DOCSLIB.ORG

Jamaica's Physical Features Geography Mountains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Jamaica’s Physical Features Geography Jamaica’s physical features is mostly mountainous. A limestone plateau covers two-thirds of the island and karst formations with caverns and caves dominate the island. Additionally, it has narrow coastal plains, green dense rainforests and sandy bays and beaches. Generally, the island’s physical feature can be divided into three main types of landforms: the central mountain chain formed by igneous and metamorphic rocks; the karst limestone hills in the Cockpit area; the low-lying coastal plains and interior valleys. Limestone formation occurs all over the island, but especially in the western areas. Mountains The mountain system may be divided into three parts: • The eastern section composed of the Blue Mountains and the John Crow Mountains. • The central region, formed chiefly of limestone, extending from Stony Hill to the Cockpit country. • The western section with Dolphin Head as its centre. Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute Jamaica’s Physical Features Mountain Peaks in Jamaica ** This list is not exhaustive Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute Jamaica’s Physical Features Rivers A river is a natural flowing watercourse that flows towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. As the main range of mountains in Jamaica run from west to east, the rivers, which start on their slopes, generally flow north or south. Most of the rivers in Jamaica are not navigable. The height of the mountains causes them to run swiftly in deep beds. Additionally, their routes are occassionally broken by waterfalls. The exception to this is Black River. Located in St. Elizabeth, the largest river in Jamaica is 73 kilometres (44 miles) long. It is navigable by a small vessel for 28 kilometres (17 miles) from its mouth. Major Rivers in Jamaica ** This list is not exhaustive. Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute Jamaica’s Physical Features Plains A plain is a large piece of land with few trees. In Jamaica, the plains lie chiefly on the southern side of the island and are all of the alluvial (loose soil or sediment that has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non- marine setting) formation. Some of the principal plains are in Jamaica are: • Liguanea Plains in Kingston and St. Andrew • Rio CoBre and St. Dorothy Plains in St. Catherine • Plain of Vere in Clarendon • Pedro Plain in St. Elizabeth • George’s Plain in Westmoreland Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute Jamaica’s Physical Features Mineral Springs Mineral springs are naturally occurring springs that produce water containing minerals and other dissolved substances, such as, salt and sulphur. Mineral springs are used for their therapeutic values and are hot spots for tourists. The most popular mineral springs in Jamaica are: • The warm, saline and radioactive spring at Milk River in Clarendon • The hot, sulphurous spring at Bath in St. Thomas • The Black River Spa in St. Elizabeth • The Moffat Spring on the White River There are also mineral baths fed by cold springs at Rockfort, near Kingston, and at Port Henderson in St. Catherine. Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute Jamaica’s Physical Features Harbours and Bays A harbour is a place on the coast protected from the sea by a thick wall where ships and boats can shelter. Meanwhile, a bay is a broad inlet of the sea where the land curves inward. The Kingston HarBour, located in the capital of Jamaica, is the seventh-largest natural harbour in the world. It contains about 13 kilometres (8 miles) of navigable water. It is almost completely landlocked by the Palisadoes, the narrow strip of land which ends at Port Royal. As such, it leaves a deep channel through which even the largest ships can sail. On the north coast of the island, Ocho Rios and Port Rhoades and Port Kaiser and Port Esquivel on the south are the important ports from which bauxite and alumina are exported. Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute Jamaica’s Physical Features Cays A cay is a low bank, or reef of coral, rock, or sand. Off the coast of Jamaica, there are several Cays. The most important of these are the Morant Cays and the Pedro Cays. The Morant Cays, a cluster of four, lie on a crescent-shaped shoal 55 kilometres (33 miles) south-east of Morant Point. The Pedro Cays, also a cluster of four in number, are situated on the Pedro Bank about 66 kilometres (40 miles) south of Portland Point. Reference: Carlong Primary Social Studies – David Brian-Campbell et. al. Caribbean Youth Development Institute .
Recommended publications
  • After the Treaties: a Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842

    After the Treaties: a Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842

    University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Author (Year of Submission) "Full thesis title", University of Southampton, name of the University Faculty or School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. University of Southampton Department of History After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 Michael Sivapragasam A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History June 2018 i ii UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Doctor of Philosophy After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842 Michael Sivapragasam This study is built on an investigation of a large number of archival sources, but in particular the Journals and Votes of the House of the Assembly of Jamaica, drawn from resources in Britain and Jamaica. Using data drawn from these primary sources, I assess how the Maroons of Jamaica forged an identity for themselves in the century under slavery following the peace treaties of 1739 and 1740.
  • We Make It Easier for You to Sell

