DOCSLIB.ORG

Preventing Foodborne Illness: Shigellosis1 Keith R

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Preventing Foodborne Illness: Shigellosis1 Keith R FSHN0517 Preventing Foodborne Illness: Shigellosis1 Keith R. Schneider, Soohyoun Ahn, and Renée M. Goodrich-Schneider2 What is Shigella? Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-form­ ing, rod-shaped bacterium capable of causing disease in humans. Disease occurs when virulent Shigella organisms are consumed and invade the intestinal mucosa, result­ ing in tissue destruction. Some Shigella strains produce enterotoxin and Shiga-toxin. Humans and higher primates are the only known hosts of Shigella. Depending on age and condition of the host, less than 200 cells can be enough to cause disease (FDA, 2012). What causes the foodborne illness shigellosis? Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella. There are four different groups of Shigella species: Shigella dysenteriae (group A), Shigella flexneri (group B), Shigella boydii (group C), and Shigella sonnei (group D). S. sonnei causes most shigellosis illnesses in Figure 1. Computer-generated image of a number of rod-shaped, the developed countries, and accounts for approximately drug-resistant Shigella bacteria, based upon scanning electron 70% of shigellosis cases in the United States. Conversely, micrographic imagery. Credits: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and S. flexneri is the prevalent species associated with illness Prevention - Medical Illustrator in the developing world (CDC, 2009). The Centers for What are the symptoms of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that Shigella causes over 130,000 cases per year in the US, which shigellosis? accounts for 1.4% of total foodborne illnesses (Scallan et al, Shigellosis is characterized in humans by sudden and severe 2011). diarrhea (gastroenteritis or bacillary dysentery), which is often bloody. Most infected people also develop fever 1. This document is FSHN05-17, one of a series of the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, UF/IFAS Extension. First Published: September 2005. Revised: July 2012. Reviewed: October 2015. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/. 2. Keith R. Schneider, professor; Soohyoun Ahn, assistant professor; Renée M. Goodrich-Schneider, professor; Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611. The authors wish to acknowledge the following persons for their contributions to previous editions of this publication: Michael J. Mahovic, former graduate student, Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, and Riya Shukla, then program co-coordinator, C. Wayne Ellett Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic, The Ohio State University. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. and stomach cramps within 1–2 days after exposure to include salads (potato, shrimp, tuna, chicken, turkey, the bacteria. Symptoms typically last 5–7 days, and most macaroni, fruit, and lettuce), chopped turkey, rice balls, shigellosis cases resolve without need for hospitalization. beans, pudding, strawberries, spinach, raw oysters, Shigella thrives in the human intestine and is commonly luncheon meat, and milk. Contamination of these or other spread through both food and person-to-person contact. foods is through the fecal–oral route. This means the food Some persons who are infected may show no symptoms at has come in contact with water that has been contaminated, all, but may still pass the Shigella organism to others. or has been handled under other unsanitary conditions. It is possible for any food that has been mishandled to Long-term Effects of Shigellosis become contaminated and spread the disease. Up to 3% of persons who are infected with Shigella may later develop chronic joint pain, swelling and irritation Prevention of the eyes, and sometimes painful urination. This is a The best was to prevent the spread of Shigella is through reaction to the previous gastroenteritis and is called reactive basic personal hygiene and frequent handwashing. You arthritis. It is a rare autoimmune disease that can occur should wash hands with soap carefully, especially after after a bout of gastroenteritis from Salmonella or Shigella. going to the bathroom, before preparing foods, and after changing diapers. Toddlers and small children should be How is Shigella spread? supervised for proper handwashing. Shigellosis typically occurs by fecal–oral contamination. Other tips to prevent shigellosis are shown below: Most Shigella infections are spread by stools or soiled fin­ gers of an infected person to the mouth of another person • Do not prepare food for others while ill with diarrhea. when basic hygiene and handwashing are not properly • Avoid swallowing water from ponds, lakes, or untreated done (for example, when people do not wash their hands pools. with soap and water after using the restroom or changing • Dispose of soiled diapers properly, and disinfect chang­ a diaper). Shigella infections can be also acquired from ing areas after using them. consuming food contaminated by infected food handlers (through poor personal hygiene). In rare cases, swimming • When traveling in developing countries, drink only water in ponds, lakes, and pools can also spread Shigella if treated or boiled water. not properly treated and if enough water is swallowed. Such How can you minimize the risk contamination may