Corso Di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi Di Laurea

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Corso Di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi Di Laurea Corso di Laurea magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Il ruolo delle migrazioni e delle minoranze nelle relazioni internazionali: il caso studio dei russi israeliani nei rapporti bilaterali tra Mosca e Tel Aviv Relatrice Prof.ssa Marcella Simoni Correlatore Prof. Aldo Ferrari Prof. Duccio Basosi Laureanda Claudia Zecchin 851943 Anno Accademico 2019 / 2020 Indice Introduzione .................................................................................................................................. 4 Capitolo I: Fenomenologia dell’aliyah sovietica nel secondo dopoguerra ................................. 15 I.I Breve contesto storico dalla nascita dello Stato d’Israele..................... 15 I.II La comunità ebraica in URSS ............................................................. 21 I.III Chi sono i refusenik? .......................................................................... 25 Capitolo II: La comunità internazionale e la causa dei refusenik in Urss ................................... 30 II.I L’organizzazione Nativ, l’“ufficio senza nome” ................................. 31 II.II La longa manus della comunità ebraica americana nel supporto della causa degli ebrei sovietici ......................................................................... 36 Capitolo III: Le fasi del ritorno in Israele nel “decennio decisivo” ............................................ 47 III.I Dal 1971 al 1980: eziologia dei flussi e analisi del profilo degli olim ................................................................................................................... 48 III.II Gli anni Ottanta e Novanta: l’avvento della perestroika e le conseguenze migratorie ............................................................................. 58 Capitolo IV. Assorbimento e integrazione degli olim in Israele ................................................. 74 IV.I Il Ministero dell’Aliyah e le politiche di accoglienza e integrazione israeliane ................................................................................................... 74 IV.II Gli anni del quarto governo Shamir (1990-1992) ............................ 83 IV.III La risposta arabo-palestinese all’aliyah e la svolta di Rabin .......... 91 Capitolo V: La comunità russo-israeliana ................................................................................... 99 V.I Caratteristiche generali dell’enclave russo nello Stato d’Israele: impiego, religione, lingua e cultura ........................................................... 99 V.I.I. L’imprenditoria russa in Israele ..................................................... 105 V.I.II. Medici, ingegneri e ricercatori russi in Israele ............................. 112 V.I.IV Insegnanti russi in Israele ............................................................ 117 V.II.I Russi israeliani tra religione e identità .......................................... 120 V.III La comunità russo israeliana tra integrazione e separatismo: lingua e cultura ...................................................................................................... 132 V.III.I La questione linguistica ............................................................... 132 V.III.II La continuità della cultura russa all’interno del tessuto sociale israeliano ................................................................................................. 143 V.IV.I Breve panoramica delle piattaforme politiche della comunità russa in Israele .................................................................................................. 156 Capitolo VI: Le relazioni bilaterali odierne tra Mosca e Tel Aviv ............................................ 161 2 VI.I Una prospettiva sulla geopolitica mediorientale nelle relazioni tra Israele e Russia ........................................................................................ 161 VI.III Il ruolo dell’elettorato russo-israeliano nelle relazioni diplomatiche ................................................................................................................. 178 Conclusioni ............................................................................................. 189 Bibliografia ............................................................................................................................... 193 Ringraziamenti .......................................................................................................................... 