    We Make It Easier for You to Sell

    We Make it Easier For You to Sell Travel Agent Reference Guide TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM PAGE ITEM PAGE Accommodations .................. 11-18 Hotels & Facilities .................. 11-18 Air Service – Charter & Scheduled ....... 6-7 Houses of Worship ................... .19 Animals (entry of) ..................... .1 Jamaica Tourist Board Offices . .Back Cover Apartment Accommodations ........... .19 Kingston ............................ .3 Airports............................. .1 Land, History and the People ............ .2 Attractions........................ 20-21 Latitude & Longitude.................. .25 Banking............................. .1 Major Cities......................... 3-5 Car Rental Companies ................. .8 Map............................. 12-13 Charter Air Service ................... 6-7 Marriage, General Information .......... .19 Churches .......................... .19 Medical Facilities ..................... .1 Climate ............................. .1 Meet The People...................... .1 Clothing ............................ .1 Mileage Chart ....................... .25 Communications...................... .1 Montego Bay......................... .3 Computer Access Code ................ 6 Montego Bay Convention Center . .5 Credit Cards ......................... .1 Museums .......................... .24 Cruise Ships ......................... .7 National Symbols .................... .18 Currency............................ .1 Negril .............................. .5 Customs ............................ .1 Ocho
  • Destination Jamaica

    Destination Jamaica

    © Lonely Planet Publications 12 Destination Jamaica Despite its location almost smack in the center of the Caribbean Sea, the island of Jamaica doesn’t blend in easily with the rest of the Caribbean archipelago. To be sure, it boasts the same addictive sun rays, sugary sands and pampered resort-life as most of the other islands, but it is also set apart historically and culturally. Nowhere else in the Caribbean is the connection to Africa as keenly felt. FAST FACTS Kingston was the major nexus in the New World for the barbaric triangular Population: 2,780,200 trade that brought slaves from Africa and carried sugar and rum to Europe, Area: 10,992 sq km and the Maroons (runaways who took to the hills of Cockpit Country and the Blue Mountains) safeguarded many of the African traditions – and Length of coastline: introduced jerk seasoning to Jamaica’s singular cuisine. St Ann’s Bay’s 1022km Marcus Garvey founded the back-to-Africa movement of the 1910s and ’20s; GDP (per head): US$4600 Rastafarianism took up the call a decade later, and reggae furnished the beat Inflation: 5.8% in the 1960s and ’70s. Little wonder many Jamaicans claim a stronger affinity for Africa than for neighboring Caribbean islands. Unemployment: 11.3% And less wonder that today’s visitors will appreciate their trip to Jamaica Average annual rainfall: all the more if they embrace the island’s unique character. In addition to 78in the inherent ‘African-ness’ of its population, Jamaica boasts the world’s Number of orchid species best coffee, world-class reefs for diving, offbeat bush-medicine hiking tours, found only on the island: congenial fishing villages, pristine waterfalls, cosmopolitan cities, wetlands 73 (there are more than harboring endangered crocodiles and manatees, unforgettable sunsets – in 200 overall) short, enough variety to comprise many utterly distinct vacations.
  • "Free Negroes" - the Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670

    "Free Negroes" - the Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670

    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 12-16-2015 "Free Negroes" - The Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670 Patrick John Nichols Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Nichols, Patrick John, ""Free Negroes" - The Development of Early English Jamaica and the Birth of Jamaican Maroon Consciousness, 1655-1670." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/100 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “FREE NEGROES” – THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ENGLISH JAMAICA AND THE BIRTH OF JAMAICAN MAROON CONSCIOUSNESS, 1655-1670 by PATRICK JOHN NICHOLS Under the Direction of Harcourt Fuller, PhD ABSTRACT The English conquest of Jamaica in 1655 was a turning point in the history of Atlantic World colonialism. Conquest displaced the Spanish colony and its subjects, some of who fled into the mountainous interior of Jamaica and assumed lives in isolation. This project reconstructs the historical experiences of the “negro” populations of Spanish and English Jamaica, which included its “free black”, “mulattoes”, indigenous peoples, and others, and examines how English cosmopolitanism and distinct interactions laid the groundwork for and informed the syncretic identities and communities that emerged decades later. Upon the framework of English conquest within the West Indies, I explore the experiences of one such settlement alongside the early English colony of Jamaica to understand how a formal relationship materialized between the entities and how its course inflected the distinct socio-political identity and emergent political agency embodied by the Jamaican Maroons.
  • WHAT IS a FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, and PRODUCING LANDSCAPES in ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA by Gary R. Schnakenberg a DISSERTATION

