Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Binham, Norfolk, in 2009-2013

Catherine Collins

Archaeological Test Pit Excavations in Binham, Norfolk, in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013

Catherine Collins

2017

Access Cambridge Archaeology Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge Pembroke Street Cambridge CB2 3QG

01223 761519

[email protected]

http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/

(Front cover image: BIN/13, group shot at test pit 8. Copyright ACA)

Contents

1 SUMMARY ...... 12 2 INTRODUCTION ...... 13 2.1 ACCESS CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGY ...... 13 2.2 THE HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD ACADEMY (HEFA) ...... 13 2.3 TEST PIT EXCAVATION AND RURAL SETTLEMENT STUDIES ...... 14 3 AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND DESIRED OUTCOMES ...... 15 3.1 AIMS ...... 15 3.2 OBJECTIVES ...... 15 3.3 OUTCOMES ...... 15 4 METHODOLOGY ...... 16 5 LOCATION ...... 17 5.1 THE VILLAGE TODAY ...... 17 5.2 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY ...... 19 6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 20 6.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 20 6.2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ...... 30 6.2.1 Prehistoric ...... 30 6.2.2 Romano-British ...... 31 6.2.3 Anglo-Saxon ...... 32 6.2.4 Medieval ...... 32 6.2.5 Post medieval and later ...... 34 6.2.6 Undated ...... 36 7 RESULTS OF THE TEST PIT EXCAVATIONS IN BINHAM ...... 37 7.1 THE 2009 EXCAVATIONS ...... 38 7.2 THE 2010 EXCAVATIONS ...... 57 7.3 THE 2011 EXCAVATIONS ...... 76 7.4 THE 2012 EXCAVATIONS ...... 83 7.5 THE 2013 EXCAVATIONS ...... 99 8 DISCUSSION ...... 113 8.1 PREHISTORIC ...... 113 8.2 ROMANO-BRITISH ...... 116 8.3 ANGLO SAXON ...... 117 8.4 MEDIEVAL ...... 118 8.5 POST MEDIEVAL AND LATER ...... 121 9 CONCLUSION ...... 122 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 123 11 REFERENCES ...... 124 12 APPENDICES ...... 126 12.1 POTTERY REPORTS – PAUL BLINKHORN ...... 126 12.1.1 2009 Pottery Results ...... 129 12.1.2 2010 Pottery Report ...... 134 12.1.3 2011 Pottery Report ...... 140 12.1.4 2012 Pottery Report ...... 143

12.1.5 2013 Pottery Report ...... 147 12.2 OTHER FINDS – CATHERINE COLLINS...... 151 12.2.1 2009 test pit finds ...... 151 12.2.2 2010 test pit finds ...... 163 12.2.3 2011 test pit finds ...... 175 12.2.4 2012 test pit finds ...... 178 12.2.5 2013 test pit finds ...... 184 12.3 MAPS ...... 192

List of Figures

Figure 1: Map of England with close up insert of East Anglia and the approximate location of the village of Binham highlighted in red ...... 17 Figure 2: The extent of the parish of Binham, including the hamlet of Cockthorpe © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 40,000 ...... 18 Figure 3: Extent of the conservation area in Binham © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 19 Figure 4: The west front at Binham Priory 2009 (© Copyright Access Cambridge Archaeology) ...... 21 Figure 5: Looking north over the cloister towards what is now St Mary’s Church 2009 (© Copyright Access Cambridge Archaeology)...... 21 Figure 6: The extent of Binham Priory 1:2500 (© Cushion & Davison 2003, 132) .... 23 Figure 7: The Wayside Cross in the background behind the excavation of BIN/10/4 on the village green (© Access Cambridge Archaeology) ...... 24 Figure 8: Tithe Map of Binham c.1840 © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey ...... 27 Figure 9: 19th century Enclosure Map of Binham © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey ...... 27 Figure 10: First OS Map of Binham © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey ...... 29 Figure 11: Fadens 1797 map of Norfolk, with a close up of Binham (from http://www.fadensmapofnorfolk.co.uk/mapBrowser.asp) ...... 35 Figure 12: The locations of the five years of test pitting in Binham (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 37 Figure 13: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2009 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 38 Figure 14: Location map of BIN/09/1 ...... 39 Figure 15: The wall identified from BIN/09/1 ...... 40 Figure 16: Location map of BIN/09/2 ...... 41 Figure 17: Location map of BIN/09/3 ...... 42 Figure 18: Location map of BIN/09/4 ...... 43 Figure 19: Location map of BIN/09/5 ...... 44 Figure 20: Location map of BIN/09/6 ...... 45 Figure 21: Location map of BIN/09/7 ...... 46 Figure 22: The finds excavated from BIN/09/7, context 1. The possible whet stone is in the top left of the picture ...... 46 Figure 23: Location map of BIN/09/8 ...... 47 6

Figure 24: Location map of BIN/09/9 ...... 48 Figure 25: Location map of BIN/09/10 ...... 49 Figure 26: The top of the chalk floor surface identified in BIN/09/10 ...... 50 Figure 27: Location map of BIN/09/11 ...... 51 Figure 28: Location map of BIN/09/12 ...... 52 Figure 29: Location map of BIN/09/13 ...... 53 Figure 30: Location map of BIN/09/14 ...... 54 Figure 31: Location map of BIN/09/15 ...... 55 Figure 32: The possible beam slot and return excavated from BIN/09/15 ...... 56 Figure 33: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2010 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 57 Figure 34: Location map of BIN/10/1 ...... 58 Figure 35: Location map of BIN/10/2 ...... 59 Figure 36: Location map of BIN/10/3 ...... 61 Figure 37: The possible gully in the base of BIN/10/3 ...... 61 Figure 38: Location map of BIN/10/4 ...... 62 Figure 39: The curving wall (bottom right) and the clayey floor surface identified in BIN/10/4 ...... 63 Figure 40: The post hole excavated through the floor surface in the base of BIN/10/4 ...... 63 Figure 41: Location map of BIN/10/5 ...... 64 Figure 42: Location map of BIN/10/6 ...... 65 Figure 43: Location map of BIN/10/7 ...... 66 Figure 44: Location map of BIN/10/8 ...... 67 Figure 45: Location map of BIN/10/9 ...... 68 Figure 46: The stratigraphy of BIN/10/9 can be seen here ...... 69 Figure 47: Location map of BIN/10/10 ...... 70 Figure 48: Location map of BIN/10/11 ...... 71 Figure 49: The floor surface identified just under the turf at BIN/10/11 ...... 71 Figure 50: Location map of BIN/10/12 ...... 72 Figure 51: Location map of BIN/10/13 ...... 73 Figure 52: Location map of BIN/10/14 ...... 74 Figure 53: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2011 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 76 Figure 54: Location map of BIN/11/1 ...... 77 Figure 55: The mortar floor identified in BIN/11/1, context 6 ...... 77 Figure 56: Location map of BIN/11/2 ...... 79 Figure 57: The possible quern stone fragment from BIN/11/2, context 12 with the rest of the finds ...... 79 Figure 58: Location map of BIN/11/3 ...... 81 Figure 59: Location map of BIN/11/4 ...... 82 Figure 60: The post hole (top right) and make-up of the ground around the green, as noted in BIN/11/4 ...... 82 Figure 61: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2012 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 83 Figure 62: Location map of BIN/12/1 ...... 84 Figure 63: Location map of IBN/12/2 ...... 85 Figure 64: Location map of BIN/12/3 ...... 86 Figure 65: Location map of BIN/12/4 ...... 87 Figure 66: Location map of BIN/12/5 ...... 88 Figure 67: Location map of BIN/12/6 ...... 89 Figure 68: The remnant flint and mortar walls identified in BIN/12/6 ...... 89 Figure 69: Location map of BIN/12/7 ...... 91 7

Figure 70: Location map of BIN/12/8 ...... 92 Figure 71: Possible token from BIN/12/8, context 5 ...... 93 Figure 72: Location map of BIN/12/9 ...... 94 Figure 73: Location map of BIN/12/10 ...... 95 Figure 74: Location map of BIN/12/11 ...... 96 Figure 75: Location map of BIN/12/12 ...... 97 Figure 76: Location map of BIN/12/13 ...... 98 Figure 77: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2013 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 99 Figure 78: Location map of BIN/13/1 ...... 100 Figure 79: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/1 ...... 100 Figure 80: Location map of BIN/13/2 ...... 101 Figure 81: Location map of BIN/13/3 ...... 102 Figure 82: Location map of BIN/13/4 ...... 103 Figure 83: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/4 ...... 103 Figure 84: Location map of BIN/13/5 ...... 104 Figure 85: Location map of BIN/13/6 ...... 105 Figure 86: The flint wall excavated through BIN/13/6 ...... 105 Figure 87: Location map of BIN/13/7 ...... 106 Figure 88: Location map of BIN/13/8 ...... 107 Figure 89: Location map of BIN/13/9 ...... 108 Figure 90: Location map of BIN/13/10 ...... 109 Figure 91: Location map of BIN/13/11 ...... 110 Figure 92: Location map of BIN/13/12 ...... 111 Figure 93: Location map of BIN/13/13 ...... 112 Figure 94: Distribution of possible worked flint from the Binham test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 114 Figure 95: Distribution of possible worked flint from the Binham test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 114 Figure 96: The distribution of imported German Stoneware pottery from the Binham test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000 ...... 120 Figure 97: Bronze Age pottery distribution map from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 193 Figure 98: Roman pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 194 Figure 99: Early Anglo Saxon pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 195 Figure 100: Middle Anglo Saxon pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 196 Figure 101: Late Anglo Saxon pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 197 Figure 102: High Medieval pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 198 Figure 103: Late Medieval pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 199 Figure 104: Post Medieval pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 200 Figure 105: 19th century and later pottery distribution from the Binham test pits © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service ...... 201

List of Tables

Table 1: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/1 ...... 39 Table 2: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/2 ...... 41 Table 3: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/3 ...... 42 Table 4: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/4 ...... 43 Table 5: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/5 ...... 44 Table 6: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/6 ...... 45 Table 7: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/7 ...... 46 Table 8: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/8 ...... 47 Table 9: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/9 ...... 48 Table 10: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/10 ...... 49 Table 11: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/11 ...... 51 Table 12: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/12 ...... 52 Table 13: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/13 ...... 53 Table 14: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/14 ...... 54 Table 15: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/15 ...... 55 Table 16: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/1 ...... 58 Table 17: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/2 ...... 60 Table 18: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/3 ...... 61 Table 19: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/4 ...... 62 Table 20: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/5 ...... 64 Table 21: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/6 ...... 65 Table 22: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/7 ...... 66 Table 23: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/8 ...... 67 Table 24: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/9 ...... 68 Table 25: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/10 ...... 70 Table 26: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/11 ...... 71 Table 27: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/12 ...... 72 Table 28: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/13 ...... 73 Table 29: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/14 ...... 74 Table 30: The pottery excavated from BIN/17/11 ...... 78 Table 31: The pottery excavated from BIN/11/2 ...... 80 Table 32: The pottery excavated from BIN/11/3 ...... 81 Table 34: The pottery excavated from BIN/11/4 ...... 82 Table 35: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/1 ...... 84 Table 36: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/2 ...... 85 Table 37: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/3 ...... 86 Table 38: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/4 ...... 87 Table 39: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/5 ...... 88 Table 40: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/6 ...... 89 Table 41: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/7 ...... 91 Table 42: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/8 ...... 92 Table 43: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/9 ...... 94 Table 44: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/11 ...... 96 Table 45: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/12 ...... 97 Table 46: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/2 ...... 101 Table 47: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/3 ...... 102 Table 48: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/5 ...... 104 Table 49: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/6 ...... 105 Table 50: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/7 ...... 106 Table 51: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/8 ...... 107 Table 52: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/9 ...... 108 Table 53: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/10 ...... 109 Table 54: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/11 ...... 110 9

Table 55: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/12 ...... 111 Table 56: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/13 ...... 112 Table 57: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/1 ...... 151 Table 58: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/2 ...... 152 Table 59: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/3 ...... 153 Table 60: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/4 ...... 154 Table 61: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/5 ...... 155 Table 62: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/6 ...... 156 Table 63: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/7 ...... 157 Table 64: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/8 ...... 158 Table 65: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/9 ...... 158 Table 66: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/10 ...... 159 Table 67: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/11 ...... 160 Table 68: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/12 ...... 160 Table 69: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/14 ...... 161 Table 70: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/14 ...... 162 Table 71: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/15 ...... 162 Table 72: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/1 ...... 163 Table 73: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/2 ...... 164 Table 74: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/3 ...... 165 Table 75: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/4 ...... 166 Table 76: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/5 ...... 167 Table 77: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/6 ...... 167 Table 78: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/7 ...... 168 Table 79: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/8 ...... 169 Table 80: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/9 ...... 170 Table 81: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/10 ...... 172 Table 82: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/11 ...... 172 Table 83: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/12 ...... 173 Table 84: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/13 ...... 174 Table 85: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/14 ...... 174 Table 86: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/1 ...... 175 Table 87: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/2 ...... 176 Table 88: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/3 ...... 177 Table 89: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/4 ...... 177 Table 90: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/1 ...... 178 Table 91: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/2 ...... 179 Table 92: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/3 ...... 179 Table 93: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/4 ...... 180 Table 94: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/5 ...... 180 Table 95: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/6 ...... 181 Table 96: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/7 ...... 181 Table 97: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/8 ...... 182 Table 98: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/9 ...... 182 Table 99: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/10 ...... 183 Table 100: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/11 ...... 183 Table 101: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/12 ...... 183 Table 102: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/13 ...... 184 Table 103: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/1 ...... 184 Table 104: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/2 ...... 185 Table 105: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/3 ...... 186 Table 106: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/4 ...... 186 Table 107: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/5 ...... 187 Table 108: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/6 ...... 187 Table 109: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/7 ...... 188 Table 110: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/8 ...... 189 10

Table 111: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/9 ...... 190 Table 112: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/10 ...... 190 Table 113: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/11 ...... 190 Table 114: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/12 ...... 191 Table 115: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/13 ...... 191

1 Summary

Two-day test pit excavations were undertaken in the small village of Binham in north Norfolk between 2009 and 2013. In that time a total of 59 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated by 154 local secondary school children as part of the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) programme run by Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) out of the Department of Archaeology at the University of Cambridge. The excavations were coordinated with members of the Binham Local History Group who also excavated 17 of the test pits themselves, under the direction and supervision of ACA.

The test pitting in Binham revealed a range of activity dating from the later prehistoric period through to the modern day, both supporting what has already been found through the parish as well as providing new evidence. It also showed that earlier phases of occupation in Binham are still present under the modern village; the nature of the test pits allows excavation in otherwise inaccessible places for the normal methods of commercial archaeological investigation. The large amount of lithics that were found scattered through the majority of the test pits suggest that the River Stiffkey played a significant part in the early settlement at Binham that was also favoured during the Roman period with its higher ground for occupation, the light soils for agriculture and the Roman road that run north-south through the parish for trade and transport. Its position slightly inland from the coast would have also offered a degree of protection from coastal raiders.

The village of Binham as a settlement that can be seen today has its origins during the Early Anglo Saxon period with a particular focus in the Westgate area of the village before extending east during the Middle Anglo Saxon period onwards opposite the site of the medieval priory. The construction of Binham priory greatly affected how the village developed through the medieval period, with the construction of a new market area to the east of the priory that today is considered to be the centre of the village. It was the dissolution of the monasteries and the Black Death that also played a significant part of the decline of the village during the later medieval that was also slow to recover during the post medieval. The layout of Binham today was established by the 19th century when the population of the settlement was also at its peak.