originate from sewage leaks or infected swimmers (particularly infected swimmers who have or of shigellosis in your plant or recently have had diarrhea). establishment? One of the most important sanitation steps to reduce the Tests and Treament spread of shigellosis is the treatment of municipal water Shigella is not a normal inhabitant of the human colon, supplies. Water treatment for public consumption is a safe but cultures are sometimes falsely negative. This is because and highly effective preventative measure that has been in Shigella shares several characteristics with normally place for many years. Additionally, the treatment of sewage occurring colon bacteria (native flora), making it difficult alleviates the spread of Shigella and many other disease- to isolate it from a stool specimen. Diagnosing Shigella as causing organisms, including Shigella. For this reason, use the causal agent of an illness requires laboratory testing of municipal water supplies is recommended for all food- to identify the bacteria in the stool of a possibly infected handling facilities. individual. Lab tests can also tell which species of Shigella are present to help determine which antibiotics are suitable Improved worker and facility hygiene at picking and for treatment. packing facilities is a major step in preventing shigellosis caused by contaminated produce. To increase the safety of What foods have been commonly domestically produced foods, both the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administra­ associated with Shigella? tion (FDA) have established a hazard analysis and critical A wide variety of foods can be contaminated with Shigella. control points system (HACCP) for several sectors of Foods that have been identified in Shigella outbreaks the food industry. In hopes of further minimizing the risks of foodborne illness, the FDA has since considered Preventing Foodborne Illness: Shigellosis 2 establishing similar food safety standards throughout • PHF should be received with no evidence of temperature other areas of the food industry, including domestic and abuse, such as thawing. imported food products. HANDLING AND SANITATION Sanitary conditions for food product Before and after use, clean and sanitize all cooking equip­ ment, utensils, and work surfaces with a mild food grade receiving, handling, processing, and bleach solution (100–200 ppm of free chlorine) or chemical storage sanitizers listed in 21 CFR 178.1010. Sanitizing solutions The stringent requirements of the HACCP program have should be used in accordance with instructions on the been argued as being too cumbersome or inappropriate for EPA-approved manufacturer’s label. some food handling operations—specifically minimally • Let air-dry, if possible. Otherwise, use clean or single- processed foods. For these facilities, adoption of a program use disposable kitchen towels / paper towels. of general good manufacturing practices for food (GMPs), as defined by the FDA Code of Federal Regulations, Title • Use only potable water to wash and prepare food. 21, Part 110 (FDA, 2009), is suggested. An outline of such • For display or service, select perishable foods last and GMPs is available from the FDA Center for Food Science put them away first. and Applied Nutrition and suggests the minimum general • Rinse and sanitize dishcloths often (or use single-use sanitation requirements for an FDA-inspected food han­ disposable towels) and use separate ones for each part of dling and processing facility. To address any specific needs the kitchen. of an individual facility (such as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recognizing and Treating New and Emerging Infections Encountered in Everyday Practice
    Recognizing and treating new and emerging infections encountered in everyday practice STEVEN M. GORDON, MD NFECTIOUS DISEASES, pre- MiikWirj:« Although infectious diseases were once considered a dicted earlier in this cen- diminishing threat, new pathogens are constantly challenging tury to be eliminated as a the health care system. This article reviews the clinical presen- public health problem, re- tation, diagnosis, and treatment of seven emerging infections I main the chief cause of death that primary care physicians are likely to encounter. worldwide and a significant cause of death and morbidity in i Parvovirus B19 attacks erythrocyte precursors; the United States.1 Challenging infection is usually benign and self-limiting but can cause the US public health system are aplastic crises in patients with chronic hemolytic disorders. several newly identified patho- Hemorrhagic colitis due to Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection gens (eg, human immunodefi- can lead to the hemolytic-uremic syndrome, especially in chil- ciency virus [HIV], Escherichia dren; it also can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura. coli 0157:H7, hepatitis C) and a Chlamydia pneumoniae causes a mild pneumonia that resem- resurgence of old diseases pre- bles mycoplasmal pneumonia. Bacillary angiomatosis primar- sumed to be under control (eg, ily affects immunocompromised patients, especially those tuberculosis, syphilis). Further, infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). At least multiple-drug resistance in two organisms can cause bacillary angiomatosis: Bartonella hense- strains of pneumococci, gono- lae and Bartonella quintana. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome cocci, enterococci, staphylo- is spread by exposure to the droppings of infected rodents. cocci, salmonella, and mycobac- Contrary to previous thought, HIV continues to replicate teria undermines efforts to throughout the course of the illness and does not have a latency control the diseases they cause.2 phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Communities of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Turkeys