    WHAT IS a FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, and PRODUCING LANDSCAPES in ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA by Gary R. Schnakenberg a DISSERTATION

    WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Geography – Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT WHAT IS A FARM? AGRICULTURE, DISCOURSE, AND PRODUCING LANDSCAPES IN ST. ELIZABETH, JAMAICA By Gary R. Schnakenberg This dissertation research examined the operation of discourses associated with contemporary globalization in producing the agricultural landscape of an area of rural Jamaica. Subject to European colonial domination from the time of Columbus until the 1960s and then as a small island state in an unevenly globalizing world, Jamaica has long been subject to operations of unequal power relationships. Its history as a sugar colony based upon chattel slavery shaped aspects of the society that emerged, and left imprints on the ethnic makeup of the population, orientation of its economy, and beliefs, values, and attitudes of Jamaican people. Many of these are smallholder agriculturalists, a livelihood strategy common in former colonial places. Often ideas, notions, and practices about how farms and farming ‘ought-to-be’ in such places results from the operations and workings of discourse. As advanced by Foucault, ‘discourse’ refers to meanings and knowledge circulated among people and results in practices that in turn produce and re-produce those meanings and knowledge. Discourses define what is right, correct, can be known, and produce ‘the world as it is.’ They also have material effects, in that what it means ‘to farm’ results in a landscape that emerges from those meanings. In Jamaica, meanings of ‘farms’ and ‘farming’ have been shaped by discursive elements of contemporary globalization such as modernity, competition, and individualism.
  • The Effects of Urbanization on Natural Resources in Jamaica

    The Effects of Urbanization on Natural Resources in Jamaica

    Doneika Simms. The Effects of Urbanization on Natural Resources in Jamaica . 44th ISOCARP Congress 2008 THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON NATURAL RESOURCES IN JAMAICA BACKGROUND OF STUDY AREA Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean, comprising of approximately 4,400 sq. miles or 10,991 square kilometers in area. Over two-thirds of the country’s land resources consist of a central range of hills and mountains, with the Blue Mountain Range being the most significant, ranging over 6000 ft. in height (GOJ, 1994; Clarke, 2006). This means that urban development in areas such as the capital city of Kingston and other principal towns such as Montego Bay and Ocho Rios is limited to the relatively small amount of flat lands most of which has a coastal location (see figure 1). Figure 1 Showing a Map of Jamaica and the Various Cities along the Coast Source: http://www.sangstersrealty.com/jamaica_map.htm Although a significant portion of the terrain is mountainous, in several places the coastal plain extends to form broad embayments. Among these, a dry embankment on the south side of the island known as the Liguanea Plain has been occupied by the city of Kingston. The built-up area of the city spreads over 50 sq. miles and comprises the parish of Kingston and the suburban section of St. Andrew. The city is located on the eastern side of the island which is sheltered from the north-east trade winds by the Blue Mountains, hence being ideal for the major seaport of the country- the Kingston Harbour (Clarke, 2006).
  • Jamaican Beaches Introduction

    Jamaican Beaches Introduction

    Jamaican Beaches Introduction Visiting the beach is a traditional recreational activity for many Jamaicans. With an increasing population, there is a great demand for the use of beaches. However, many of the public beaches are of poor quality, lack proper facilities, and face the problem of fishermen encroaching. Over the years some of these natural resources are on the verge of destruction because of the inadvertent and/or direct intentions of organizations and individuals. One such threat to the preservation of beaches is pollution. To have healthy environmentally friendly beaches in our Island we must unite to prevent pollution. This display gives an overview of some beaches in Jamaica and existing threats. It also examines the Kingston Harbour and how we can protect these natural resources. Jamaica is blessed with many beautiful beaches in the different parishes; the most popular are located in Westmoreland (Negril), St. Ann, St. James, and St. Catherine (Portmore). Some of the more popular beaches in the parishes: Kingston and St. Andrew Harbour Head Gunboat Copacabana Ocean Lake St. Thomas Lyssons Rozelle South Haven Mezzgar’s Run Retreat Prospect Rocky Point Portland Innis Bay Long Bay Boston Winnifred Blue Hole Hope Bay St. Mary Rio Nuevo Rockmore Murdock St. Ann Roxborough Priory Salem Sailor’s Hole Cardiff Hall Discovery Bay Dunn’s River Beach Trelawny Rio Bueno Braco Silver Sands Flamingo Half Moon Bay St. James Greenwood RoseHall Coral Gardens Ironshore Doctor’s Cave Hanover Tryall Lance’s Bay Bull Bay Westmoreland Little Bay Whitehouse Fonthill Bluefield St. Catherine Port Henderson Hellshire Fort Clarence St. Elizabeth Galleon Hodges Fort Charles Calabash Bay Great Bay Manchester Calabash Bay Hudson Bay Canoe Valley Clarendon Barnswell Dale Jackson Bay The following is a brief summary of some of our beautiful beaches: Walter Fletcher Beach Before 1975 it was an open stretch of public beach in Montego Bay with no landscaping and privacy; it was visible from the main road.
  • S a M P L E Mexico