2 Introduction

A total of 59 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated over seven, two-day digging events in five years in the village of Binham in north Norfolk. Yearly this breaks down as eight pits being excavated in June 2009 with a further seven dug in the October of the same year. Fourteen test pits were excavated in July 2010, four in June 2011, five in May 2012, an additional eight in July 2012 and 13 pits were dug in July 2013. The majority of the test pits were excavated in residential gardens, but a few pits were also dug in open spaces such as fields and greens and were undertaken by 159 local secondary school students as well members of the Binham Local History Group and residents of Binham. The excavation was funded by Aim Higher Norfolk and the European Social Fund and was undertaken as part of the Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) to investigate currently occupied rural settlements (CORS) and was organised and supervised by Access Cambridge Archaeology, based in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, in the University of Cambridge.

2.1 Access Cambridge Archaeology

Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) (http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/) is an archaeological outreach organisation based in the Department of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge which aims to enhance economic, social and personal well- being through active engagement with archaeology. It was set up in 2004 and specialises in providing opportunities for members of the public to take part in purposeful, research-orientated archaeological investigations including excavation. Educational events and courses range in length from a few hours to a week or more, and involve members of the public of all ages.

Thousands of members of the public have taken part in scores of programmes run by ACA, including teenagers involved in Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) test pit excavation programmes intended since 2005 to build academic skills, confidence and aspirations. More widely, ACA has involved thousands of members of the public of all ages and backgrounds, including those with special needs, in a wide range of archaeological activities including field-walking, excavation, analysis and reporting. These have included projects funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund and events in 2011- 12 as part of the Cultural Olympiad for the 2012 London Olympic Games.

2.2 The Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA)

The Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) programme aims to raise the aspirations, enthusiasm and attainment of 14-17 year-olds with regard to higher education by making a valuable contribution to current academic research at the University of Cambridge. The three-day learning-extension course has been run by Access Cambridge Archaeology (ACA) since 2005, aimed at UK students in state school years 9, 10 and 12. HEFA was developed as a collaboration between ACA, AimHigher and the Assessment Research Division at Cambridge Assessment.

On HEFA, participants spend two days running their own small (1m2) archaeological excavation within living villages, just like thousands did in TV's Big Dig in 2003 and Michael Wood's Great British Story in 2012, with the aim of applying and developing a wide range of learning skills, boosting their academic confidence and giving them a taste of life and learning at university level. They make new discoveries for and about

themselves, and in the process contribute to the university's CORS research into the development of rural communities and settlements in the past. The third day is spent in the University of Cambridge analysing the excavation results in discussive learning sessions which aim to engage and challenge participants, prepare them to produce a written analysis for assessment as well as provide an inspirational and positive experience of higher education. After the field academy, learners receive detailed individual feedback on their data collection, personal, learning and thinking skills developed during the fieldwork as well as their reporting and research skills exhibited in the written assignment, which will support applications to further and higher education.

2.3 Test pit excavation and rural settlement studies

Rural settlement has long been a crucial area of research for medieval archaeology (Gerrard 2003: Lewis et al 2001), notably since the pioneering work of W. G. Hoskins, Maurice Beresford and John Hurst in the 1940s and 1950s (Hoskins 1955; Beresford 1957; Beresford & Hurst 1971), but until recently attention was focused largely on the minority of medieval settlements which are today deserted or extensively shrunken. Currently occupied rural settlements (CORS), overlain by domestic housing and related buildings of living secular communities – the villages, hamlets and small towns of today – were generally largely disregarded as targets for research-driven excavation. Very few regions have seen any systematic research-driven primary investigation aimed at CORS, and most of that which has taken place has not involved excavation, including those of a survey based nature (Roberts 1987; Roberts and Wrathmell 2000; Roberts and Wrathmell 2003). However, recent attempts to redress this bias in favour of the majority of medieval rural settlements which are still inhabited have opened up new areas for debate which are beginning to call into question established theories about the development of rural settlement in the historic period (Aston & Gerrard 1999; Jones & Page 2007). However, despite these recent advances, the number of CORS to have seen methodical research-orientated investigation including excavation remains very small. In order to begin to resolve this problem, Access Cambridge Archaeology, working with members of the public including school pupils, has carried out test pit excavations in more than 30 CORS, most in eastern England. This will help allow the evidence upon which knowledge and understanding of the origins and development of the medieval rural settlement pattern of eastern England is based, to be more representative of the entire range of medieval settlements, not just on the minority of sites which are currently deserted (Lewis 2005, 2006; 2007a; 2007b, 2008, 2009, 2012 and 2013).

3 Aims, objectives and desired outcomes

3.1 Aims

The aims of the test pit excavations in Binham were as follows:

 Raise the educational aspirations of participants by providing the opportunity to acquire, develop, refine and demonstrate new skills, experience and confidence.  Increase learners’ capacity to succeed in applying to and studying at university by providing activities which enable them to reinforce generic skills in team-working, problem solving, communication, presentation and planning.  To engage with local communities and widen the participation of people in the heritage of the area.  To increase knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the setting, origins and development of Binham and its environs.

3.2 Objectives

The objectives of test pit excavations in Binham were as follows:

 To provide the opportunity for participants to learn and develop cognitive, practical, personal and technical skills.  To support and engage with members of local communities through involvement with the project.  To investigate the archaeology of the environs of Binham through test-pitting carried out by school students in properties throughout the village.

3.3 Outcomes

The desired outcomes of the test pit excavations in Binham were as follows:

 Raise the educational aspirations of participants.  Provide an educational and vocational challenge allowing participants to develop transferable skills for life and learning in school and for higher education.  An improved knowledge and understanding of the archaeological resource of the village of Binham.

4 Methodology

The five-years of test pitting in Binham was organised by ACA in conjunction with the Binham Local History Group, with both the excavation and recording following the standard Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) instruction handbook and recording booklet.

The test pit digging takes place over two days, which begins with an initial lecture explaining the aims of the excavation, the procedures in digging and recording the test pit and the correct and safe use of equipment. Participants are then divided into teams of three or four individuals, with a mix of students from different schools. Each team is provided with a complete set of test pit excavation equipment, copies of the HEFA instruction handbook and a record booklet into which all excavation data are entered.

The test pits are all 1m2 and the turf, if present, was removed in neat squares by hand. Each test pit is excavated in a series of 10cm spits or contexts, to a maximum depth of 1.2m. The horizontal surface of each context/spit is then drawn at 1:10 scale before excavation, a photograph taken and the colour recorded with reference to a standardised colour chart, included in the written handbook. A pro-forma recording system was used by the students to record their test pit excavation. This comprises a 16-page pro-forma Test Pit Record booklet which has been developed by ACA for use with students and members of the public with no previous archaeological experience. The site code is BIN/year, so BIN/09 for 2009, BIN/10 for 2010, BIN/11 for 2011, BIN/12 for 2012 and BIN/13 for 2013.

During the excavation 100% of the spoil is sieved through a 10mm mesh (with the occasional exception of very heavy clay soils which have to be hand-searched). All artefacts are retained, cleaned and bagged by context. Cut and built features are planned at 1:10 and excavated sequentially with latest deposits removed first. Pottery and most other finds are identified promptly by archaeological experts who are on site for the duration of the field academy and visit the test pits regularly; and at the same time provide advice and check that the excavation is being carried out and recorded to the required standard. Test pits are excavated down to natural or the maximum safe depth of 1.2m, whichever is encountered first. A minority of test pits will stop on encountering a feature, (ancient or modern) which archaeological staff deem inadvisable or impossible to remove, and occasionally excavation may cease at a level above natural due to time constraints. On completion of each test pit excavation, all four sections are drawn at 1:10 along with the unexcavated base of the test pit prior to backfilling by hand and the turf replaced neatly to restore the site.

After the two days of excavation are completed, the archaeological records and finds (all of which are kept and cleaned on site) are retained by ACA at the University of Cambridge for analysis, reporting, archiving and submission to HER’s, publication and ongoing research into the origins and development of rural settlement. Ownership of objects rests in the first instance with the landowner, except where other law overrides this (e.g. Treasure Act 1996, 2006, Burials Act 1857). ACA retain all finds in the short term for analysis and ideally also in the longer term in order that the excavation archives will be as complete as possible, but any requests to return finds to owners will be agreed.

5 Location

5.1 The village today

The parish of Binham includes the hamlet of Cockthorpe and is situated in north Norfolk. The village today is very rural, about 40km from the county town of Norwich as the crow flies, about 17km north-east of Fakenham and around 6km inland from the present north Norfolk coastline. The priory and current parish church is centred on TF 98177 39941.

Figure 1: Map of England with close up insert of East Anglia and the approximate location of the village of Binham highlighted in red

Binham today is a small, quiet nucleated village of brick- and pebble-built houses that developed from two separate areas either side of the 11th century Benedictine Priory precinct. The village core today is to the east of the priory entering the village along two parallel roads that converge at a small green, before continuing east toward Langham. To the west of the priory is a linear ribbon of settlement either side of Warham Road. The dominating feature of Binham is the Prior that sits on the southern bank of the River Stiffkey and is now largely ruinous as a result of the Dissolution but with the standing nave as the Parish Church, within the diocese of Norwich, and still in use today for regular services and events. Across the road from the Priory in the relatively newly built village hall with playing field and there is a general village shop, Howells that also has a petrol station attached to it. There is also a single pub, The Chequers Inn, unusually owned by a 18th century village charity. The population was recorded as 292 in the 20011 census1.

1 www.groby.com/userfiles/files/copy-of-parish-communities-population-2011-excel-(2).xls (Accessed August 2017) 17

The north Norfolk coastline is also an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty that also extends inland to just reach Binham. The ANOB encompasses the north of the parish (figure 2), about 50% of its total to reach to the northern edge of Warham Road, whilst also encompassing the priory and then along the northern of Langham Road2. Binham conservation area covers the entire village, excluding only a few outlying farmsteads and encompasses the River Stiffkey as it flows through the settlement (figure 3).

Figure 2: The extent of the parish of Binham, including the hamlet of Cockthorpe © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 40,000

Until the 17th century, all the houses in Binham would probably have been constructed of timber and thatch, after which the ‘typical’ look now associated with north Norfolk villages are buildings made from local flint and brick with imported pan tiles to replace the thatch roofs. New houses today are built to also look this way so as to not spoil the villages design aspect, although there were a number of post-war 20th century houses were also built that were often hastily constructed and not designed to match the rest of the village (North Norfolk District Council Planning Policy Team 2008).

2 http://www.norfolkcoastaonb.org.uk/content/maps/map-sections.php (Accessed August 2017) 18

Figure 3: Extent of the conservation area in Binham © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

5.2 Geology and Topography

Binham sits in a rural settlement within north Norfolk, in a landscape classified as ‘Small Valleys’. This is characterised by a clearly defined undulating valley that is relatively open with lower than average areas of woodland. The settlement conforms to the valley sides and tops and the roads and public rights of way tend to also follow the course of the river3. The River Stiffkey catchment area includes Binham, and three of the river tributaries converge to the east of the village to flow west to meet the main body of the river, which then flows north to join the sea at Blakeney4.

The village sits at between 15m and 20m OD along the course of the river, steadily rising to 35m in the south of the parish. The higher ground is in the far north of the parish which peaks at 40m OD at the village of Cockthorpe and the disused airfield. The geology of the area consist of a bedrock of chalk with superficial deposits of Sheringham Cliff Formation that consist of areas of sand, gravel, clay and silts with alluvium along the river valley5.

3 http://www.norfolkcoastaonb.org.uk/mediaps/pdfuploads/pd000822.pdf (Accessed August 2017) 4 http://www.norfolkriverstrust.org/river/river-stiffkey/ (Accessed August 2017) 5 http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html? (Access August 2017) 19

6 Archaeological and Historical Background

6.1 Historical Background

The name Binham likely derives from Old English to mean ‘the homestead or enclosure of a man called Bynna’ from a person’s name and the ending of -ham (Mills 2011). A slightly different meaning is created if the ending was –hamm that may mean ‘the land hemmed in by water or marsh (perhaps also by high ground); a river meadow; cultivated pot on the edge of woodland or moor6. There has been recent speculation that given the name of the settlement and the location of Binham in a river valley and close to the coast that this area was settled by Bynna early on in the Anglo Saxon period (Wright 2017), which is also supported by the find of an Early Anglo Saxon gold bracteates hoard and discussed in more detail below (Behr and Pestell 2014).

By the time of the Domesday Survey of 1086 the settlement was recorded as Binneham or Benincham for which there were also two entries within the book. The first entry is for land belonging to Peter de Valognes or Valoines and states: “Binham Esket held at the time of Edward three carucates. There are three villans. There have always been 13 bordars and two slaves. And then there were two ploughs and afterwards and now six in demesne. Then and afterwards there were two ploughs belonging to the men and now one and a half. There are 11 acres of meadow. Then there was one mill, and there are 16 sokemen pertaining to this vill, 30 acres of land. Then there were two ploughs; now one and a half ploughs. There are two acres of meadow. In the Lord’s hall there were then eight horses, now five. Then there were three head of cattle; now one. Then there were 16 pigs, afterwards and now 10. Then there were 120 sheep; now half a hundred of sheep” (Williams and Martin 2003). The second entry relates to the land owned by Roger Bigod and states “in Binham Peter holds nine freeman commended to Gyrth who were men of the King and Gyrth. There are five carucates and 22 bordars. Then there were nine ploughs between them all; now 6 and a half. There are eight acres of meadow. Then there was one mill. Then it was worth £4; now £7 of the £20 which are in Binham” (Ibid).

Peter de Valognes, the new landowner in Binham after the Norman Conquest, was nephew to William the Conqueror and he founded Binham Priory (NHER 2081), in AD 1091 with his wife, on the believed site of an Anglo Saxon church. No church was mentioned in the Domesday Book for Binham, but recent archaeological excavations at the priory, prior to the construction of the new visitor building do hint at the presence of an earlier church on the site (Cope-Faulkner 2009, Cope-Faulkner and Anderson 2015). Overall, de Valognes was granted land in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and in Hertfordshire where he had his principle estate (not far from modern day Stevenage) and he was also sheriff in both Essex and Hertfordshire7. He built Binham priory as a cell of St Albans Abbey that was also part of the Benedictine order and an agreement was reached between de Valognes and the abbot at St Albans to release eight monks to set up the new convent in Binham. It was usual for one monastery to be dependent on another; the daughter house would have only been able to be classed as a priory and not an abbey, which was the case here.8 Even through its construction took well over 150 years, the priory had soon been endowed with a charter during the reign of Henry I by the year 11049.

6 http://kepn.nottingham.ac.uk/map/place/Norfolk/Binham (Accessed October 2017) 7 http://binhampriory.org/General articles/foundation.html (Accessed September 2017) 8 Ibid 9 http://binhampriory.org/history/historical notes.htm (Accessed September 2017) 20

Figure 4: The west front at Binham Priory 2009 (© Copyright Access Cambridge Archaeology)

Figure 5: Looking north over the cloister towards what is now St Mary’s Church 2009 (© Copyright Access Cambridge Archaeology)

Construction of the priory first began along its eastern side, the cores of the walls and columns were made from flint rubble with fine limestone facing stone that would have been transported to Binham most likely via the sea and then the River Stiffkey. The majority of the dressed stone is from Barnack near Peterborough with additional material also transported from Caen in Normandy.10 Over 100 years later the western most part of the nave was constructed and its believed that the west front of the priory dates to between 1220-45 as part of the last phase of construction11 (figure 4). The gatehouse on the south from the road was added to the priory during the 15th century and remains the entrance to the church to this day. Records also show that it was referred to as jail gate, presumably once containing a ‘Jail Gate’12 as the priory were lords of the manor they also had to deal with legal matters. The rest of the priory ruins are well documented to show the original layout of the site (figure 6) and an earthwork survey has also identified areas of an abandoned water course and fishponds with the site of a windmill (Cushion and Davison 2003) as well as an original probable routeway into the precinct as denoted by two parallel ditches leading to the west front that were found during recent archaeological excavations (Cope-Faulkner and Anderson 2015) that also potentially tied into other boundaries. The extent of the precinct is obvious along Warham Road and Langham Road as the site is still contained by a boundary wall, but it is likely that the northern extent, albeit unknown, extended beyond the northern side of the stream and up to the road as the earthworks have been recorded to continue (figure 6).