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bacterial communities of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys Olimpia Kursa1*, Grzegorz Tomczyk1, Anna Sawicka‑Durkalec1, Aleksandra Giza2 & Magdalena Słomiany‑Szwarc2 The respiratory tracts of turkeys play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Understanding the bacterial communities present in the respiratory tracts of turkeys can be helpful to better understand the interactions between commensal or symbiotic microorganisms and other pathogenic bacteria or viral infections. The aim of this study was the characterization of the bacterial communities of upper respiratory tracks in commercial turkeys using NGS sequencing by the amplifcation of 16S rRNA gene with primers designed for hypervariable regions V3 and V4 (MiSeq, Illumina). From 10 phyla identifed in upper respiratory tract in turkeys, the most dominated phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Diferences in composition of bacterial diversity were found at the family and genus level. At the genus level, the turkey sequences present in respiratory tract represent 144 established bacteria. Several respiratory pathogens that contribute to the development of infections in the respiratory system of birds were identifed, including the presence of Ornithobacterium and Mycoplasma OTUs. These results obtained in this study supply information about bacterial composition and diversity of the turkey upper respiratory tract. Knowledge about bacteria present in the respiratory tract and the roles they can play in infections can be useful in controlling, diagnosing and treating commercial turkey focks. Next-generation sequencing has resulted in a marked increase in culture-independent studies characterizing the microbiome of humans and animals1–6. Much of these works have been focused on the gut microbiome of humans and other production animals 7–11.
    [Show full text]
  • Know Your Abcs: a Quick Guide to Reportable Infectious Diseases in Ohio
    Know Your ABCs: A Quick Guide to Reportable Infectious Diseases in Ohio From the Ohio Administrative Code Chapter 3701-3; Effective August 1, 2019 Class A: Diseases of major public health concern because of the severity of disease or potential for epidemic spread – report immediately via telephone upon recognition that a case, a suspected case, or a positive laboratory result exists. • Anthrax • Measles • Rubella (not congenital) • Viral hemorrhagic fever • Botulism, foodborne • Meningococcal disease • Severe acute respiratory (VHF), including Ebola virus • Cholera • Middle East Respiratory syndrome (SARS) disease, Lassa fever, Marburg • Diphtheria Syndrome (MERS) • Smallpox hemorrhagic fever, and • Influenza A – novel virus • Plague • Tularemia Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic infection • Rabies, human fever Any unexpected pattern of cases, suspected cases, deaths or increased incidence of any other disease of major public health concern, because of the severity of disease or potential for epidemic spread, which may indicate a newly recognized infectious agent, outbreak, epidemic, related public health hazard or act of bioterrorism. Class B: Disease of public health concern needing timely response because of potential for epidemic spread – report by the end of the next business day after the existence of a case, a suspected case, or a positive laboratory result is known. • Amebiasis • Carbapenemase-producing • Hepatitis B (perinatal) • Salmonellosis • Arboviral neuroinvasive and carbapenem-resistant • Hepatitis C (non-perinatal) • Shigellosis
    [Show full text]
  • Purification and Characterization of a Shigella Dysenteriae 1- Like Toxin Produced by Escherichia Coli
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences U.S. Department of Defense 1983 Purification and Characterization of a Shigella dysenteriae 1- Like Toxin Produced by Escherichia coli Alison D. O'Brien Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, [email protected] Gerald D. LaVeck Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usuhs Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons O'Brien, Alison D. and LaVeck, Gerald D., "Purification and Characterization of a Shigella dysenteriae 1- Like Toxin Produced by Escherichia coli" (1983). Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. 99. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usuhs/99 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, May 1983, p. 675-683 Vol. 40, No. 2 0019-9567/83/050675-09$02.00/0 Copyright C 1983, American Society for Microbiology Purification and Characterization of a Shigella dysenteriae 1- Like Toxin Produced by Escherichia coli ALISON D. O'BRIEN* AND GERALD D. LAVECKt Department of Microbiology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814 Received 10 January 1983/Accepted 18 February 1983 A toxin from an enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli H30) was purified to apparent homogeneity from cell lysates.