    S a M P L E Mexico

    Our S a m p l e Mexico Honeymoon MayMay 28,28, 20112011 The Honeymooners Gordie S a m p l e Jessica DESTINATION GUIDE JAMAICA From the rugged peaks of the Blue Mountains to calm, pristine beaches surrounded by natural beauty, Jamaican residents serve an unforgettable warmth to its visitors. This large island in the western Caribbean, 95 miles south of Cuba, was discovered by Columbus in 1494 and achieved its independence in 1962. Jamaica's pleasures and easy access have given rise to many different types of properties, which range from luxurious, chic hideaways and fully staffed private villas - some of them perched on seaside cliffs, to popular all-inclusives and charming inns and guest houses. The island has many natural resources that provide endless ways to have fun. You can climb waterfalls, golf, or tour via bicycle, moped, motorcycle or jeep. Horseback riding along a beach or in the jungle. Horse racing is another fun option at Caymanas Park in Kingston. Another adventure that most hotels offer is a full or half-day of deep sea fishing that include boat, captain, crew and equipment. Annual Junkanoo Celebrations Jeep andS hikinga mtours ofp the Bluel e Mountains include visits (Christmas, Boxing Day and New Years) to rum factories and renowned coffee farms. You can experience exotic marine life, fans, sponges, and under- water walls with a dive package. Most hotels provide Blue Mountains Hiking Trails licensed diving operators that offer rental equipment and Dunn's River Falls instruction. Jamaica also has 120 rivers to enjoy. The Rio Grande in Horseback riding in Ocho Rios Port Antonio, is the birthplace of bamboo rafting.
  • … Distr. GENERAL UNEP/CBD/RW/EBSA/WCAR/1/2

    … Distr. GENERAL UNEP/CBD/RW/EBSA/WCAR/1/2

    CBD Distr. GENERAL UNEP/CBD/RW/EBSA/WCAR/1/2 23 February 2012 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH WIDER CARIBBEAN AND WESTERN MID-ATLANTIC REGIONAL WORKSHOP TO FACILITATE THE DESCRIPTION OF ECOLOGICALLY OR BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT MARINE AREAS Recife, Brazil, 28 February –2 March 2012 COMPILATION OF SUBMISSIONS OF SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION TO DESCRIBE EBSAS IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN AND WESTERN MID-ATLANTIC REGION Note by the Executive Secretary 1. The Executive Secretary is circulating herewith a compilation of submissions of scientific information to describe ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs) in the Wider Caribbean and Western Mid-Atlantic region, submitted by Parties and organizations in response to notification 2012-001, dated 3 January 2012, for the information of participants in the Wider Caribbean and Western Mid-Atlantic Regional Workshop to Facilitate the Description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas, being convened by the Convention on Biological Diversity and hosted by the Government of Brazil in Recife, Brazil, from 28 February to 2 March 2012, in collaboration with the Caribbean Environment Programme (CEP), with financial support from the European Union. 2. This compilation consists of the following: (a) A list of submissions made by Parties and organizations. The original submissions are available athttp://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=RWEBSA-WCAR-01. The list is divided into two parts: the first table contains submissions of potential areas that meet EBSA criteria, most utilizing the template provided for that purpose in the above notification; the second consists of supporting documentation; and (b) A background document entitled "Data to inform the Wider Caribbean and Western Mid- Atlantic Regional Workshop to Facilitate the Description of Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas”, which was prepared by the Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, Duke University, with financial support from the European Union, in support of the CBD Secretariat in its technical preparation for the above-mentioned regional workshop.
  • The Kingston Metropolitan Area's (KMA) Ability to Respond to a Magnitude 6.5 Or Above Earthquake Nicole Warmington-Granston Florida International University

    The Kingston Metropolitan Area's (KMA) Ability to Respond to a Magnitude 6.5 Or Above Earthquake Nicole Warmington-Granston Florida International University