The site of the priory, on the northern banks of the river valley, is considered an unusual location as monasteries are usually sited on southern valley slopes. This hints that the priory was sited here because it was already the site of a probable church and there has been speculation as to whether this was also close to the end of an area of settlement that was focused along Westgate Street. It has also been suggested that the construction of the priory also altered the layout of the village, the corner of Warham Road from Westgate past the priory is now quite a sharp turn, so this road layout may have been a new diversion around the priory. The priory was also sited close to the crossing of the river as investigations into the layout of the early road system in Binham shows that the roads from Langham, Cockthorpe and Stiffkey all converged to the north of this ford (Medlar 2007).

Henry I, in the early 12th century, granted the monks at Binham a weekly market to be held on a Wednesday as well as a four-day fair to start on the 25th March each year. The market was out of use by the 17th century (Cushion and Davison 2003) but the fairs continued in Binham until the early 1950’s, although in 1908 it was recorded that these were only lasting two days13. These fairs continued on the original market area that remains an open space to this day and was established by the monks at the priory. The site is also still the location of the medieval Wayside Cross (NHER 2082), that is considered one of the best examples of an upstanding medieval cross in Norfolk that was also apparently erected by the monks themselves14 (figure 7).

The location of this market area to the southeast of the priory has again caused some speculation as to why it was sited here, some distance from the priory. It has been suggested that it was again the presence of the likely small cluster of settlement along Westgate that meant the new market would not be sited immediately next to the priory. It is possible that the monks set up this area for the market to encourage a new focus of settlement around what is now the village green. Previous work has suggested that

10 www.norfarchtrust.org.uk/binham (Accessed September 2017) 11 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1170780 (Accessed September 2017) 12 http://www.binhampriory.org/documents/Bryant 1908.html (Accessed September 2017) 13 http://www.binhampriory.org/documents/Bryant 1908.html (Accessed September 2017) 14 http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/binham-market-cross/ (Accessed September 2017) 22

this part of Binham was common land prior to the formation of the market area and supports the notion that the creation of the market may have been part of a new village design layout by the monks (Medlar 2007). It was probably only after the market ceased that buildings started to encroach onto the area that is still the case today.

Figure 6: The extent of Binham Priory 1:2500 (© Cushion & Davison 2003, 132)

Figure 7: The Wayside Cross in the background behind the excavation of BIN/10/4 on the village green (© Access Cambridge Archaeology)

When de Valognes founded the priory he also endowed the monks the manor of Binham, which meant the monks became lords of the manor here but were also secured a steady income from the villagers. The priors of Binham however were often irresponsible and were known to quarrel their mother church of St Albans as well as squandering their wealth and in some cases even selling the priory silver. One notable event was in 1212, when prior Thomas was removed by St Albans Abbey, which led to a friend of the prior, a Robert Fitzwalter, to produce a false deed of patronage stating that no prior could be removed without his consent. This led to a full scale siege on the priory where he tried to starve the monks into submission, however, when King John heard about the siege he sent a fleet of armed men to aid the priory and when Fitzwalter heard about the force he faced he soon fled15.

The priors were also granted a free warren on their lands,16 despite the fact that the priory remained uncompleted until the 13th century. In 1201 the lord of Wighton and North Greenhow hundred, a William de Chaen, gave a grant to the priory in Binham so he could get certain rights due to him as lord so the prior then excuse the men of Wighton to be free from toll in Binham market17.

Most of these early records of the priory were however lost during the Peasants Revolt of 1381, which was led by a Binham man called John Lister when they were burnt,18 and the people of Binham and the priory came to a head again in 1431 during a visit of the priory by the Bishop of Norwich when there was still much discontent in the village. He was to visit the parish church used by the townsfolk that only consisted of a sectioned off part of the nave19, but the priors were reportedly unhappy about this and refused to gain him entrance to the priory, locking the doors and not even ringing the bells to announce his arrival. The people of Binham were quick to use this to this

15 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/norf/vol2/pp343-346 (Accessed September 2017) 16 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/norf/vol2/pp343-346 (Accessed September 2017) 17 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol9/pp209-212 (Accessed September 2017) 18 http://binhampriory.org/history/historical notes.htm (Accessed September 2017) 19 http://binhampriory.org/history/monastic precinct.html (Accessed September 2017) 24

to their advantage and approached the bishop to say that if they had a church to use and bells to ring they would have rung them to honour his arrival and asked for the Bishops help with their grievances against the monks and how they behaved as lords of the manor. Once the monks realised they had made a mistake (and the people of Binham realised they had the upper hand), an agreement was signed between the priory and the townsfolk on the 14th September of that year. The changes agreed upon included the regulation of fines taken by the lord of the manor (in this case the priory), a shared responsibility to maintain the roads through the village, a comprise on the land available for grazing and the use of the nave as a parish church for the local people, who unlike in other parish churches had little to no direct use of the facility and could not even ring the bells during celebrations. New processions would be allowed under this new agreement by the vicar and the villagers were finally able to hold their own services with bell ringing as necessary20 (Burstall 1957).

When the priory was first endowed it was stated that it would never have less than eight monks, which was likely the case with records showing that by the early 14th century a total of 13 monks were housed at Binham. This was probably when the priory was at its peak as this number had dropped to 11 monks in 1381 and at the time of the dissolution in 1539 there was only six monks recorded in Binham21. During its peak, Binham priory would have been an important site in north Norfolk but it was still overshadowed by Walsingham Abbey. In the 12th century a shine was created here of St Mary that meant that Little Walsingham became the major pilgrimage destination and one of the most important pilgrim centres in England during the medieval period. It has been recorded that at the dissolution Binham was only worth a quarter of the value of Walsingham (Medlar 2007). The Lay Subsidy tax returns for Binham, were taxes on the land and possessions of the lay people in the parish) were recorded at £73.50 in 133422. An assessment of the Lay Subsidy surveys conducted in 1524 and 1525 undertaken by Sheail (1968), looks at the hundreds of Norfolk only, rather than individual parishes but he found that North Greenhoe, within which lies Binham, was the wealthiest in all of Norfolk, it has an average tax of 57 shillings per square mile, but not the highest number of tax payers, which was only at 18 per square mile.

At the dissolution, the priory was closed, the land and all its buildings were given to Thomas Paston, apart from the nave and north aisle of the church that belonged to the parish (Cope-Faulkner 2009). It has been suggested that the Paston family had started to build a new house on the land but it was never completed and in the end the majority of the building materials were sold and incorporated into new structures within the village as well as further afield, such as to build a large house in the High Street of Wells23. The church continued to deteriorate during the 17th,18th and 19th centuries, the large window on the west front was bricked up in 1809 and the north aisle taken down a little later, probably considered to be unstable. In the 1930’s the Norfolk Archaeological Trust acquired the priory ruins (Hundleby 2004) and exposed and consolidated the wall bases and projecting columns of the monastic buildings. Conservation of the Parish Church was ongoing from early in the 20th century and a major project was completed in 2009 to improve access and construct a service building in the ruined north aisle.

It was the Paston Family, when they acquired the lands in Binham, who commissioned the Binham fieldbook that is a written account of all agricultural land in the parish, as well as listing each owner or tenant. It was written in 1576 and it shows that there were

20 http://binhampriory.org/General articles/agreement 1432.html (Accessed September 2017) 21 www.norfarchtrust.org.uk/binham (Accessed September 2017) 22 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/list-index-soc/markets-fairs-gazetteer-to-1516/norfolk (Accessed October 2017) 23 http://binhampriory.org/history/historical notes.htm (Accessed September 2017) 25

1,376 acres of land in Binham that was split into 628 separate pieces. Recent work by the Binham Local History Group shows that two thirds of the holdings were less than two acres in extent (Wright 2017). As the number of landholders and properties are also recorded in the fieldbook, an estimate of the population for the later 16th century in Binham has been stated at about 320 (Ibid). An estimated population of the village from the Domesday Book was thought to be approaching the 200 mark and would have likely steadily increased until the mid-14th century when the Black Death reduced the population significantly. This is supported by the 1449 Lay Subsidy for Binham which showed at least a 25% reduction in the taxes that can only be due to a population decline (Medlar 2007). Population figures are then only definitely recorded through the census records, the first of which was in 1801 that recorded a total of 393 people living in Binham, which is only a small rise from the estimated number in the fieldbook. During the 19th century however the population seems to rise rapidly and peaked at 511 people in the 1851 census. Since then however, the population had been on a steady decline, with 441 people recorded in 1901 and only 346 in 1961. The population in 2001 was 273 but rose slightly in the 2011 census for the first time in over a century to 29224. There was a significant development in 1949-1950 of housing in a new area, Priory Crescent, and in 2017/18 a further 28 houses are planned to be constructed in an adjacent area on the south west edge of the village, along Walsingham Road.

Numerous directories were written through the 19th century that give a sense of what life was like in Binham at this time, recording both the history and size of the settlement as well as the population at the time of writing and the various occupations that the villagers were engaged in. White’s Directory in 184525 mentions a range of occupations in the village at this time that included multiple butchers, bakers, blacksmiths, tailors and drapers with also a confectioner, watchmaker, dentist, saddler, shopkeeper, grocer, corn miller, cooper, a school mistress and a chief constable. Two people worked in the public houses and there were two carpenters, three shoe makes and numerous farmers. From the White’s Directory of 188326 there were also additional occupations to the list mentioned above, the majority of which still continued through the 19th century. These include a vicar, cattle dealer, postmaster, gamekeeper, joiners, builders and bricklayers, a parish clerk, a surgeon, bootmaker and a brewer.

It was not only the presence of written documents that increased during the 19th century, new mapping techniques enabled the most accurate drawing of the whole landscape. It was also the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836 which meant that maps were drawn for each tithe district, to value the land. Traditionally a tithe payment, usually one tenth of all produce, went to the church but the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836 enabled a change so that payments of tithe, i.e. the produce, was to be replaced by monetary payments. The map (a close up of Binham can be seen in figure 8), was also utilised to clarify the system of payment, as since the 1530s and the Dissolution of the Monasteries, some tithes were being paid to landlords rather than to the church. Around the same time, Parliamentary Enclosure was also taking place through numerous private acts of parliament when a landowner wanted to enclose his land. The enclosure map for Binham is seen in figure 9 below and shows that the village had not changed much during the 19th century when both surveyed maps were produced. The village layout remains untouched, with the settlement laid out similarly to what can still be seen today. Enclosure would also mean the loss of common land, but as the common land was to the east of Cockthorpe, no enclosure map is available for this part of the parish27.

24 www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105717/cube/TOT_POP (Accessed September 2017) 25http://binhampriory.org/documents/White’s Directory 1845.html (Accessed September 2017) 26http://binhampriory.org/documents/White's Directory 1883.html (Accessed September 2017) 27 http://historic-maps.norfolk.gov.uk/mapexplorer/ (Accessed September 2017) 26

Figure 8: Tithe Map of Binham c.1840 © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey

Figure 9: 19th century Enclosure Map of Binham © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey

The hamlet of Cockthorpe is now situated within Binham parish and although no test pits were excavated there, a brief summary of its history will be included here. The name Cockthorpe is thought to derive from the Old Scandinavian word Torp to mean ‘a secondary settlement or outlying farmstead’. The affix at the start of the word could have either been manorial from a family’s name of Co(c)ke or it could have indicated that this was place that cocks were reared from. In 1254 the name of the settlement is recorded as Coketorp (Mills 2011), but there are no references to which village this was a secondary settlement to. The manorial roots of the hamlet appear to have been with Langham, but in the Lay Subsidy taxes the settlement is joined with Stiffkey (Medlar 2007) and today is incorporated in the parish of Binham.

There are two entries from Cockthorpe in the Domesday Book as Torp and both of which are from land that belongs to William, the Bishop of Thetford. The first entry simply states “In Cockthorpe Aethelmar held one sokeman with two bordars and it belongs to Langham” and the second entry states “In Cockthorpe there were two free men. Now William de Noyers holds them of Bishop William. They have 100 acres of land, half an acre of meadow and there have always been 1 ½ ploughs. Before the conquest it was worth 20s, now 30s” (Williams and Martin 2003).

From the later 14th century the manor at Cockthorpe was in the hands of the Calthorpe Family28. The definitive site of Calthorpe manor is still unsure but it is likely to be the on the current site of Manor Farm (NHER 12750), the house of which was built during the 17th century and is sited opposite All Saints Church. The church itself (NHER 1888) dates from the 11th century and it is now in the care of The Norfolk Churches Trust and still consecrated. A few services are held during the year.

From the 18th century, roads across the country were being greatly improved with the introduction of Turnpike Acts and Trusts who would then maintain the upkeep of roads to be passable all year round and not just on dry days. However, no roads through Binham were turnpiked, the main course of traffic where the need was obviously greatest, was just to the west of the village on roads that connected Wells in the north to Fakenham in the south through Little Walsingham (Taylor 2009). The various turnpikes were greatest before the arrival of the railways, although no railway came through the parish during the 19th century, the focus was again to the west of Binham in Little Walsingham on the Wells to Fakenham line that opened in 1857 and ran until 1964.29 The nearest railway station to Binham today is at Sheringham as part of the Bittern line to Norwich.30

28 https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol9/pp215-218 (Accessed September 2017) 29 http://iconpainter.org.uk/our-work/walsingham-station/ (Accessed October 2017) 30 http://www.bitternline.com/ (Accessed October 2017) 28

Figure 10: First OS Map of Binham © Copyright Norfolk County Council and © Crown Copyright and Database rights 2011 Ordnance Survey

6.2 Archaeological Background

There are a range of both finds and monuments recorded on the HER (Historic Environment Record) for Binham dating from the Palaeolithic period to the modern day and have mainly been identified through both fieldwalking and metal detecting around the parish. The following sections are summaries of the HER results that have been identified on the Norfolk Heritage Explorer Website, using a parish search for Binham31.

6.2.1 Prehistoric

A range of mainly prehistoric artefacts have been recorded on the HER from Binham parish, mainly as lithics and dating from the Mesolithic period (10000-5000BC) onwards. A total of four lithic artefacts have so far been identified to date as Mesolithic from the parish and include a flint blade that was found during metal detecting (NHER 25464), a Mesolithic flint axe/adze (NHER 45406), a Mesolithic retouched flint blade was identified during works at a possible moated site in Cockthorpe (NHER 52956) and a Mesolithic or Early Neolithic flint blade fragment was recorded as a surface find in the south west of the village with additional later lithic artefacts.

There is a range of lithics identified through the parish dating to the Neolithic period (4000-2200BC) that includes axes (NHER 1877, 2073, 2075, 2212 and 55359), picks and polishers (NHER 2074) and a scraper (NHER 24228). A variety of different Neolithic flints have also been picked up during fieldwalking and metal detecting, including from a field to the north of Haystack Lane (NHER 24227) that found cores, scrapers, flakes and an axe; a polished flint axe (NHER 28591), two flints from the far west of the parish (NHER 52751) and a cluster of surface finds identified include a polished axe, an end scraper and a flake core (NHER 53787). Also during metal detecting a number of Neolithic and Bronze Age flint flakes were recorded with an awl as well as a Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age flint scraper (NHER 25464). A Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age barbed and tanged arrowhead was also found metal detecting from an undisclosed location (NHER 53786).