233 3 Introduzione Tra il gennaio 1948 e il maggio 1991 1.3 milioni di ebrei lasciarono l’Unione Sovietica, di cui solo 400.000 partirono per lo Stato d’Israele tra l’ottobre 1989 e il giugno 1992. Per ampiezza e dimensioni, questo fenomeno migratorio è stato definito dagli israeliani e dagli ebrei della diaspora un “secondo esodo”, simbolicamente rievocante l’esodo biblico dall’Egitto alla Terra Promessa. Oggi i russi israeliani sono circa il 20% della popolazione israeliana, e la lingua russa è la terza lingua più parlata nel Paese. La ragione che mi ha spinto a realizzare un progetto di tesi che indagasse la natura della comunità russo-israeliana, nasce da un viaggio intrapreso in Israele nell’ottobre 2017, quando ho avuto l’occasione di cogliere personalmente i segni di una forte presenza di lingua russa, specialmente nelle città di Tel Aviv, Haifa e Gerusalemme. La curiosità mi ha spinto a indagare sulle origini e le cause dell’insediamento di questa minoranza, conducendomi all’esplorazione del vasto tema delle aliyot del secolo scorso, tramite cui gli olim (repatrianty in lingua russa) sovietici hanno iniziato ad immigrare nello Stato ebraico dalla fondazione dello Stato d’Israele (1948) e dall’istituzione della Legge del Ritorno israeliana. (1950) Nella mia ricerca, è emerso come le dimensioni e le implicazioni del fenomeno siano state tali da influenzare le relazioni internazionali tra gli attori principali della Guerra Fredda, le relazioni tra America, Israele e i Paesi arabi, la scena politica mediorientale in sé, le dinamiche di politica interna israeliana, americana, sovietica, fino a determinare i confini territoriali, l’economia e la composizione della società israeliana attuale. Proprio su questa base ho articolato il focus d’indagine della mia tesi: in qualità di fenomeno migratorio transnazionale, capace di influenzare la società, l’economia e la politica interna dei paesi d’origine e di ricezione, ho voluto determinare se l’innescarsi del fenomeno delle aliyot sovietiche e la considerevole presenza russo-israeliana nello Stato d’Israele siano arrivate ad incidere sulla politica interna, estera e le relazioni diplomatiche tra Mosca e Tel Aviv. In breve, ho cercato di dimostrare che al di là dell’azione giocata dai singoli stati nelle relazioni internazionali, i flussi migratori e le minoranze etniche, in questo caso i russi israeliani, sono arrivati ad esercitare una sorta di soft power sulle relazioni tra Israele e Federazione Russa. Attraverso la costruzione di legami famigliari e imprenditoriali transnazionali, l’aumento della rappresentanza 4 demografica e l’identificazione in una determinata enclave linguistico-culturale, i russi israeliani riescono oggi ad incidere, seppur indirettamente, sulla politica interna ed estera israeliana, mediante dinamiche elettorali, economiche e sociali che avremmo modo di affrontare. In altre parole, in questa tesi ho analizzato come oggi Tel Aviv e Mosca, pur rientrando nel controverso gioco di alleanze della geopolitica mediorientale, abbiano tutto l’interesse a mantenere un canale diplomatico pacifico, anche attraverso la presenza dei russi israeliani. In questo senso, la mia ricerca è stata necessariamente interdisciplinare, attingendo a discipline diverse: la storia e la storiografia delle aliyot sovietiche a partire dagli anni Settanta, funzionale alla comprensione dei processi diplomatici instauratisi tra le superpotenze coinvolte in questo fenomeno e alla contestualizzazione del processo di integrazione degli olim in Israele; l’analisi economica dei risvolti che la massiccia migrazione di ebrei sovietici ha provocato in Israele, nel mercato del lavoro e nell’economia israeliana così come nelle relazioni commerciali con Russia, Stati Uniti e Paesi arabi; la disamina dell’aspetto sociologico che la costituzione dell’ enclave russo- israeliano ha implicato, che comprende in sé lo studio dell’identità, della religione, della lingua, della cultura e dei partiti politici di riferimento; lo studio, particolarmente connesso al mio percorso accademico, delle variabili elettorali, della geopolitica, delle relazioni internazionali in cui gli ebrei sovietici, poi russi israeliani, hanno influito. Se nei primi quattro capitoli ho prevalentemente attinto al sostanzioso materiale bibliografico relativo alle aliyot e al processo di integrazione avviato in Israele nel secolo scorso, l’argomento centrale di questa tesi, prettamente attuale e nuovo, interpretabile solo grazie all’analisi di fonti primarie come interviste, colloqui e sondaggi, mi ha ricondotto una seconda volta in Israele, dove ho avuto l’occasione di organizzare quattro incontri particolarmente rilevanti alla mia ricerca. Il 31 dicembre 2018 ho incontrato presso la National Library di Gerusalemme Vladimir Khazan, docente presso il Dipartimento di studi russi e slavistici della Hebrew University. Grazie alla sua testimonianza ho potuto addentrarmi nel variegato scenario culturale, editoriale e letterario costituito dagli ex refusenik immigrati in Israele, tramite cui ho iniziato a conoscere
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