    [Show full text]
  • Communicable Diseases Weekly Report
    Communicable Diseases Weekly Report Week 08, 21 February to 27 February 2021 In summary, we report: • Chancroid – one new case in a returned traveller • Rodent-borne disease risks • Novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) • Summary of notifiable conditions activity in NSW For further information see NSW Health infectious diseases page. This includes links to other NSW Health infectious disease surveillance reports and a diseases data page for a range of notifiable infectious diseases. Chancroid One case of chancroid was notified this reporting week in a traveller returning from overseas. Chancroid is an acute sexually transmitted bacterial infection that causes painful genital ulcers. The condition is now rarely seen in Australia and only one other case has been notified in NSW during the past decade. Although the incidence of chancroid is decreasing globally, it is still reported in some regions within Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and South Pacific. Chancroid genital ulcer disease is a known risk factor for the transmission of HIV. The bacterium that causes chancroid, Haemophilus ducreyi, is usually transmitted through anal, oral, or vaginal sex with an infected person. After infection, one or more ulcers (sores) develop on the genitals or around the anus. Non-genital skin infections have also been reported globally, through non-sexual skin-to-skin contact with an infected person. The ulcers are usually painful, but rarely can be asymptomatic. Swelling in the groin (due to enlarged painful lymph nodes that can liquify and develop into buboes) can also occur. Other symptoms may include pain during sexual intercourse or while urinating. An infected person can spread the infection from their genital region to other parts of their body.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Diseases Fact Sheet
    ZOONOTIC DISEASES FACT SHEET s e ion ecie s n t n p is ms n e e s tio s g s m to a a o u t Rang s p t tme to e th n s n m c a s a ra y a re ho Di P Ge Ho T S Incub F T P Brucella (B. Infected animals Skin or mucous membrane High and protracted (extended) fever. 1-15 weeks Most commonly Antibiotic melitensis, B. (swine, cattle, goats, contact with infected Infection affects bone, heart, reported U.S. combination: abortus, B. suis, B. sheep, dogs) animals, their blood, tissue, gallbladder, kidney, spleen, and laboratory-associated streptomycina, Brucellosis* Bacteria canis ) and other body fluids causes highly disseminated lesions bacterial infection in tetracycline, and and abscess man sulfonamides Salmonella (S. Domestic (dogs, cats, Direct contact as well as Mild gastroenteritiis (diarrhea) to high 6 hours to 3 Fatality rate of 5-10% Antibiotic cholera-suis, S. monkeys, rodents, indirect consumption fever, severe headache, and spleen days combination: enteriditis, S. labor-atory rodents, (eggs, food vehicles using enlargement. May lead to focal chloramphenicol, typhymurium, S. rep-tiles [especially eggs, etc.). Human to infection in any organ or tissue of the neomycin, ampicillin Salmonellosis Bacteria typhi) turtles], chickens and human transmission also body) fish) and herd animals possible (cattle, chickens, pigs) All Shigella species Captive non-human Oral-fecal route Ranges from asymptomatic carrier to Varies by Highly infective. Low Intravenous fluids primates severe bacillary dysentery with high species. 16 number of organisms and electrolytes, fevers, weakness, severe abdominal hours to 7 capable of causing Antibiotics: ampicillin, cramps, prostration, edema of the days.