    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons DRR Student Publications Extreme Events Institute 2011 The Kingston Metropolitan Area's (KMA) Ability to Respond to a Magnitude 6.5 or Above Earthquake Nicole Warmington-Granston Florida International University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/drr_student Recommended Citation Warmington-Granston, N. (2011). The Kingston Metropolitan Area's (KMA) ability to respond to a magnitude 6.5 or above earthquake. Disaster Risk Reduction Program, Florida International University. This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Extreme Events Institute at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in DRR Student Publications by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION of the AMERICAS PROGRAM REPORT On The Kingston Metropolitan Area’s (KMA) Ability to Respond to a Magnitude 6.5 or Above Earthquake Nicole Warmington-Granston PhD Student & Research Assistant Disaster Risk Reduction Program Florida International University Submitted to: Dr. Richard S. Olson Dr. Juan Pablo Sarmiento Dr. Gabriela Hoberman The Structure of the Kingston Metropolitan Area The Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA) consists of the parish of Kingston and parts of the parish of St. Andrew, which includes “Six Miles to the west, Stony Hill to the north, Papine to the northeast and Harbour View to the east, [and] communities in urban and suburban Saint Andrew” 1. Kingston has the rare distinction of being a parish, city and capital. It is also considered the 7 th largest natural harbour in the world. The parish of Kingston includes ‘downtown’, the Palisadoes Strip, where the Norman Manley International Airport is located and Port Royal.
  • Jamaica Ecoregional Planning Project Jamaica Freshwater Assessment

    Jamaica Ecoregional Planning Project Jamaica Freshwater Assessment

    Jamaica Ecoregional Planning Project Jamaica Freshwater Assessment Essential areas and strategies for conserving Jamaica’s freshwater biodiversity. Kimberly John Freshwater Conservation Specialist The Nature Conservancy Jamaica Programme June 2006 i Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………..... i List of Maps ………………………………………………………………. ii List of Tables ………………………………………………………………. ii List of Figures ………………………………………………………………. iii List of Boxes ………………………………………………………………. iii Glossary ………………………………………………………………. iii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………. v Executive Summary ……………………………………………………………… vi 1. Introduction and Overview …………………………………………………………..... 1 1.1 Planning Objectives……………………………………... 1 1.2 Planning Context………………………………………... 2 1.2.1 Biophysical context……………………………….. 2 1.2.2 Socio-economic context…………………………... 5 1.3 Planning team…………………………………………… 7 2. Technical Approach ………………………………………………………………….…. 9 2.1 Information Gathering…………………………………... 9 2.2 Freshwater Classification Framework…………………... 10 2.3 Freshwater conservation targets………………………… 13 2.4 Freshwater conservation goals………………………….. 15 2.5 Threats and Opportunities Assessment…………………. 16 2.6 Ecological Integrity Assessment……………………... 19 2.7 Protected Area Gap Assessment………………………… 22 2.8 Freshwater Conservation Portfolio development……….. 24 2.9 Freshwater Conservation Strategies development…….. 30 2.10 Data and Process gaps…………………………………. 31 3. Vision for freshwater biodive rsity conservation …………………………………...…. 33 3.1 Conservation Areas …………………………………..
  • Fully Examined to Identify Cryptic Predators

    Fully Examined to Identify Cryptic Predators

    Front cover: Photo by Andrew Bruckner. Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation 8181 Professional Place Landover, MD, 20785 USA Philip G. Renaud, Executive Director http://www.livingoceansfoundation.org All research was performed under a permit obtained from the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) (ref #18/27, 8 December, 2011). No animals or plants were collected during the research project. No animals were killed or injured during the execution of the project, and no injured or dead marine mammals or turtles were observed. No oil spills occurred from the M/Y Golden Shadow or any of the support vessels, and oil slicks were not observed. The Golden Shadow used a single anchorage during the mission located behind Southwest Cay. The Golden Shadow provided potable water to the fishers living on Middle Cay. The information in this Final Report summarizes the outcomes of the research conducted during the March, 2012, as part of the Global Reef Expedition, to Pedro Bank Jamaica. Information presented in the report includes general methods, the activities conducted during the mission, general trends and observations, analyzed data and findings, and recommendations. The Living Oceans Foundation cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors. June 1, 2013. Citation: Bruckner, A. (2013) Global Reef Expedition: Pedro Bank, Jamaica. March 10-20, 2012. Final Report. Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation Publication #8, Landover MD. pp. 94. The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation (KSLOF) was incorporated in California as a 501(c)(3), public benefit, Private Operating Foundation in September 2000. KSLOF headquarters are in Washington DC.