborder herd movements and commercial cattle trade channels Seeking trade channels in Niger Livestock market integration In Senegal, cattle movements are often limited to the silvopastoral area in the north, whereas small ruminant New analysis of livestock prices in markets of Mali, haveherds reduced are beingconsiderably driven over further the 2014–2016 and further period, southward. Burkina Faso and Niger between 2008 and 2016 (CILSS, possiblyIn Mali, due despite to variation successive in the Nigerian droughts, currency, livestockthe farmers 2016) highlights critical key trends and characteristics of naira.7 Also, transaction costs associated with informal the livestock sector in the Sahel. Over the past 10 years, barriersare still to livestockmoving trade their and herds transhumance while also between creating settled the difference between prices within these three national Saheliancamps countriesfor their may families. have been In overcome Niger, thanks where to
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