Activity continued through the parish into the Bronze Age (2100-700BC) with a number of lithic artefacts found, but also for the first time tools made of metal. The lithic tools include a stone axe hammer (NHER 2077), an Early Bronze Age flint axe (NHER 39365), a Late Bronze Age flint borer (NHER 34325) and a number of Late Bronze Age and general late prehistoric flint cores and flakes (NHER 52750). The Bronze Age metal finds recorded on the HER consist of a copper alloy socketed axehead (NHER 2079), an Early Bronze Age copper alloy dagger fragment (NHER 52617), a Middle Bronze Age incomplete copper alloy quoit-headed pin (NHER 45406), and a Late Bronze Age socketed axe fragment (NHER 53786). It was also during the Bronze Age that the first monuments in the parish were built, a single round barrow has been recorded at Fiddlers Hill (NHER 1854) towards Warham that was partly excavated and subsequently destroyed in the early 1930’s during the construction of a nearby road. Three skeletons were removed at that time, including that of a girl and a dog.

An Iron Age (700BC –AD43) coin and Late Iron Age or Early Roman finger ring were also found during metal detecting (NHER 29339) with another possible Iron Age ring identified to the south of the village (NHER 31123) with additional Iron Age coins also recorded (NHER 25464 and 53786); one was identified as a gold stater (NHER 34325). An Iron Age or Roman glass bead was also found metal detecting (NHER 53786) and

31 http://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/simple-search (Accessed August 2017) 30

a Late Iron Age or Early Roman bow brooch has also been identified to the west of the village (NHER 58325). Close to the likely site of Roman villa was also found a very Early Roman coin (though to be an Iron Age import) as well as fragments of Iron Age pottery (NHER 24150).

Some features on the HER have been only dated as prehistoric, including a possible site of a burnt mound to the north of Abbott Farm (NHER 2076), from which an area of charcoal and ash was found during ploughing with a number of burnt stones (pot boilers). Additional pot boilers were found along Lantern Lane to the south of the village (NHER 2099), to the west of Abbott Farm (NHER 2100 and 2101) and three substantial concentrations of burnt stones were also recorded from a field to the south of Langham Road to the north and the River Stiffkey to the south (NHER 44088). A small number of artefacts have also just been recorded as prehistoric in date and include part of a likely prehistoric quern stone that was found near to Field House Farm (NHER 15118) and is thought to be potentially Neolithic in date. Additional prehistoric lithics were recorded through both fieldwalking and metal detecting through the parish (NHER 24150, 28116, 31572, 31574, 31583, 40776, 52884, 53787, 53787, 55359) as well as at the site of a possible Roman villa (NHER 31571).

6.2.2 Romano-British

The Roman period in Britain dates from AD 43 to c.410 and activity from this period is quite extensive through the parish with a range of artefacts identified mainly through both metal detecting and fieldwalking.

A Roman road is thought to traverse through the parish (NHER 2087) that is now only visible as an earthwork and was identified from aerial photographs running north-south just to the east of Abbott Farm. The site of a Roman villa is also known from the southwest of the village (NHER 31571) and was excavated by the Norfolk Archaeological Unit in 1998 during which a ditched Roman field system was also recorded. During the excavation and from the subsequent metal detecting a collection of Roman pottery, coin and metalwork were all found with both prehistoric and later artefacts. Activity is also known from around this villa site with pottery finds from a nearby field recorded (NHER 4377) and metal detecting in this immediate area has also yielded a large amount of Roman coins, pottery and tile (NHER 24150, 24226).

A possible Roman enclosure is also known from cropmarks to the north of Warham Road and the River Stiffkey (NHER 27088) as part of a rectilinear enclosure. No excavation has taken place here, but a supposed Roman date has been suggested given the find of a Roman coin from nearby (NHER 24154).

A large number of Roman coins have been found from the parish, mainly dating to the 3rd and 4th centuries, although some earlier coins were also noted from a number of HER entries (NHER 2080, 2097, 24151, 24152, 24154, 28556, 28591, 29339, 31123, 31572, 25464, 34325, 39365, 40263, 52751, 53787, 53786). Other metal objects have also been recorded, such as brooches and bracelets (NHER 24151, 25995, 28591, 29339, 25464, 40263, 41162, 53786, 56141, 58319 and 58325), a vessel rim made from coppery alloy (NHER 24151), Roman pendants (NHER 31572, 40263), a copper alloy lamp holder (NHER 25464), a Roman finger ring (NHER 52883) and other metalwork items (NHER 31572, 34325, 34639, 53786, 55381, 55359) including personal items such as tweezers and a spoon probe fragment (NHER 25464). A possible steelyard weight that has been found, remains undated but is thought to probably be Roman in date (NHER 54762). Areas of Roman pottery have also been recorded during activities such as fieldwalking and metal detecting (NHER 28116, 31

29339, 31572, 31574, 25464, 51583, 55359), along with a hair pin (NHER 31123) and a Roman furniture knob (NHER 34327).

6.2.3 Anglo-Saxon

Anglo Saxon (AD 410-1065) activity in Binham is limited to the presence of spot finds that were again mainly identified through metal detecting and fieldwalking events in the parish. The period is divided up into the Early Anglo Saxon (AD 410-699), the Middle Anglo Saxon (AD 700-849) and the Late Anglo Saxon (AD 850-1065). Some of the finds on the HER however have not been specifically dated within the Anglo Saxon period and so just appear on the HER record dated as Saxon.

From one undisclosed location of metal detecting a Middle Saxon sceatta coin, pottery and metalwork (including dress components, strap ends, brooches, pins and a harness) were all recorded with a Late Saxon hooked tag (NHER 24150). To the north of the priory, fieldwalking and metal detecting identified a range of objects including an Early Saxon brooch and Late Saxon pottery, a tag and strap end (NHER 24151). Selected items are on display in the cases housed in the service building in the north of the Priory Church, emphasising the trade with the near continent and illustrating the important economic role the medieval Priory played in the area.

Finds dating to the Early Anglo Saxon period were quite significant and consist of a copper alloy annular brooch (NHER 28116), a girdle hanger (NHER 29339), with an Early Saxon disc brooch, wrist clasp, and brooches that were actually declared Treasure (NHER 29339). Additional finds include wrist clasps (NHER 29339), brooches (NHER 29339, 53786, 56140, 56139 and 55381), a copper alloy harness mount (NHER 29339), a pendant (NHER 29339), eye plates (NHER 29339 and 53786), a belt plate (NHER 24150) and a number gold bracteates (thin pieces of metal that would have been worn as jewellery), some with runes that were also declared as Treasure (NHER 40776).

The Middle Saxon finds on the HER are few, consisting of hooked tags (NHER 29339 and 31571), pottery (NHER 31571 and 25464) and a copper alloy pin (NHER 25464).

The finds on the HER dated to the Late Saxon period were also numerous, consisting of hooked tags (NHER 28556 and 29339), a copper alloy mount fragment (NHER 28591), a mirror case (NHER 29339), buckles (NHER 29339 and 53786), several strap ends (NHER 29339, 34325, 34327, 45406 and 53786), a padlock mount (NHER 29339), horse harness mounts (NHER 29339 and 31123), a bridle (NHER 31123), a strap distributer (NHER 31579), a stylus (NHER 29339), a brooch (NHER 31123), a pin (NHER 53786), an ear ring (NHER53786), a finger ring (NHER 53786) and many sherds of pottery (NHER 29339, 31572, 31574, 31579 and 31583).

Another Saxon sceatta coin was also found close to the Roman villa site (NHER 24226) and Late Saxon pottery was recorded from the possible moated site at Cockthorpe (NHER 52956).

6.2.4 Medieval

The medieval period in Britain dates from the Norman Conquest in AD 1066 and is usually subdivided into the high medieval (AD 1066-1399) and the late medieval (AD 1400-1539).

The major medieval features in Binham, include the Priory (NHER 2081), Wayside Cross (NHER 2082), All Saints’ Church in Cockthorpe (NHER 1888) and the possible site of Calthorpe Manor (NHER 12750), all of which were discussed in section 6.1. The priory ruins (NHER 2081), have been in ownership of the Norfolk Archaeological Trust since 1933 and excavations held there every year between 1934 and 1939, finishing just before the outbreak of World War II. The excavations then were mainly focused with rubble clearance, but repairs were also made to many of the exposed walls that were all approved by the old Office of Works who had been given guardianship of the site after its purchase. Unfortunately, any records that were made did not survive the war of the early death of the lead excavator in 1939, and today only a number of finds remain in stores within the Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service (Hundleby 2004).

A second medieval stone cross (NHER 13381) is known from a road crossing Cockthorpe that is thought to have been along the routeway between the priory and Stiffkey harbour. An area of common is known to survive in Cockthorpe (NHER 41076), situated to the north of the hamlet with some earthworks still visible that suggest it was cultivated during the medieval period with also later post medieval activity too. A possible moated site is also known from Cockthorpe (NHER 52956), which during the construction of a new house on the site found flint walls and pits or middens, suggestive of a medieval structure on the site. Also found was a lot of medieval pottery with a possible candle holder and both earlier and later finds. Also along the River Stiffkey, to the east of the village and the eastern end of Common Lane is the site of a supposed medieval dam and fishpond that is visible on aerial photographs as slight earthworks (NHER 24413). It has been suggested that both may have been related to the storage of fish and associated with Binham Priory, although excavations would be needed here to prove this.

Additional earthworks that are thought to be medieval or post medieval in origins have been identified from aerial photographs as linear field boundaries, to the west of the village (NHER 27085), to the northwest of Abbey Farm (NHER 27086) and to the north of Warham Road (NHER 27087). Possible medieval or post medieval banked trackways and drainage ditches have also been identified through aerial photography just southeast of Fiddlers Hill (NHER 27115) that is thought to have been associated with the use and management of floodplain resources, given its location on the northern banks of the River Stiffkey. To the west of the village are also the earthworks of a hollow way that is most likely medieval in date (NHER 27776) and sits along the contour of the higher ground to the south of the River Stiffkey and its immediate floodplain area.

A number of artefacts dating to the medieval period have been recorded on the HER that were mainly found through metal detecting as well as areas of fieldwalking. A copper alloy 14th or 15th century finger ring was found to the south of Wighton Road (NHER 18582). Medieval belt mounts have also been found (NHER 24150 and 25464) along with strap fittings (NHER 24151 and 53786), strap ends (NHER 28556, 29339 and 53786), a hooked tag (NHER 25464), belt fittings (NHER 25995, 28556, 28591 and 31572), keys (NHER 24150, 24226, 53787 and 53786), a mount (NHER 55359), a harness (NHER 24150) and harness mounts (NHER 25995, 53939 and 55359), a harness pendant (NHER 56139), a box (NHER 24150), a disc (NHER 24150), buckles (NHER 24151, 24152, 28116, 31572, 25464, 45406, 52883, 53786, 56141 and 55359), and buckle plates (NHER 28116), a sex-foil mount (NHER 29339), a furniture fitting (NHER 24151), studs (NHER 24151 and 56141), a thimble (NHER 24151), brooches (NHER 29339, 25464, 34325, 53786 and 58830), crotal bells (NHER 24151 and 56140) and personal ornaments (NHER 24150 and 24151) with a silver pendant loop (NHER 34637), a copper alloy pin (NHER 56139) and a dress fastener (NHER 58325). 33

Also found was a monumental brass fragment, the left knee of a Knight in plate armour (NHER 31571) that was found at the Roman villa site. Evidence for weaponry was also recorded as a dagger scabbard chape (NHER 25995) dagger chapes and a knife handle end cap (NHER 28116), and a scabbard (NHER 53786). There was also evidence for trade and manufacture in the form of tokens (NHER 24150), jettons (NHER 24151, 29339, 31572 and 34325), a cloth seal (NHER 29339), a loom weight (NHER 34638), lead seal matrices (NHER 29339, 31574, 34637, 56141 and 56141) and weights (NHER 24226, 31574 and 53786), including cup weights (NHER 34327 and 56141) and a lead spindle whorl (NHER 34639). There is evidence of wealth at this time in Binham in the form of a gilt sheet that was found metal detecting (NHER 25464).

A large number of medieval coins have also been recovered from a variety of site through the parish (NHER 24150, 24151, 24226, 28556, 28591, 29339, 31123, 31572, 25464, 34325, 34327, 34637, 34639, 53787, 53786, 56141 and 56139) as have sherds of medieval pottery (NHER 1878, 24150, 24151, 24154, 25995, 28116, 28556, 31571, 31572, 31574, 31579, 31583, 34325 and 55359), medieval tile (NHER 31571), a cast copper alloy vessel (NHER 28116) and a small cast coppery alloy foot from a cooking vessel (NHER 34327).

Related to the priory was also a pilgrim head from an ampulla (a pilgrim bottle) (NHER 29339) with also separate find of ampullas (NHER 31574 34638 and 53786) and after the dissolution of the monasteries during the 16th century there is evidence for the stonework being taken from the priory to be used in construction elsewhere. One of these was in a boundary wall to the east of Back Street, although mainly post medieval in construction (NHER 33495) it has fragments of medieval stonework in its construction.

6.2.5 Post medieval and later

A lot of the buildings in Binham that survive today were built during the post medieval period (AD 1540-1799) and some of the first maps of that time also show features and structures that are no longer in use today. A full list of the listed buildings in Binham is not included in this report for reasons of space, but a comprehensive account can be found through the Historic England website32.

From William Fadens Map of Norfolk, made in 1797 (figure 7) there are roads marked on that are no longer in use that may have their origins in the post medieval or even medieval periods, including along what is now part of the current western boundary of the parish (NHER 1846), and another road that was marked on Fadens map and Bryant’s Map of 1826 just further to the southeast (NHER 1884). The site of a windmill is known from Fadens map (NHER 15210) to the north of the village and a second windmill was recorded to the west of the priory and The Old School House on Warham Road (NHER 36184) that was recorded on Bryant’s map of 1826; both of which are no longer in use.

The earthwork remains of a post medieval field system (NHER 33790) are still visible to the south of Walsingham Road and its junction with Hindringham Road, that likely delimited a field as well as a possible associated trackway. Additional cropmark and earthwork linear features have also been noted from aerial photographs to the west of the village (NHER 27085), to the northwest of Abbey Farm (NHER 27086) and to the north of Warham Road (NHER 27087) that may have origins in the medieval or post

32 Historic England website for listed buildings search: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/ 34

medieval and are likely related to the development of the village at that time as well as the management of the floodplain to the north of the River Stiffkey (NHER 27115).

The foundations of a post medieval house were found during clearing works in Cockthorpe (NHER 1878) that also yielded both medieval and post medieval pottery and building fragments. The site of the 17th century Blacksmiths workshop and house (NHER 12046) is known along Front Street (now house number 27) and a 17th century house to the north of Manor Barn on Field Dalling Road (NHER 12047) was thought to have been the site of a medieval manor, but current thinking is that it was probably the first house on the site as the original manorial rights were held by the priory. A post medieval lime kiln is known from the far west of Binham, on land behind Old Barn Farm (NHER 2107) that has in modern times become very damaged by both ploughing and chalk extraction.

Figure 11: Fadens 1797 map of Norfolk, with a close up of Binham (from http://www.fadensmapofnorfolk.co.uk/mapBrowser.asp)

Finds dating to the post medieval on the HER have been recorded with a range of earlier artefacts that were mainly found through metal detecting and field walking and consist of a range of personal objects, as well as with agriculture and the keeping of animals, trade and commerce and even weaponry.

The objects found include harnesses (NHER 24150 and 31572), a harness mount (NHER 31574), a nail (NHER 24152), a spoon (NHER 24150), buckles (NHER 24151, 31571, 31579, 34637, 64638, 39365, 52883 and 56139), buttons (NHER 24151, 39365, 58320 and 56141), thimbles (NHER 24151, 34637 and 34638), a keyhole cover (NHER 24154), book fittings and clasps (NHER 24153, 34639 and 55359), mounts (NHER 29339 and 53786), a finger ring (NHER 29339), a locking arm buckle (NHER 29339), strap fittings (NHER 28556, 31571, 31123, 31572, 44764 and 53786), a pin (NHER 31123), belt fittings (NHER 31572), hooked tags (NHER 25464 and 34327), 35

crotal bells (NHER 25464, 34637 and 52956), a lead disc (NHER 34327), dress fasteners and hooks (NHER 34637, 5378 and 58325), purses (NHER 52616 and 53786) and a fragment of spur (NHER 53787).