    [Show full text]
  • Longitudinal Characterization of the Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Yaks
    Journal of Fungi Article Longitudinal Characterization of the Gut Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Yaks Yaping Wang 1,2,3, Yuhang Fu 3, Yuanyuan He 3, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar 3 , Mudassar Iqbal 3,4, Kun Li 1,2,* and Jiaguo Liu 1,2,* 1 Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; [email protected] 2 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China 3 College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; [email protected] (Y.F.); [email protected] (Y.H.); [email protected] (M.F.-e.-A.K.); [email protected] (M.I.) 4 Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan * Correspondence: [email protected] (K.L.); [email protected] (J.L.) Abstract: Development phases are important in maturing immune systems, intestinal functions, and metabolism for the construction, structure, and diversity of microbiome in the intestine during the entire life. Characterizing the gut microbiota colonization and succession based on age-dependent effects might be crucial if a microbiota-based therapeutic or disease prevention strategy is adopted. The purpose of this study was to reveal the dynamic distribution of intestinal bacterial and fungal communities across all development stages in yaks. Dynamic changes (a substantial difference) in the structure and composition ratio of the microbial community were observed in yaks that Citation: Wang, Y.; Fu, Y.; He, Y.; matched the natural aging process from juvenile to natural aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Plesiomonas Shigelloides S000142446 Serratia Plymuthica
    0.01 Plesiomonas shigelloides S000142446 Serratia plymuthica S000016955 Serratia ficaria S000010445 Serratia entomophila S000015406 Leads to highlighted edge in Supplemental Phylogeny 1 Xenorhabdus hominickii S000735562 0.904 Xenorhabdus poinarii S000413914 0.998 0.868 Xenorhabdus griffiniae S000735553 Proteus myxofaciens S000728630 0.862 Proteus vulgaris S000004373 Proteus mirabilis S000728627 0.990 0.822 Arsenophonus nasoniae S000404964 OTU from Corby-Harris (Unpublished) #seqs-1 GQ988429 OTU from Corby-Harris et al (2007) #seqs-1 DQ980880 0.838 Providencia stuartii S000001277 Providencia rettgeri S000544654 0.999 Providencia vermicola S000544657 0.980 Isolate from Juneja and Lazzaro (2009)-EU587107 Isolate from Juneja and Lazzaro (2009)-EU587113 0.605 0.928 Isolate from Juneja and Lazzaro (2009)-EU587095 0.588 Isolate from Juneja and Lazzaro (2009)-EU587101 Providencia rustigianii S000544651 0.575 Providencia alcalifaciens S000127327 0.962 OTU XDS 099-#libs(1/0)-#seqs(1/0) OTU XYM 085-#libs(13/4)-#seqs(401/23) 0.620 OTU XDY 021-#libs(1/1)-#seqs(3/1) Providencia heimbachae S000544652 Morganella psychrotolerans S000721631 0.994 Morganella morganii S000721642 OTU ICF 062-#libs(0/1)-#seqs(0/7) Morganella morganii S000129416 0.990 Biostraticola tofi S000901778 0.783 Sodalis glossinidius S000436949 Dickeya dadantii S000570097 0.869 0.907 0.526 Brenneria rubrifaciens S000022162 0.229 Brenneria salicis S000381181 0.806 OTU SEC 066-#libs(0/1)-#seqs(0/1) Brenneria quercina S000005099 0.995 Pragia fontium S000022757 Budvicia aquatica S000020702
    [Show full text]
  • Use of the Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory: a Practical Review for the Clinician
    148 Postgrad Med J 2001;77:148–156 REVIEWS Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pmj.77.905.148 on 1 March 2001. Downloaded from Use of the diagnostic bacteriology laboratory: a practical review for the clinician W J Steinbach, A K Shetty Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at EVective utilisation and understanding of the Stanford, Stanford Box 1: Gram stain technique University School of clinical bacteriology laboratory can greatly aid Medicine, 725 Welch in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Al- (1) Air dry specimen and fix with Road, Palo Alto, though described more than a century ago, the methanol or heat. California, USA 94304, Gram stain remains the most frequently used (2) Add crystal violet stain. USA rapid diagnostic test, and in conjunction with W J Steinbach various biochemical tests is the cornerstone of (3) Rinse with water to wash unbound A K Shetty the clinical laboratory. First described by Dan- dye, add mordant (for example, iodine: 12 potassium iodide). Correspondence to: ish pathologist Christian Gram in 1884 and Dr Steinbach later slightly modified, the Gram stain easily (4) After waiting 30–60 seconds, rinse with [email protected] divides bacteria into two groups, Gram positive water. Submitted 27 March 2000 and Gram negative, on the basis of their cell (5) Add decolorising solvent (ethanol or Accepted 5 June 2000 wall and cell membrane permeability to acetone) to remove unbound dye. Growth on artificial medium Obligate intracellular (6) Counterstain with safranin. Chlamydia Legionella Gram positive bacteria stain blue Coxiella Ehrlichia Rickettsia (retained crystal violet).
