Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Karas Region Disclaimer This Report is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme at the request of the Government of Republic of Namibia. The analysis and policy recommendations contained in this report however, do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of the Republic of Namibia or the United Nations Development Programme or its Executive Board. ISBN: 978-99916-887-5-6 Copyright UNDP, Namibia 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission For electronic copy and a list of any errors or omissions found as well as any updates subsequent to printing, please visit our website: http://www.undp.org.na/publications.aspx pReface This report is the result of collaborative work between the Government of the Republic of Namibia (GRN), the United Nations Development programme (UNDp) and the centre for the analysis of South african Social policy at the Oxford Institute of Social policy at the University of Oxford. n November 2009, the Khomas Regional when the 2011 Census becomes available and Council requested UNDP to assist in designing is subsequently used for carrying out a similar an objective criterion or set of criteria, devoid analysis. of political and other considerations, which the Council could use in allocating development This report presents, using tables, charts and resources. Subsequent discussions led to an digital maps, a profile of multiple deprivation in agreement that other stakeholders, especially the Karas region at data zone level, which is a relatively Central Bureau of Statistics needed to be involved new statistical geography developed for purposes and that the criterion or set of criteria needed to of measuring deprivation at a small area level. Igo beyond income poverty considerations. It was This technique of profiling deprivation at datazone also agreed that rather than focus on Khomas level, each with approximately 1000 people region alone, the criterion or set of criteria needed only, enables the identification and targeting of to be applicable to, or cover the entire country. pockets of deprivation within Karas region for Specifically, it was agreed that a composite index possible use in panning for and implementation of of multiple deprivation, the Namibia Index of development interventions. The aim of the exercise Multiple Deprivation (NIMD), be constructed at was to produce a profile of relative deprivation both national and regional levels. Since the scope across Karas region in order for the most deprived and depth of analysis needed for the development areas to be identified and clearly delineated. In of the NIMD required very detailed and reliable this way, it would be possible for regional and data and information, it was agreed that the 2001 constituency level policy and decision makers, census data, though ‘outdated’, be used as the as well development practitioners, to consider a source of information for preparing the NIMD. particular domain of deprivation, or to refer to inter alia Accordingly, the NIMD being presented in this the overarching NIMD for each constituency or report reflects the situation in Karas region at the datazone, in , allocating and applying 2001 time-point only. UNDP and the GRN recognize development resources and interventions. The that the report does not speak to possible changes NIMD can also be used as a platform for effecting in relative deprivation that may have occurred in a paradigm shift in development planning towards the Karas region since 2001. Nevertheless the 2001 increased focus on and targeting of deprived areas NIMD could serve as a benchmark against which and sectors; as well as interrogating the causes change over the last decade could be measured of inequality in access to basic services within Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Karas Region 1 the region. The NIMD at datazone level should be Policy at the Oxford Institute of Social Policy at viewed as adding to the existing body of information the University of Oxford, under the leadership and and knowledge, including local knowledge systems, guidance a national steering committee chaired about poverty and deprivation in Karas region and by Mr Sylvester Mbangu, Director of the Central the large family of existing planning and resource Bureau of Statistics, with the participation of allocation tools and methodologies already in use representatives of the thirteen Regional Councils. at the regional and constituency levels. In addition to providing the funds for carrying out the project, UNDP provided overall oversight This project was undertaken by Professor Michael and technical backstopping to the project through Noble, Dr Gemma Wright, Ms Joanna Davies, Dr Ojijo Odhiambo, Senior Economist and Johannes Helen Barnes and Dr Phakama Ntshongwana of Ashipala, National Economist. David Avenell is the Centre for the Analysis of South African Social thanked for his assistance with producing the datazones. Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Karas Region 2 Table Of cONTeNTS Section 1: Introduction 5 1.1 Background 5 1.2 Defining poverty and deprivation 6 1.3 The concept of multiple deprivation 6 Section 2: Datazones 7 Section 3: Methodology 8 3.2 An introduction to the domains and indicators 8 Domains 8 Indicators 8 3.3 Material Deprivation Domain 9 Purpose of the domain 9 Background 9 Indicators 10 Combining the indicators 10 3.4 Employment Deprivation Domain 10 Purpose of the domain 10 Background 10 Indicator 11 Combining the indicators 11 3.5 Health Deprivation Domain 11 Purpose of the domain 11 Background 11 Indicator 12 3.6 Education Deprivation Domain 12 Purpose of the domain 12 Background 12 Indicators 12 Combining the indicators 13 3.7 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 13 Purpose of the domain 13 Background 13 Indicators 14 Combining the indicators 14 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Karas Region 3 3.8 Constructing the domain indices 15 3.3 Standardising and transforming the domain indices 15 3.4 Weights for the domain indices when combining into an overall Index of Multiple Deprivation 16 Section 4: Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001: Kavango Region 17 4.1 Multiple Deprivation 17 4.2 Domains of deprivation 23 Section 5: conclusion and Some policy Recommendations 41 annex 1: Indicators included in the NIMD 2001 43 Material Deprivation Domain 43 Employment Deprivation Domain 43 Health Deprivation Domain 43 Education Deprivation Domain 43 Living Environment Deprivation Domain 43 appendix 2: Domain and overall NIMD scores and ranks 44 Datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 - Karas Region 4 SecTION 1: INTRODUcTION This report presents the datazone level Namibian Index of Multiple Deprivation 2001 (NIMD 2001) for Karas region. The NIMD is a composite index reflecting five dimensions of deprivation: income and material deprivation; employment deprivation; education deprivation; health deprivation; and living environment deprivation. The NIMD and the component domains of provide a more detailed analysis of deprivation deprivation were produced at datazone level using which would enable Khomas Regional Council, and data from the 2001 Population Census. Datazones other regional councils across Namibia, to rank are small areas containing approximately the same their areas in order of deprivation, and also to set number of people (average 1,000). The datazone them in the context of all other areas in Namibia. level NIMD therefore provides a fine-grained The datazone level index presented in this report picture of deprivation and enables pockets of draws from the previous constituency index, and deprivation to be identified in Karas region. covers, in detail, the entire country including Karas The report is structured as follows: The background region. In constructing the NIMD at datazone level information and the conceptual framework which however, it became necessary to make some small underpins the model of multiple deprivation is changes to some of the domains and indicators described in this introductory section. In Section 2 the rationale for and process of constructing datazones are described. Section 3 introduces the domains and indicators that were included The NIMD and the in the NIMD and summarises the methodological approach that was used in constructing the NIMD. component domains of In Section 4 datazone level results for Karas region deprivation were produced are presented, while conclusions and some general policy recommendations are presented in Section 5. at datazone level using data 1.1 background from the 2001 Population Census. As will be elaborated Initially a NIMD was created at constituency level for the Khomas Region, but applicable to other in Section 2, datazones regions of the country as well, using data from the 2001 Population Census at constituency level after are small areas containing a two-day consultative process on the domains and approximately the same indicators with members of the Central Bureau of Statistics, civil servants from the Council and staff number of people members of UNDP. The objective of this phase of the project was to construct measures of multiple (average 1,000) deprivation at constituency level