One jetton is quite unusual (NHER 31123) in that it refers to the famine raging in Flanders during the 1840’s. Other jettons were also found (NHER 24150, 29339, 31572, 31574, 25464, 34325, 53786 and 56139), with a balance (NHER 24151), tokens (NHER 24151, 31571, 34325, 34327, 56141 and 56139), weights (NHER 24151, 28556, 31571, 31574, 34639 and 53786), trade weights (NHER 28556 and 55359), a coin weight (NHER 56141), lead cloth seals (NHER 24226, 34637 and 55359), a wire or thread seal (NHER 34325), spindle whorls (NHER 34638 and 53786), knives (NHER 39365, 52884 and 52956), a knife end stop (NHER 53787), a sword belt (NHER 53786). Four lead balls (NHER 55359) were also recorded with a musket ball (NHER 31123). A large number of post medieval coins were also recorded through the parish (NHER 24226, 29339,31123, 31571, 31572, 31579, 25464, 34325, 34637, 39365, 53787 and 53786) as well as a number of pottery fragments (NHER 24150, 25995, 28116, 29339, 31571, 25464, 34325, 45406 and 53786) and brick (NHER 52956).

Although Binham is not directly on the coast there is evidence for World War II defences in the parish. Langham Airfield, half of which is in Binham parish (NHER 1891) was constructed during World War II and also had a dome that was used for training anti-aircraft gunners. A single pillbox is also known from opposite the priory in what is now Abbey Mews (NHER 30786). During the 1990’s an American F1-11 fighter jet crashed in the large field to the south of the village hall (NHER 58548). No one was hurt but the impact left a large crater, although all the wrecking was later removed from site.

6.2.6 Undated

Undated features on the HER are limited, with most sites being yielding finds to help dating. An undated water tower (NHER 1882) was noted on Fadens map that was already in ruins at that time. The site of an undated trackway was noted from aerial photographs as it is visible as a cropmark running from Hall Lane to a field boundary (NHER 12980) in Cockthorpe. Also from aerial photos was the presence of a ditch was noted to the east of Cockthorpe common in the far north of the parish (NHER 27766) and linear cropmarks have been seen to the west of the village and just south of Short Lane Farm (NHER 27089) that may be possible banked trackways and drainage ditches or may have more recent agricultural origins. A single undated surface find of a possible whetstone was found to the south of Binham (NHER 55071).

7 Results of the test pit excavations in Binham

The approximate locations of the 59 test pits excavated between June 2009 and July 2013 can be seen figure 12 below. Yearly this figure breaks down to 15 pits excavated in 2009, 14 in 2010, four in 2011, 13 in 2012 and 13 test pits excavated in 2013. The data from each test pit is discussed in this section and set out in numerical order and by year. Most excavation was in spits measuring 10cm in depth, but in cases when a change in the character of deposits indicated a change in context, a new spit was started before 10cm.

An assessment of the overall results, synthesizing the data from all the pits, including deductions about the historic development of Binham and the potential of the buried heritage resource of the village is presented in the following Discussion section (Section 8). Finds from each test pit are discussed in summary in this section, and listed in detail in the relevant appendices (Section 12). Photographs of sites under excavation and of all finds are included in the archive, but not included in this report for reasons of space.

Figure 12: The locations of the five years of test pitting in Binham (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

7.1 The 2009 excavations

Two excavations took place in Binham in 2009, the first of these was on the 10th-11th June where 29 HEFA participants from Sheringham High School, Stalham High School and Alderman Peel High School (school names correct at the time of participation) excavated eight test pits. The second dig was on the 14th-15th October when 21 HEFA participants from Fakenham High School and North Walsham High School excavated six test pits (school names correct at the time of participation). An additional test pit was also excavated in October by member of the Binham Local History Group. The test pits were scattered through the village where residents in Binham offered their gardens or fields and were spread through the length of the settlement.

Figure 13: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2009 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

Test Pit one (BIN/09/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the large enclosed rear garden of a probable 19th century cottage fronting the road in the far west of the village. The pit was sited in the centre of the flat lawn, directly behind the house (Westgate Cottage, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597744 340142).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not recorded at this depth but due to time constraints and the presence of a wall, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 14: Location map of BIN/09/1 The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/09/1 dates to the Victorian period and was found mixed through the upper six contexts of the test pit down to the wall. The post medieval pottery was also found in the upper half of the test pit above the wall, with Glazed Red Earthenware, Manganese Ware and English Stoneware all identified. The Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Wares were all generally excavated from the lower half of the test pit, potentially relating to the wall structure.

EMW GRIM LMT GRE MANG EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 3 19 37 139 1550-1900 1 2 1 4 1 7 59 272 1200-1900 1 3 1 19 47 157 1680-1900 1 4 1 24 1 8 13 23 1550-1900 1 5 1 22 2 4 31 87 1150-1900 1 6 2 12 7 39 2 6 1100-1500 1 21 1 4 1800-1900 1 7A 2 56 1 3 1100-1300 1 7B 1 2 1100-1200 Table 1: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/1

An east – west orientated wall was excavated through the middle of BIN/09/1 and visible from c.0.6m in depth (below). The wall is quite thin, only about 0.3m in width and with medieval pottery excavated from the lowest contexts either side of the wall, it most probably dates to around the 13th century. A large amount of mortar was found above the wall, with a number of finds that may relate to both domestic rubbish from the medieval period to the present day. Coal, cockle and oyster shell, animal bone and clay pipe were excavated with lumps of chalk, CBM and tile, scrap metal, iron nails, modern glass, concrete and a metal buckle and suggests a lot of later disturbance to the level of the wall. Potential flint flakes and burnt stone were also identified that may be later prehistoric in date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Figure 15: The wall identified from BIN/09/1

Test Pit two (BIN/09/2)

Test pit two was excavated in an enclosed front garden of a modern property set back from the road in the west of the village (Jacaranda, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597866 340089).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was recorded. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Early Anglo Saxon pottery was excavated from context four of BIN/09/2 that was also mixed in the later Saxon Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Figure 16: Location map of BIN/09/2 Medieval Wares only. The majority of these were recovered from the lower half of the test pit. Small numbers of post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware and Manganese Ware were also excavated with 16 sherds of Victorian pottery all from contexts one and two.

EMS THET EMW GRIM LMT GRE MANG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 7 19 1 3 4 9 1100-1900 2 2 3 9 1 2 2 60 2 7 12 35 1100-1900 2 3 2 6 14 31 1 6 900-1350 2 4 1 2 9 43 1 4 400-1500 2 5 2 19 3 4 1 3 900-1350 Table 2: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/2

BIN/09/2 yielded the only sherd of Early Saxon pottery identified in Binham through test pitting and may suggest occupation to the north west of the village during that time and away from the current centre around the priory. The upper two contexts were the most disturbed and yielded the greatest number of finds, consisting of glass, cockle and oyster shell, CBM and tile, coal, iron nails and clay pipe, which were found with medieval, post medieval and Victorian pottery. The only potential waste flint and burnt stone were also excavated from context two that may be later prehistoric in date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this. The lower contexts are generally undisturbed medieval layers with only cockle and oyster shell and coal found. Lumps of possible marble? were also identified from contexts five and seven.

Test Pit three (BIN/09/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the enclosed side garden of a probable 19th century cottage fronting the main road leading westward out of the village. The pit was sited on a flat area of lawn close to the boundary with the road (Priory Hill Cottage, 45 Warham Road, Binham. TF 597958 340080).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of Figure 17: Location map of BIN/09/3 0.7m. Natural was not recorded at this depth, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/09/3 dates to the Victorian period and was also recovered through all seven contexts. Large numbers of both Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware were also both found mixed through the test pit, whereas only single sherds of Thetford Ware and Grimston Ware were excavated from contexts four and three respectively.

THET GRIM GRE EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 1 16 60 1800-1900 3 2 2 7 47 89 1550-1900 3 3 1 14 3 46 43 145 1200-1900 3 4 1 5 4 23 2 82 29 83 900-1900 3 5 2 27 4 35 19 95 1550-1900 3 6 1 31 22 70 1680-1900 3 7 9 74 8 24 1550-1900 Table 3: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/3

The large amount of finds and later pottery excavated from BIN/09/3 suggests more intense activity from the post medieval onwards with a great deal of disturbance during the 19th century. The majority of the finds consist of CBM, tile, iron nails and scrap iron, glass, coal, and mortar with cockle and oyster shell, clay pipe, plaster, slag, a button and a bead. Three pieces of burnt stone and a piece of flint were also recovered from the upper half of the test pit that may be later prehistoric in date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this. The sherd of Thetford Ware probably suggests this area was part of later Saxon occupation to the north west of the priory, similar to the cluster of activity to the south of the priory also identified through test pitting. Both of these appear to have expanded in the medieval period to form a continuous band of settlement around the priory.

Test Pit four (BIN/09/4)

Test pit four was excavated in a long enclosed rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century cottage nestled between Warham Road and Langham Road and just east of the priory. The pit was sited in the far north of the garden and close to the boundary with the priory precinct (Hill House, Warham Road, Binham. TF 5598337 339758).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was not recorded at this depth, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 18: Location map of BIN/09/4 A single sherd of undisturbed late Saxon Thetford ware was excavated from context eight, but the rest of the pottery dates to after the dissolution of the priory in the 16th century. Three sherds of Glazed Red Earthenware were recovered, but the vast majority of the pottery identified dates to the Victorian period and was found through the upper six contexts of BIN/09/4.

THET GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 29 160 1800-1900 4 2 62 591 1800-1900 4 3 44 602 1800-1900 4 4 36 369 1800-1900 4 5 1 48 36 166 1550-1900 4 6 2 32 7 16 1550-1900 4 8 1 5 900-1100 Table 4: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/4

The single potential flint flake and the sherd of Thetford Ware are the only potential evidence for occupation at BIN/09/4 prior to the 16th century, which may be due to its location immediately outside the south western boundary of the priory. It may also be part of a wider area of later Saxon activity south of the priory and around the modern centre of the village. The later Saxon pottery was excavated with CBM, oyster shell and coal, but the vast majority of the finds and subsequent disturbance is from the upper seven contexts of the test pit. Given the large amount of finds it is likely that this area of the garden, being the furthest from the house, was used to dump rubbish until recently. The finds consist of CBM, tile, concrete, scrap metal, mortar, glass, iron nails, Perspex, coal, cockle shell, clay pipe, modern drain fragments, oyster shell, lumps of chalk and buttons and were found with a large amount of Victorian pottery and three sherds of post medieval pot.

Test Pit five (BIN/09/5)

Test pit five was excavated in the centre of a flat enclosed rear garden of a probable 19th century cottage fronting the main road in the centre of the village (12 The Green, Binham. TF 598366 339677).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, with a further sondage to 0.8m in one corner. Natural was not recorded at this Figure 19: Location map of BIN/09/5 depth, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small number of late Saxon and medieval pottery was identified from BIN/09/5, Thetford ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Late Medieval Wares were all excavated from the lower half of the test pit. A wide range of post medieval pottery, including German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and English Stoneware were mixed through the test pit, but the majority of the pottery from test pit five dates to the Victorian period and was found in all six contexts.

THET EMW LMT GS GRE DW MANG EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 1 8 22 114 1680-1900 5 3 1 18 1 5 25 76 1550-1900 5 4 2 16 3 21 12 72 1100-1900 5 5 1 4 3 12 1 4 14 37 1400-1900 5 6 1 4 1 1 1 8 1 4 10 26 900-1900 Table 5: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/5

A great deal of finds were excavated through the test pit with the large number of 19th century pottery and suggest a lot of disturbance on site during this period. Large numbers of CBM, tile, coal and glass were found with iron nails, scrap iron, cockle and oyster shell, concrete, modern nails, mortar, clay pipe, (including a decorated clay pipe bowl fragment with a figure and coat of arms on it), slag, slate, a slate pencil, part of a battery, rubber bike handle covering, part of a horseshoe and a possible carved wooden object. A lot of animal bone was also identified, including the complete skeleton of a piglet mixed in with some bird bones at context four. Given the location of BIN/09/5 close to the centre of the village, may be a factor of the evidence for continual occupation on site from the 15th century to the present day. The smaller amount of earlier later Saxon and early medieval pottery also suggests that this site was part of a larger area of occupation at that time. The three pieces of burnt stone and a single piece of potential waste flint were also mixed through the test pit and may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to prove this.

Test Pit six (BIN/09/6)

Test pit six was excavated in a small gravel courtyard area, immediately south of the old post office fronting the main street in the centre of the village (The Old Post Office, 26 Front Street, Binham. TF 598331 339604).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 20: Location map of BIN/09/6

The majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/09/6 dates to the Victorian period and was also found through the upper four contexts of the test pit. These were mixed with single sherds of Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware that were both identified in context two.

GRE MANG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 12 17 1800-1900 6 2 1 48 1 1 11 82 1550-1900 6 3 13 86 1800-1900 6 4 13 188 1800-1900 Table 6: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/6

BIN/09/6 appears to have a great deal disturbance on site from the 19th and 20th centuries, with very little activity prior to that. The finds consist of a large number of cockle shells with glass, tile, CBM, scrap iron, iron irons, mussel shell, plastic and single lump of slag, which may indicate iron working near or on site. A potential waste flint was also identified from context one and may suggest prehistoric activity in the area, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit seven (BIN/09/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in a large flat enclosed rear garden of a Grade II listed 17th century an old pub that is set along the main road in the in the centre of the village (The Pottery House, 41 Front Street, Binham. TF 598291 339609).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A mixture of both medieval and post medieval pottery was recovered from the Figure 21: Location map of BIN/09/7 lower half of BIN/09/7. These include Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware, which were all found in quite small quantities. The majority of the pottery identified however, dates to the Victorian period and was found through all eight contexts of the test pit.

EMW GRIM GRE EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 12 30 1800-1900 7 2 10 39 1800-1900 7 3 16 67 1800-1900 7 4 1 11 20 78 1800-1900 7 5 1 25 4 45 1200-1900 7 6 2 28 6 32 1550-1900 7 7 3 9 2 14 1 8 6 14 1100-1900 7 8 1 19 1 22 5 13 1100-1900 Table 7: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/7

The early medieval pottery excavated from BIN/09/7 appears to be the southern extent of the medieval occupation in Binham, so far identified through test pitting. There then appears to be no activity until the 16th century, potentially when the current house was built, although the greatest amount of activity and subsequent disturbance appears to be during the 19th century, and may coincide with when the property was utilised as a pub. The finds consist of lots of clay pipe, including a bowl fragment with “Browns Norwich” inscribed on it and consistent with its use as a pub, glass, cockle shell, iron nails, a clear glass marble, a one penny coin dated to 1985, plastic, oyster shell, animal bone, coal, mortar, scrap metal, tile and CBM, which all suggest domestic rubbish. A possible whet stone was also recovered from context one (right), but the Figure 22: The finds excavated from BIN/09/7, context 1. date is unknown. The possible whet stone is in the top left of the picture

Test Pit eight (BIN/09/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in the centre of a small enclosed grass field, set back from the road on higher ground to the west of the pub, which is a Grade II listed 17th century building (The Chequers Public House, Front Street, Binham. TF 598203 339698).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of Figure 23: Location map of BIN/09/8 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A large amount of pottery was excavated from BIN/09/8, the vast majority of which dates to the late Saxon and medieval periods. Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Wares were all recovered, most of which from the lower half of the test pit. Three sherds of Roman pottery were also excavated from contexts six, eight and 10 and mixed in with the medieval deposits. Single sherds of post medieval German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware were found with a number of Victorian sherds in the upper four contexts of the test pit.