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7820,184 B2 Stritzker Et Al
    USOO782O184B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7820,184 B2 Stritzker et al. (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 26, 2010 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR 5,833,975 A 1 1/1998 Paoletti et al. ............. 424.93.2 DETECTION OF MICROORGANISMS AND 5,976,796. A 1 1/1999 Szalay et al. ................... 435/6 SirNRTREATMENT OF DISEASES AND 6,025,155 A 2/2000 Hadlaczky et al. ......... 435/69.1 6,045,802 A 4/2000 Schlom et al. ........... 424,199.1 (75) Inventors: Jochen Harald Stritzker, Kissing (DE); 6,077,697 A 6/2000 Hadlaczky et al. 435/1723 Phil Hill, West Bridgford (GB); Aladar 6,080,849 A 6/2000 Bermudes et al. .......... 536,23.7 A. Szalay, Highland, CA (US); Yong A. 6,093,700 A 7/2000 Mastrangelo et al. ......... 514,44 Yu, San Diego, CA (US) 6,099,848. A 8/2000 Frankel et al. ........... 424,246.1 6,106,826 A 8/2000 Brandt et al. .............. 424.93.2 (73) Assignee: stylus Corporation, San Diego, CA 6, 190,657 B1 2/2001 Pawelek et al. ............ 424,931 6,217,847 B1 4/2001 Contaget al. ................ 4249.1 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 6,232,523 B1 5/2001 Tan et al. ...................... 800, 10 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 6,235,967 B1 5/2001 Tan et al. ...................... 800, 10 U.S.C. 154(b) by 362 days. 6,235,968 B1 5/2001 Tan et al. ...................... 800, 10 6,251,384 B1 6/2001 Tan et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Enteric Infections Due to Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, and Shigella*
    Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 58 (4): 519-537 (1980) Enteric infections due to Campylobacter, Yersinia, Salmonella, and Shigella* WHO SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP1 This report reviews the available information on the clinical features, pathogenesis, bacteriology, and epidemiology ofCampylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica, both of which have recently been recognized as important causes of enteric infection. In the fields of salmonellosis and shigellosis, important new epidemiological and relatedfindings that have implications for the control of these infections are described. Priority research activities in each ofthese areas are outlined. Of the organisms discussed in this article, Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia entero- colitica have only recently been recognized as important causes of enteric infection, and accordingly the available knowledge on these pathogens is reviewed in full. In the better- known fields of salmonellosis (including typhoid fever) and shigellosis, the review is limited to new and important information that has implications for their control.! REVIEW OF RECENT KNOWLEDGE Campylobacterjejuni In the last few years, C.jejuni (previously called 'related vibrios') has emerged as an important cause of acute diarrhoeal disease. Although this organism was suspected of being a cause ofacute enteritis in man as early as 1954, it was not until 1972, in Belgium, that it was first shown to be a relatively common cause of diarrhoea. Since then, workers in Australia, Canada, Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, and the United States of America have reported its isolation from 5-14% of diarrhoea cases and less than 1 % of asymptomatic persons. Most of the information given below is based on conclusions drawn from these studies in developed countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Update Supplement
    CLINICAL UPDATE: March1991 SHIGELLOSIS Shigellosis, or ‘baciliary dysentery’, is an intestinal infection that is a major public health problem in many developing countries, where it causes about 5 to IO per cent of childhood diarrhoea. This special DD insert provides an overview of shigellosis, including cause, effect and treatment. Shigellosis is characterised by the frequent fluenced by nutritional status, and environ- and painful passage of stools that consist mental factors affecting transmission such largely of blood, mucus and pus, accom- as rainfall and temperature. Shigella infec- panied by fever and stomach cramps. In tions can occur throughout the year, but in some developing countries more people most communities the incidence is highest die from shigellosis than from watery diar- when the weather is hot and dry. This may rhoea. As many as 25 per cent of all diar- be because the scarcity of water limits rhoea related deaths can be associated with handwashing and other hygiene measures Shigella. that reduce transfer of the very small num- ber of bacteria needed to cause infection. Health workers are usually aware of the number of shigellosis cases, because symptoms are severe, and therefore children with Shigella infections are more likely to be brought to hospitals or clinics. Case fatality rates, even in hospitalised cases of dysentery, are six to eight times greater than for watery diarrhoea. Dysentery is associated with persistent diarrhoea. In rural north India, for example, Inflammation and tissue damage causes nearly a third of all persistent diarrhoeal painful straining to pass stools, which can episodes are dysenteric. lead to rectal prolapse.
    [Show full text]