RB THET EMW GRIM LMT GS GRE EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 3 4 8 53 1100-1900 8 2 4 6 16 43 1100-1900 8 3 3 9 17 31 1 1 17 65 900-1900 8 4 1 12 11 14 2 18 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 3 6 900-1900 8 5 1 5 13 25 1 1 900-1300 8 6 1 2 2 4 21 32 1 1 100-1500 8 7 21 39 1100-1200 8 8 1 4 1 3 7 18 100-1200 8 9 1 2 1100-1200 8 10 1 1 1 2 250-1200 Table 8: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/8

The small amount of Roman pottery excavated from BIN/09/8 suggests that the site was most probably fields during that time, but it is also the south eastern extent of the Roman activity concentrated to the south of the priory, identified through test pitting. The increase in activity from the later Saxon and through the medieval period suggests quite intense land use, with also undisturbed lower levels of the test pit. The finds from the lower half of the pit consist of cockle and oyster shell, coal, animal bone, CBM, iron nails, clay pipe and slag. A piece of burnt stone was also identified from context five and may represent prehistoric activity on site. The upper half of the pit has been greatly disturbed during the post medieval and more intensely during the 19th and 20th centuries, with a number of pottery sherds and a range of finds including, coal, CBM, clay pipe, iron nails, plastic, mortar, glass, part of a batter, tile, oyster, mussel and cockle shell, a metal cover around a key lock, slate, part of a horseshoe, scrap iron and concrete.

Test Pit nine (BIN/09/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the north west corner of a grassed field in the far west of the village. House no. 66 just to the southeast is a Grade II listed cottage dating to the 17th century, whereas no.68 is more recent in date (68 Warham Road, Binham. TF 597808 340156).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small number of pottery sherds were Figure 24: Location map of BIN/09/9 excavated from BIN/09/9, the majority of which dates to the medieval period. Five sherds of Early medieval Sandy ware were recovered from the lower half of the test pit with an additional 3 sherds of Victorian pottery found from the upper contexts of test pit nine.

EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 1 1 1 1800-1900 9 2 1 1 2 7 1100-1900 9 4 4 11 1100-1200 Table 9: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/9

The heavy clay identified at BIN/09/9 most probably contributes to the minimal activity identified on site through the small amount of pottery and finds that were excavated. It seems likely that this site was used during the medieval as fields and was likely abandoned or left as grassland with activity only increasing when the current cottages were built, most likely during the 19th century. The finds consist of tile and CBM, iron nails, cockle shell and lumps of iron with only CBM and coal excavated with the medieval pottery in context four. Four pieces of burnt stone were also recovered and may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 10 (BIN/09/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated on the western edge of a square plot of allotments, in gardens opposite Mill Cottage, a likely 19th century cottage set in the north west of the village (Mill Cottage, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597958 340066).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was not reached, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were excavated from BIN/09/10, the majority of Figure 25: Location map of BIN/09/10 which date to the Victorian period with sherds identified from the upper six contexts. Both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware were recovered from the lower half of the test pit, with a range of post medieval wares excavated through the middle contexts. These consist of German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and English Stoneware.

EMW GRIM GS GRE WCS SMW EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 1 1 1 24 55 1450-1900 10 2 12 25 1800-1900 10 3 1 5 1 7 1 7 3 31 19 66 1100-1900 10 4 1 2 1 65 1 1 11 20 1100-1900 10 5 1 14 1 1 2 6 1 1 1100-1900 10 6 1 1 1800-1900 Table 10: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/10

A compact chalk floor was identified at 0.6m in depth (below), under which a sandy chalky layer with mortar and cobbles and could potentially be part of a structure, although further excavation would be needed to confirm this. As all the pottery and finds were excavated from above this floor layer, it could date to the medieval period or earlier. There was also a great deal of disturbance on site, especially during the 19th century and more recently as BIN/09/10 is currently used as an allotment. A lot of modern finds were mixed through the pit, including Perspex, glass, CBM, plastic, concrete/mortar, a plastic wrapper, cloth and netting, iron nails and were found with coal, cockle, mussel and oyster shell, a decorated metal fixing, a green glazed tile fragment and slag. Burnt stone and flint were also identified and may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Figure 26: The top of the chalk floor surface identified in BIN/09/10

Test Pit 11 (BIN/09/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated on an area of lawn immediately south east of the entrance and parallel to the drive into Buttlands Close (Buttlands Close, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598210 339798).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 27: Location map of BIN/09/11

Four sherds of Roman pottery were excavated from BIN/09/11, mixed in with two sherds of late Saxon Thetford Ware from the lower half of the test pit. Single sherds of both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Medieval Shelly Ware were identified from the lower half of the test pit, with Glazed Red Earthenware and Victorian pottery recovered from context two of test pit 11.

RB THET EMW SHW GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 2 2 21 1 4 1550-1900 11 3 1 11 1 14 100-1200 11 4 1 5 900-1100 11 5 3 24 1 16 1 3 100-1200 Table 11: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/11

The Roman pottery identified at BIN/09/11 is part of a cluster of Roman activity identified south of the priory through the test pitting strategy, but may indicate the site was open fields, which continued through the later Saxon, medieval and post medieval periods. The small amount of pottery also suggests there was very little activity on site until more recently, which could be due to the heavy clays present on site. A lot of modern finds were dumped in the upper contexts, including a drinks can, modern drain fragments, metal wire, glass, iron nails and bolts, scrap iron, asbestos with coal, slag and oyster shells. Burnt stone and waste flint were also excavated from contexts five and six and may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 12 (BIN/09/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated in a grassed field in the east of the village, positioned to find evidence of the old Manor House (Site of Manor House, Binham. TF 598471 339649).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 0.44m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Small numbers of Victorian pottery were only excavated from BIN/09/12 and were recovered from all four contexts.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range Figure 28: Location map of BIN/09/12 12 1 1 24 1800-1900 12 2 6 9 1800-1900 12 3 5 10 1800-1900 12 4 2 6 1800-1900 Table 12: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/12

The end of a wall was identified at 0.4m, which is most probably part of the outbuilding associated with the Manor House and set to the rear of the original property, or may have been part of the boundary wall that surrounded the property. All the finds and pottery relate to the occupation of the Manor House during the 19th century and its subsequent demolition in the late 20th century. These include tile and CBM, glass, iron nails, mortar, cockle, oyster and mussel shell, scrap iron and thin scraps of copper and a possible small round stone marble. Three pieces of burnt stone were also identified and may suggest prehistoric activity, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 13 (BIN/09/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a probable 19th century cottage in the north east of the village. The pit was sited in the centre of a flat area of lawn next to the stream at the bottom of the garden (Riverside House, 1 Langham Road, Binham. TF 598400 339963).

Test pit 13 was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A range of pottery types were excavated from BIN/09/13, the majority of which dates to the Victorian period and was found Figure 29: Location map of BIN/09/13 through the upper six contexts of the test pit. A large number of Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware sherds were identified mixed through the test pit, with a small number of post medieval sherds recovered from the upper half of test pit 13. These consist of Glazed Red Earthenware, Midland Blackware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware.

EMW GRIM GRE MB SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 1 1 2 1 1 3 8 1200-1900 13 2 1 4 1 3 1 4 50 140 1200-1900 13 3 1 2 20 51 1550-1900 13 4 2 6 1 1 15 19 1100-1900 13 5 4 16 3 11 1100-1900 13 6 2 6 2 6 1100-1900 13 7 2 9 1200-1350 13 10 1 12 1100-1200 Table 13: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/13

Based on the test pitting so far undertaken in Binham, the medieval activity identified at BIN/09/13 is quite isolated, but the site is located immediately to the east of the ponds that were known to have been used by the priory, and activity on site was evident through the high medieval. There was very little activity on site again until the post medieval, potentially relating to when the current house was built in the 17th century, with a peak in the 19th century, which is also when a great deal of disturbance was evident on site, through the upper half of the test pit. The finds reflect this disturbance with the majority from the upper half of the pit, including coal, glass, CBM, iron nails, Perspex, scrap metal, part of a battery, a glass marble, the end of a shotgun cartridge, clay pipe, cockle, oyster and mussel shell and slag. The potential flint flakes also recovered and may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 14 (BIN/09/14)

Test pit 14 was excavated in the south eastern corner of a grassed playing behind, set immediately behind the village, opposite the priory in the centre of the village. It was the southern of two pits excavated on the field; see also BIN/09/15 (Playing field behind Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598155 339738).

Test pit 14 was excavated to a depth of 0.49m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/09/14 dates to the Roman period, with sherds excavated from every context. Single sherds of both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware were also recovered from context two with an Figure 30: Location map of BIN/09/14 additional three sherds of Victorian pottery mixed through the test pit.

RB EMW GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 14 1 2 2 100-400 14 2 3 8 1 1 1 4 2 2 100-1900 14 3 3 18 100-400 14 4 5 12 100-400 14 5 1 4 1 1 100-1900 Table 14: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/14

A great deal of Roman pottery was excavated from BIN/09/14, which suggests quite intense on site activity or perhaps this site was part of a larger Romano-British settlement nearby. From the test pitting in the village, it appears here to be part of a cluster of activity immediately to the south of the priory. During the post Roman the site appears to have been abandoned, with perhaps the land being used as farmland, until very recently when the village hall was built and the land incorporated into a football pitch. A mix of finds was recovered through the test pit, which indicates that the ground has been quite disturbed. CBM was found with glass, iron nails, coal, scrap iron, oyster shell, tile, part of a rubber tube fragment, lumps of chalk and clay pipe. Burnt stone and waste flint flakes were also identified and may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 15 (BIN/09/15)

Test pit 15 was excavated in the north western corner of a grassed playing behind, set behind the village, opposite the priory in the centre of the village. It was the northern of two pits excavated on the field; see also BIN/09/14 (Playing field behind Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598070 339896).

Test pit 15 was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small number of pottery sherds were excavated from BIN/09/15, including a single sherd of Roman Figure 31: Location map of BIN/09/15 pottery found in context two. Two sherds of middle Saxon Ipswich Ware were identified from the lower half of the test pit with Early Medieval Sandy Ware mixed with it. A single sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware and two sherds of Victorian pottery were also excavated from the upper half of the test pit.

RB IW EMW GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 15 2 1 3 1 2 1 19 100-1600 15 6 2 6 1800-1900 15 7 1 7 2 2 720-1200 15 21 1 42 720-850 Table 15: The pottery excavated from BIN/09/15

A linear feature was identified along the north western edge of the test pit (below), and yielded the large sherd of Ipswich Ware pottery, the only middle Saxon pottery so far identified through test pitting in Binham. Large lumps of daub were also recovered from the lower levels of BIN/09/15, which may indicate that the linear feature is a beam slot and that there was a building on site during the 8th and 9th centuries. Generally, few finds and pottery were excavated from this test pit and may suggest that the area was peripheral to occupation during the Roman period, and likely remained open fields after the Saxon period through to the present day. The rest of the finds consist of coal, CBM, oyster shell, lumps of chalk, metal wire and scrap iron with mortar and slag, which suggests potential metal working on or near site. Burnt stone and three possible flint flakes were also identified and may indicate prehistoric activity, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Figure 32: The possible beam slot and return excavated from BIN/09/15

7.2 The 2010 excavations

The 2010 excavations in Binham were undertaken on the 1st and 2nd of July where 10 1m2 archaeological test pits were excavated by 35 HEFA participants from Fakenham High School, Sheringham High School, Alderman Peel High School and Stalham High School (school names correct at the time of participation). An additional four test pits were excavated at the same time by members of the Binham Local History Group. The test pits were scattered through the village in between the previous test pit excavations and where residents in Binham offered their gardens or fields and were also once more spread through the length of the settlement.

Figure 33: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2010 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

Test Pit one (BIN/10/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the large open area of garden to the north east of the modern house and the stream (Applegarth, Langham Road, Binham. TF 598586 339993).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.65m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/10/1 dates to the medieval period with numerous sherds of both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware recovered mainly from the lower half of the pit. A single sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware was also identified with two sherds of Victorian pottery.

Figure 34: Location map of BIN/10/1

EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 1 4 1800-1900 1 2 3 9 1100-1200 1 3 2 9 1200-1300 1 4 2 4 1 7 1 2 1 1 1100-1900 1 5 14 56 1100-1200 1 6 8 34 1 30 1100-1300 Table 16: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/1

Despite the location of BIN/10/1 in the far north east of the village and away from the core of the settlement, there appears to have been quite intense occupation on site during the high medieval period, potentially due to being situated close to the steam that flows past the priory. The site appears to have been abandoned in the 14th century with very little activity evident there since then and due to the distance away from the house there was virtually no disturbance when it was built. Few finds were also recovered and consist of cockle, snail and oyster shells, glass, iron nails, CBM and clay pipe. The presence of both possible waste flint flakes and burnt stone however could suggest prehistoric activity on site as well, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit two (BIN/10/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the small garden immediately in front of the 17th century central part of the cottage. It was extended on the west side in the 19th century to allow multiple occupancy, a common occurrence at this time. The property is set opposite the priory to the east (Victoria Cottage, 18 Langham Road, Figure 35: Location map of BIN/10/2 Binham. TF 598395 339887).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. A pipe was uncovered at 0.22m in the south eastern corner of the pit, but excavations were able to continue around it. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The table of pottery identified from BIN/10/2 can be seen on the next page. A wide range of pottery types and large quantities of pottery were excavated from test pit two and include Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware with Cambridge Sgraffito Ware, Cistercian Ware and German Stoneware from mainly the lower half of the pit. The post medieval pottery types consist of Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, English Stoneware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware that were all recovered from the upper half of the pit with a large quantity of Victorian pottery.

Large quantities of both finds and pottery were excavated from BIN/10/2 and with its location immediately opposite the priory lands just to the east; it suggests that there has been intense and continuous occupation on site from the 12th century, when the current house was built in the 15th century and to the present day. With post construction and occupation of the current house, there has been a lot of disturbance in the upper layers of the test pit, including large amounts of building rubble. The finds include modern nails, mortar, coal, glass, cockle, snail and oyster shells, concrete, tile, CBM, iron nails and bolts, scrap metal objects, Perspex, slate, animal bone and slag, which suggests metal working on or close to site. The presence of both possible waste flint flakes and burnt stone suggests that there may also have been prehistoric activity on site as well, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

EMW GRIM LMT CSW CIST GS GRE TGE EST SMW SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 17 1100-1900 2 2 1 4 5 23 1 1 1 2 19 52 1500-1900 2 3 1 59 1 9 26 96 1550-1900 2 4 1 2 1 4 2 19 2 9 30 346 1 1 1 1 2 16 1 1 10 33 1100-1900 2 5 3 6 1550-1750 2 6 7 17 4 16 13 83 2 7 1100-1550 2 7 5 29 6 21 1 3 2 11 1100-1550 2 8 5 12 4 40 1 2 1100-1400 Table 17: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/2

Test Pit three (BIN/10/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a probable 17th century cottage that was extended during the 19th century for multiple occupancy and set to the east of the priory (Priory Cottage, 8 Langham Road, Binham. TF 598362 339772).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.85m at which a small gully was identified. This was excavated to 1.15m at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/10/3 dates to the Victorian period, Figure 36: Location map of BIN/10/3 but a single large sherd of English Stoneware was also identified from context three.

EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 3 1 28 21 178 1680-1900 3 4 15 123 1800-1900 3 7 1 10 1800-1900 Table 18: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/3

BIN/10/3 appears to have been sited on a Victorian rubbish dump, given the huge numbers of both 19th and 20th century pottery and finds, especially glass. The rest of the finds consist of coal, cockle, oyster and mussel shells, CBM, a metal base of a can, tile, iron nails, glass, the end of a shotgun cartridge and scrap metal. A possible narrow curving gully (right) was also identified in the base of the test pit that terminates toward the southern edge of the pit, and may be part of a prehistoric gully as a possible waste flint flake was excavated from the fill with a tiny piece of coal. A single piece of burnt stone was also excavated from the upper contexts of the pit and may also suggest prehistoric activity on site.

Figure 37: The possible gully in the base of BIN/10/3

Test Pit four (BIN/10/4)

Test pit four was excavated in the south east corner of the southern of the two village greens along Back Street (The Village Green, corner of Back Street and Field Dalling Road, Binham. TF 598394 339573).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 1m. Natural was not found but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from BIN/10/4 dates from the 15th century onwards with general small quantities of Late Medieval Ware, German Stoneware, Glazed Red Figure 38: Location map of BIN/10/4 Earthenware, Delft Ware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware all identified. The vast majority of the pottery however dates to the Victorian period that was found through the upper seven contexts of test pit four.

LMT GS GRE TGE EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 2 11 1800-1900 4 3 1 1 3 20 12 24 1550-1900 4 4 1 2 7 26 1720-1900 4 5 2 11 1 1 3 14 1550-1900 4 6 1 5 2 9 7 18 1550-1900 4 7 2 3 1800-1900 4 8 1 17 1 1 1 5 1 1 1400-1750 Table 19: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/4

A slightly curving stone and mortar wall was identified at 0.2m in the north east corner of the BIN/10/4 that was also quite substantial, with at least 0.8m in depth visible. A grey chalky clay surface was excavated at about 0.8m that appears to have butted up against the wall and an earlier yellow clay surface was also identified at 1m, although the relationship with the wall and floor is still unclear. A small circular post hole was excavated through this earlier surface in the south western corner of the test pit and no dateable finds were recovered from the post hole, it is possible that there are at least two phases of building on site (below). The first being a wooded structure with an internal clay floor and the second with built of stone with a chalky clay floor surface. The green where this test pit is located is believed to have been the original site of the medieval market place in Binham and given the lack of medieval pottery recovered, these buildings may represent later phases of market life in the 15th and 16th centuries as the stalls become more permanent. A wide range of finds were also excavated from BIN/10/4 and reflect the large amount of later disturbance evident on site, especially during the 19th and 20th centuries. The finds consist of glass, CBM, chalk, tile, iron nails, modern drain fragments, coal, oyster, mussel, snail and cockle shells, mortar, rubber, the end of a shotgun cartridge, clay pipe, part of a horseshoe, centre part of a battery, lumps of scrap iron and a single piece of slag which suggests metal working on or close to site. Burnt stone and waste flint flakes were also recovered that may indicate

prehistoric activity also evident on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Figure 39: The curving wall (bottom right) and the clayey floor surface identified in BIN/10/4

Figure 40: The post hole excavated through the floor surface in the base of BIN/10/4

Test Pit five (BIN/10/5)

Test pit five was excavated in the enclosed side garden of a probable 19th century cottage, fronting the main road in the south of the village (15 Front Street, Binham. TF 598320 339424).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/10/5 dates to the Victorian period with sherds recovered from every context. Three sherds of post medieval pottery were also identified, including Glazed Red Figure 41: Location map of BIN/10/5 Earthenware and English Stoneware.

GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 1 10 11 34 1680-1900 5 3 1 35 4 7 1550-1900 5 4 5 21 1800-1900 5 5 5 62 1800-1900 5 6 3 7 1800-1900 5 7 1 5 7 8 1680-1900 5 8 1 2 1800-1900 Table 20: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/5

The fact that the majority of the finds and pottery excavated from BIN/10/5 date to the 19th and 20th centuries, after the current house was built, when there also seems to be a great deal of disturbance on site. A mix of finds were also recovered through the test pit and consist of coal, CBM, part of a horseshoe, clay pipe, glass, oyster, snail and cockle shells, iron nails, part of a glass door or draw knob, mortar, slate, and slag suggesting metal working on or near to site. A small plasticine clown head was also recovered from context three, as well as possible burnt stone and waste flint flakes that may indicate prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this. The lack of pre 19th century finds and pottery suggests that there was very little activity on site prior to the current house was built, with activity only identified into the 16th and 17th centuries.

Test Pit six (BIN/10/6)

Test pit six was excavated towards the western edge of a small enclosed grass field, and set back from the road on higher ground to the west of the pub, a Grade II listed 17th century building. This follows on from BIN/09/8 that was excavated just to the east in the same field (The Chequers Public House, Front Street, Binham. TF 598190 339699). Figure 42: Location map of BIN/10/6 Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 1.2m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Roman pottery was excavated from BIN/10/6 that was mixed in with a lot of later types of pottery, including Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and a small number of Victorian sherds that were all mixed through the test pit.

RB EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 100-1900 6 2 2 9 1800-1900 6 3 1 9 1550-1750 6 4 3 15 2 2 3 26 1200-1900 6 5 3 19 2 8 1100-1300 6 6 2 19 1 5 1100-1900 Table 21: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/6

The Roman activity identified in BIN/10/6 appears to be peripheral to a concentration of Roman occupation identified through the test pitting strategy and sited on an area of higher ground to the north and west. There then is a focus of activity into the medieval period given its close location to the Priory just to the north. In the post Black Death period settlement seems to move away from site and along the current road networks so that the area around test pit six becomes fields once more and only peripheral to activity elsewhere. This lack of later disturbance matches the lack of finds that were also recovered, which consist of CBM, coal, tile, a number of pieces of clay pipe, oyster and cockle shell, glass, asbestos, plastic, iron nails and screws, metal wire and three possible waste flint flakes that suggest potential prehistoric activity also on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit seven (BIN/10/7)

Test pit seven was excavated in the corner of a grassed field in immediately to the west of the village hall and opposite the priory in the centre of the village. It was the eastern of two pits excavated on the field; see also BIN/10/13 and follows on from previous excavations (BIN/09/14 and BIN/09/15) within the same field (Playing field behind Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598130 339842).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of Figure 43: Location map of BIN/10/7 1.1m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Small amounts of pottery were excavated from BIN/10/7 with a sherd of Bronze Age pot, two sherds of Roman pot, a single sherd of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware and a sherd of Early Medieval Sandy Ware all identified. An additional three sherds of Victorian pottery were also recovered from the upper contexts of the test pit.

BA RB IPS EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 1 10 1 27 100-1900 7 3 2 7 1800-1900 7 4 1 3 720-850 7 5 1 2 100-200 7 10 1 5 1100-1200 7 11 1 1 1200-800BC Table 22: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/7

The only evidence of Bronze Age activity so far identified in Binham through test pitting was excavated from the lower contexts of BIN/10/7 and is supported by a large number of both burnt stone and waste flint flakes that were also recovered through the test pit (although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this). This area of higher ground also had activity into the Roman period as part of a spread of occupation in the centre of the village and into the Middle Saxon, which through test pitting has so far been isolated on the field immediately west of the village hall. A small amount of medieval activity has also been identified, but the site was left as open fields from the 13th century with only a small amount of activity again into the Victorian period. Few finds were also excavated and consist of CBM, chalk, coal, tile, glass, tarmac and concrete that were all recovered from the upper half of the test pit relating to the more recent disturbances on site, with only small fragments of coal and charcoal excavated from the lower contexts of test pit seven.

Test Pit eight (BIN/10/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in the enclosed front garden of the Old School House, a Grade II listed building built in 1840 and set just opposite the priory to the north-west (The Old School House, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598016 340025).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.9m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/10/8 dates to the Victorian period with a number of sherds recovered from the upper seven contexts. Small amounts of Figure 44: Location map of BIN/10/8 earlier pottery were also recovered including single sherds of late Saxon Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware. An additional two sherds of Late Medieval Ware were also identified.

THET EMW GRIM LMT GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 2 1 11 7 15 1100-1900 8 3 1 2 1 7 5 22 1400-1900 8 4 1 3 1 1 1400-1900 8 5 1 4 1 1 2 9 900-1900 8 7 1 4 7 15 1680-1900 Table 23: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/8

A metal pipe was identified diagonally across the test pit from 0.5m, which may also account for the large amount of disturbance that was evident in BIN/10/8 dating from the 19th and 20th centuries, also when the School House was likely built. The large amount of finds include concrete, CBM, coal, glass, cockle and oyster shell, wire, asbestos, tile, iron nails and screws, scrap iron fragments, plastic wrappers and slag, suggesting metal working on or near to site. The small amounts of pottery recovered from the Late Saxon and continuing through to the 19th century suggest there were constant low levels of activity on site, but occupation was focused elsewhere in the village. A single waste flint flake also excavated from context seven may indicate the presence of prehistoric activity also on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit nine (BIN/10/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in an enclosed grassed area of higher ground that was originally beyond the property boundary to the south of the likely 19th century house. See also BIN/09/10 (Mill Cottage, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597977 340030).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 1.2m in the south of the pit and 1.4m in the north of the pit. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/10/9 dates to the Victorian period and was found through the upper seven contexts of the test pit. It was mixed in with Figure 45: Location map of BIN/10/9 a single sherd of medieval Developed Stamford Ware and post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware and Delft Ware. An additional two sherds of Roman pottery were also recovered from the lower contexts of the test pit.

RB DSW GRE TGE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 2 1 2 2 9 1550-1900 9 3 1 2 1 1 10 32 1150-1900 9 4 9 22 1800-1900 9 5 8 36 1800-1900 9 6 2 5 1 2 1600-1900 9 7 3 9 1800-1900 9 9 1 1 100-200 9 13 1 5 100-200 Table 24: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/9

Despite the great depth that BIN/10/9 was excavated to without finding natural is due to its location mid-way down a hill, descending to the river that was also hindered by the subsequent build-up of colluvium, especially after the cottage was built (below). Roman activity was identified on site however but was likely peripheral to a concentration of Roman occupation identified through test pitting to the south and east of BIN/10/10. The site remained as open fields with low levels of activity through the medieval and post medieval and it was only into the 19th century when the land was incorporated into the garden of the house that there is a greater disturbance evident on site. A large amount of modern finds was excavated from the upper half of the test pit with the Victorian pottery and consist of tile, CBM, iron nails and bolts, glass, pieces of scrap iron, cockle, snail and oyster shell, part of a bullet casing, coal and part of a copper pipe. A number of pieces of both burnt stone and waste flint were also recovered that may indicate prehistoric activity also on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Figure 46: The stratigraphy of BIN/10/9 can be seen here

Test Pit 10 (BIN/10/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in an overgrown area on higher ground set back from the main road in the west of the village (Kirkfield, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597812 340071).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 1.2m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Single sherds of both Roman and late Saxon Thetford Ware were recovered from the upper contexts of BIN/10/10 and mixed in with a large number of later types of Early Figure 47: Location map of BIN/10/10 Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware. Small numbers of Late Medieval Ware, German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware were also all recovered, most of which were mixed in with a large number of Victorian sherds.

RB THET EMW GRIM LMT GS GRE SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 1 1 2 1 1 9 71 1100-1900 10 2 1 6 2 12 900-1900 10 3 1 1 3 21 1200-1900 10 4 8 21 1800-1900 10 5 4 12 1 1 2 12 1 5 13 69 1100-1900 10 6 1 1 2 7 1 2 100-1900 10 7 9 28 1 5 1100-1900 10 8 3 13 1 2 1100-1300 10 9 3 31 1200-1500 10 10 3 5 1 1 1100-1900 10 11 6 22 1 7 2 48 1100-1550 10 12 2 11 1200-1400 Table 25: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/10

BIN/10/10 was excavated on a flat plateau of land overlooking the slope down to the river in the north east and although there are very low levels of activity on site during both the Roman and Late Saxon periods there is quite substantial occupation on site during the medieval period, before reverting back to fields into the post medieval. The large amount of 19th and 20th century finds and pottery also excavated indicate that there was a lot of disturbance on site during that time, possibly the area where rubbish was dumped from houses on the main road. The finds consist of tile, CBM, glass, including a glass bottle stopper, iron nails and bolts, coal, the central part of a battery, mortar, concrete, tile and brick fragments with remnants of both blue and red paint, chalk, tarmac, metal wire and other scrap iron pieces, cockle, snail and oyster shells, clay pipe, slate and a possible piece of slag, suggestive of metal working on or near site. A number of pieces of waste flint were also recovered that potentially indicate prehistoric activity was also evident on site.

Test Pit 11 (BIN/10/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated on the flat southern edge of the northern of the two village greens set along Back Street (Small Village Green between Front and Back Street, Binham. TF 598158 339647).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m, with a sondage to 0.8m in the north western corner of the pit. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from BIN/10/11 dates to the post medieval with a small number of both Glazed Red Earthenware Figure 48: Location map of BIN/10/11 and English Stoneware sherds mixed in with a larger number of Victorian pottery.

GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 2 1800-1900 11 2 8 304 13 31 1550-1900 11 3 1 4 1 2 5 14 1550-1900 Table 26: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/11

A thick layer of compact chalk of about c.0.2m was excavated under the top soil of BIN/10/11 (below), which may have been used as part of the house foundations immediately to the south to level the ground which slopes down gently to the north. The small green on which the test pit was excavated appears to be on the south eastern extent of medieval activity in Binham so far identified in Binham through the test pitting strategy. The expansion of the village during the post medieval is the first evidence for occupation on site as the ground was levelled, which also led to a lot of later disturbances into the 20th century. The majority of the finds were excavated from the upper three contexts of the pit and consist of plastic wrappers, modern drain fragments, tile, foil, plates of iron, concrete, CBM, oyster and cockle shell, glass, coal, mortar, metal washers, iron nails and clay pipe. An additional two large pieces of slag were also recovered from context two that suggest metal working on or close to site.

Figure 49: The floor surface identified just under the turf at BIN/10/11

Test Pit 12 (BIN/10/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated on the north western corner of a crop field of Beet, immediately behind the village hall car park (Agricultural Field behind Village Hall Playing Field, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598158 339744).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 1.1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A large amount of Roman pottery was excavated from BIN/10/12 and was found mixed through the test pit. A number of late Saxon Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Wares were Figure 50: Location map of BIN/10/12 also recovered through the middle contexts of the pit. A single sherd of Glazed Red Earthenware was also identified with five sherds of Victorian pottery from the upper three contexts of test pit 12.

RB THET EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 1 3 5 1800-1900 12 2 3 42 100-400 12 3 3 9 1 3 1 2 2 3 100-1900 12 4 2 2 1 1 2 6 1 3 100-1300 12 5 2 6 1 1 900-1200 12 6 9 32 900-1100 12 7 1 2 1 1 100-1100 12 8 3 5 1 1 100-1100 12 9 1 4 100-200 Table 27: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/12

The area of higher ground around the village hall in the centre of the village has so far from the test pitting strategy yielded large amounts of Roman pottery, suggesting quite intense Roman occupation in this part of the village at that time. Both the Early and Middle Saxon occupation of Binham appears to be focused elsewhere in the village but the expansion into the Late Saxon is spread over a wider area, including the area of higher ground at BIN/10/12, potentially also because of its proximity to the priory. Activity on site does continue into the medieval period, but does also diminish slightly until the 14th century. After the Black Death and the dissolution of the priory the focus of occupation shifts elsewhere in the village as it expands but the site likely remains open fields as it remains to this day. A mix of finds were also recovered from BIN/10/12 and consist of tile, CBM, iron nails and bolts, glass, oyster shell, fragments of blue lino, chalk, metal wire, scraps of metal, coal, with a number of pieces of burnt stone and a possible piece of waste flint, also suggesting prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 13 (BIN/10/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated towards the north western corner of a grassed field to the west of the village hall and opposite the priory in the centre of the village. It was the north- western of four pits that have been excavated on the field; see also BIN/10/7 as well as BIN/09/14 and BIN/09/15 (Playing field behind Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598076 339882).

Test pit 13 was excavated to a depth of 1.1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 51: Location map of BIN/10/13 A very small amount of pottery was excavated from BIN/10/13 including earlier Roman and Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware mixed in with the post medieval Delft Ware, Staffordshire Slipware and Victorian pottery.

RB IW TGE SS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 2 1 4 1 9 700-1700 13 3 1 4 100-400 13 4 1 1 1800-1900 13 5 1 3 1 2 700-1700 Table 28: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/13

The Roman pottery excavated from BIN/10/13, is although limited appears to be part of the spread of Roman occupation in Binham, especially concentrated on the higher ground to the south and east, but has also been found in test pits to the north and west. All three of the test pits that have been excavated in this northern corner of the playing field have all yielded Middle Saxon pottery, which has also not been identified elsewhere in the village through the test pitting strategy. This suggests that occupation was most likely quite limited at that time and concentrated on the high ground opposite the priory, when there also may have been an earlier wooden church there in the 8th century. The occupation does expand and shift into the Late Saxon onwards and seems to suggest that this area of the village was left as open fields, with the later finds and pottery deposited here utilised as manuring. A large number of both burnt stone and waste flints which does suggest there was quite intense activity here during the prehistoric, potentially in the Bronze Age as pottery of that date was found just to the east in BIN/10/7. The rest of the finds consist of coal, CBM, chalk, oyster shell, glass, a metal button, lumps of corroded scrap iron and a possible piece of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit 14 (BIN/10/14)

Test pit 14 was excavated in the western half of a grassed field, set back from the road, in the far west of the village. It was the western of two pits excavated in this extended garden area (see also BIN/09/9) (68 Warham Road, Binham. TF 597770 340155).

Test pit 14 was excavated to a depth of 1m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/10/14 dates to the medieval Figure 52: Location map of BIN/10/14 period, with large numbers of both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware identified. A number of earlier sherds were also recovered dating to the later Saxon as Thetford ware, as well as a single sherd of Roman pottery. Very small amounts of post medieval pottery were found and include German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware and Victorian pottery, all of which were excavated from the upper three contexts of test pit 14.

RB THET EMW GRIM GS GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 14 1 1 2 1500-1550 14 2 3 3 2 3 6 13 3 6 900-1900 14 3 1 3 3 17 2 10 3 5 900-1900 14 4 4 10 2 12 4 4 900-1300 14 6 6 12 1100-1200 14 7 2 5 4 8 4 5 900-1300 14 8 7 22 2 5 1100-1300 14 9 1 2 4 11 4 25 100-1300 14 10 3 6 1 5 1100-1300 14 11 12 49 5 32 1100-1300 Table 29: The pottery excavated from BIN/10/14

The small fragment of Roman pottery that was excavated from the lower contexts of BIN/10/14 and from the rest of the test pits excavated in Binham suggest that this area is the north western extent of the Roman activity in the village and is certainly peripheral to the larger amounts of Roman pottery identified around the village hall. Occupation on site picked up into the Late Saxon period, but it was during the high medieval where the most intense occupation is recorded given the large amount of medieval pottery excavated with a possible pit that was visible from c.0.9m in depth. Full excavation of the pit was not possible due to both the confines of the test pit and added time constraints, but it appears to be medieval in date as a number of both Early Medieval Sandy Ware sherds and Grimston Ware sherds were recovered. The site appears to have been abandoned into the 14th century, most likely due to the Black Death and as the village grew again into the post medieval period the site remained as open fields to what is still seen today. A mix of finds were excavated especially from the upper four contexts of the pit, which coincides with the post medieval and later disturbances and consists of a number of curved plates of metal, CBM, tile, tarmac, mortar, chalk, glass,

coal, cockle, snail and oyster shells with slate and iron nails. Single pieces of both burnt stone and possible worked flint were both also recovered from BIN/10/14, which may indicate the presence of later prehistoric activity also on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

7.3 The 2011 excavations

The 2011 excavations were focused as a community dig for members of the Binham Local History Group and local residents who excavated four test pits over the weekend of the 27th and 28th of June. The test pits were sited mainly in ‘open’ spaces in the village, on field edges and greens and were targeted in areas the history group wanted to investigate.

Figure 53: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2011 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

Test Pit one (BIN/11/1)

Test pit one was excavated on the edge of a grassed field along the main road through the village. It was also the southern of two pits excavated within the field; (see also BIN/11/2 (36 Warham Road, Binham. TF 598007 340070).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 1m at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were excavated from BIN/11/1 including both Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware and Late Figure 54: Location map of BIN/11/1 Saxon Thetford Ware which were mixed in with a range of medieval and post medieval wares of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Delft Ware, Staffordshire Slipware, English Stoneware and Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. A number of Victorian sherds were also identified through the upper half of the test pit. See below for the table of pottery.

For the first time in the test pit excavations in Binham there is evidence for Middle Saxon activity away from the priory and with the pottery recovered from both this test pit and BIN/11/2, Middle Saxon occupation is now known to be more widespread, particularly to the north of the priory and along the river, then previously thought and appears to follow on from the focus of Early Saxon activity in the north of the village. After the 8th century there appears to be almost continuous occupation on site with only lower levels of activity noted during the Late Saxon and Later medieval periods. The presence of a partially exposed mortar floor in corner three at c.0.6m, suggests the presence of an earlier structure on site likely fronting the main road, although further excavations are needed to confirm this. A great deal of post medieval and later disturbances have also been noted through the test pit, particularly through the upper seven contexts with also a wide range of finds recorded also. These consist of CBM, mortar, oyster and cockle shell, clay pipe, coal, iron nails, tile, glass, pieces of scrap metal, chalk, a metal button, mussel shell and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on site. The presence of both waste flint flakes and burnt stone may also indicate prehistoric activity on site, or the flints may be waste from more recent house building, the majority of which are faced in flint nodules. Analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this. Figure 55: The mortar floor identified in BIN/11/1, context 6

IPS THET EMW GRIM GS GRE DW SS EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 7 3 16 1200-1900 1 2 2 7 1 4 10 27 1550-1900 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 14 1 3 10 19 900-1900 1 4 1 3 11 56 1 3 2 6 2 5 7 16 1100-1900 1 5 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 9 4 28 1 4 2 2 14 35 720-1900 1 6 2 25 1 2 6 35 5 9 720-1900 1 7 6 17 5 25 2 15 1100-1600 1 8 6 13 1100-1200 Table 30: The pottery excavated from BIN/17/11

Test Pit two (BIN/11/2)

Test pit two was excavated along the northern edge of a grassed field, close to the stream in the far north of the village. It was also the northern of two pits excavated within the field; see also BIN/11/1 (36 Warham Road, Binham. TF 598044 340163).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 1.2m at which natural was found along the western edge of the pit. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were Figure 56: Location map of BIN/11/2 excavated from BIN/11/2, the vast majority of which dating to the high medieval period with sherds of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware and Hedingham Ware all identified. A small number of earlier wares were also identified with a single sherd of Early Saxon Hand-Built Ware, Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware and Late Saxon Thetford Ware. An additional small amount of 15th century and later wares were recorded as Late Medieval Ware, German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Harlow Slipware, Delft Ware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and Victorian pottery that were all identified through the upper half of the test pit.

Continuous activity through the Saxon period has been identified on site, perhaps due to the position of the test pit alongside the river, although as only low levels of activity. The peak of occupation has been identified into the medieval period, suggesting there was quite intense occupation on site at that time until the 14th century. After that there seems to a big drop off in activity, potentially related to the Black Death, for after which the site was likely left as open fields as the settlement shifted elsewhere in the village. A large amount of degraded glass was excavated from the lower contexts of the test pit, most likely from a previous structure on site and was mixed in with a number of snail, oyster and cockle shells as well as part of a possible quern stone. The other finds recorded (mainly from the upper contexts) consist of glass, CBM, iron nails, chalk, coal, clay pipe, more shell, mortar, metal wire and number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on site. A number of pieces of both burnt stone and flint flakes were also identified and may suggest prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this. Figure 57: The possible quern stone fragment from BIN/11/2, context 12 with the rest of the finds

ES IPS THET EMW GRIM HED LMT GS GRE HSW TGE SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 3 14 2 5 1100-1300 2 3 2 9 3 3 2 10 1 2 7 10 900-1900 2 4 3 12 1 2 2 6 1 2 11 15 1100-1900 2 5 1 16 7 32 1 4 1 1 2 12 1 1 720-1900 2 6 1 4 13 42 1 18 2 4 1 4 900-1700 2 7 1 8 3 22 450-1200 2 8 1 4 8 15 3 18 900-1300 2 9 1 3 3 9 12 25 720-1200 2 10 8 19 4 20 1 2 1100-1300 2 11 16 33 3 11 1100-1300 2 12 1 9 3 7 1 3 900-1300 Table 31: The pottery excavated from BIN/11/2

Test Pit three (BIN/11/3)

Test pit three was excavated on a narrow strip of grass in the north western corner of the likely 19th century property, surrounded by arable fields (Westgate Cottage, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597736 340167).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.9m at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small amount of pottery was excavated from BIN/11/3, the majority of which dates to the Victorian period. A wide range of earlier wares were also identified, consisting of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Late Medieval Figure 58: Location map of BIN/11/3 Ware, German Stoneware and post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware.

EMW GRIM LMT GS GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 1 2 3 1800-1900 3 2 1 5 1 2 1400-1900 3 3 1 12 1800-1900 3 5 2 5 2 21 1 6 1 5 1100-1900 3 6 1 1 1800-1900 3 7 1 5 1 4 1 3 1100-1900 3 9 1 1 1400-1550 3 10 2 5 1200-1300 Table 32: The pottery excavated from BIN/11/3

Constant low levels of activity are present of site from the 12th to the 16th centuries, potentially as open fields much like the rest of the surrounding land until the current house was built in the 19th century and the land separated. Few finds were also recorded, including CBM, oyster, snail and cockle shell, coal, glass, a corroded iron lump and a piece of possible grey lava stone quern. The presence of a flint flake may also indicate prehistoric activity or waste from the flint facing off the current house

Test Pit four (BIN/11/4)

Test pit four was excavated immediately east of the remains of the stone market cross base, situated on the western edge of the village green (The Green, Binham. TF 598375 339580).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of between 0.4m and 0.57m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

All the pottery excavated from BIN/11/4 is post medieval in date with a few sherds of Figure 59: Location map of BIN/11/4 both Glazed Red Earthenware and Staffordshire Manganese Ware recovered with a large number of Victorian sherds.

GRE SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 1 1 7 17 1550-1900 4 3 1 17 1 6 6 8 1550-1900 4 4 1 4 24 56 1550-1900 Table 33: The pottery excavated from BIN/11/4

A possible post hole was partially exposed in corner one of BIN/11/4 cutting through the natural marl, the top of which was also sealed by a layer of flint and stone which was only visible along the western edge of the trench. This may have been in use as an early structure potentially related to a market which was said to have been located here. The flint/stone layer may have also been utilised to stabilise the ground as the base of the cross, it was not compact enough for use as a surface and may have even been a dump of material. The post hole remains undated but the rest of the occupation evidence from site dates from the post medieval onwards, with a mix of finds also recorded. These consist of a yellow plastic banana with a smiley face of the side, tile, glass, mortar, snail, cockle, mussel and oyster shells, CBM, coal, iron nails, a metal hook, wrappers and silver foil with concrete and plastic a possible white glass bead. The presence of possible flint flakes may also suggest prehistoric activity on site, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to Figure 60: The post hole (top right) and make-up of the ground around the green, as noted in BIN/11/4 confirm this.

7.4 The 2012 excavations

The first of the excavations in 2012 was on the 23rd-24th May where 19 HEFA participants from Fakenham High School excavated five test pits, mainly in gardens in the south of the village but also on the field edge, south of the village hall. Over the weekend of the 20th-21st July members of the Binham Local History Group with local residents excavated a further eight test pits that were again targeted to specific areas based on previous test pit results and finds recorded the HER, and were sited again in open fields and between previous years’ test pit locations.

Figure 61: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2012 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

Test Pit one (BIN/12/1)

Test pit one was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern semi-detached house, on an estate set south of the priory and west of the village green (53 Priory Crescent, Binham. TF 598156 339566).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.66m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations Figure 62: Location map of BIN/12/1 were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/12/1 dates to the 19th century and later and was also found only through the upper four contexts of the test pit. A single sherd of Roman pottery and three sherds of Early Medieval Sandy Ware were also recorded from the lower half of the test pit.

RB EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 4 9 1800-1900 1 2 2 5 1800-1900 1 3 6 8 1800-1900 1 4 1 7 1 3 100-1900 1 5 1 3 1100-1200 1 6 2 7 1100-1200 Table 34: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/1

As already identified through the test pitting strategy in Binham, it seems likely that there is a Roman settlement focused on the area of higher ground behind the village hall. The area to the south west, around Priory Crescent, appears to be on the edge of that probable Roman settlement, given the limited or no Roman pottery that was recovered from BIN/12/1, BIN/12/2 and BIN/12/3. The site likely remained as open fields, peripheral to the main area of settlement through the Saxon, medieval and post medieval periods, with only limited activity during the medieval period identified. More disturbances were however recorded from the 19th century onwards, until the current houses were built in the mid-20th century. A mix of finds were also excavated and consist of tile, CBM, iron nails and screws, mortar, glass, oyster and cockle shell, fragments of rubber, and possible lino, slate, melted plastic, silver foil, possible shed roof lining, coal and clay pipe.

Test Pit two (BIN/12/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern semi- detached house, on an estate set south of the priory and west of the village green (55 Priory Crescent, Binham. TF 598165 339578).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.9m, with a sondage in corner 2 to Figure 63: Location map of IBN/12/2 1.1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Single sherds of Roman pot, medieval Grimston Ware and post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware were all recorded from BIN/12/2, but were mixed in with a number of 19th century and later wares that were recovered mixed through the test pit.

RB GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 2 1 2 100-1900 2 2 1 2 2 2 1200-1900 2 4 2 2 1800-1900 2 5 1 2 1800-1900 2 6 2 2 1800-1900 2 8 1 13 2 2 1550-1900 Table 35: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/2

The results from BIN/12/2 are similar to those from BIN/12/1 and suggest that the site was probably peripheral to an area behind the village hall that was likely the site of a Roman settlement, as identified through the test pitting strategy. This land was probably kept as open fields through the Saxon, medieval and post medieval with only limited activity identified in the medieval and post medieval periods, suggesting the site remained peripheral to the village until the 19th century and later when the housing estate was built in the mid-20th century. A mix of finds were also recovered and consist of a tin of Norwegian sardines, cockle, oyster and snail shell, CBM, tile, iron nails, glass, pieces of scrap metal, coal, fragments of rubber and probable shed roof lining, mortar, modern tile, a glass button and slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit three (BIN/12/3)

Test pit three was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern semi-detached house, on an estate set south of the priory and west of the village green (55 Priory Crescent, Binham. TF 598165 339578).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.4m, with half the test pit further excavated to 0.6m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at Figure 64: Location map of BIN/12/3 this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Five sherds of Victorian pottery were only excavated from the upper contexts of BIN/12/3.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 3 1 3 8 1800-1900 3 2 2 5 1800-1900 Table 36: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/3

Unlike the results from BIN/12/1 and BIN/12/2 from the neighbouring gardens, there is very little evidence for activity on site prior to the 19th century, although there is evidence for disturbances on site relating to the construction of the property or its subsequent occupation, so any evidence for pre-19th century activity may have been destroyed or removed. A small amount of finds was also recovered and are mainly more recent in date and consist of coal, cockle and snail shell, glass, iron nails, modern mortar and modern drain fragments, clay pipe, pieces of scrap metal and a piece of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit four (BIN/12/4)

Test pit four was excavated on the grassed edge of a crop field directly south of the village hall car park, on high ground and opposite the priory. It was the eastern of two pits, excavated along this field edge; see also BIN/12/8 (NE corner of crop field, behind village hall car park, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598160 339749).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/12/4 dates to the Roman Figure 65: Location map of BIN/12/4 period, although a single sherd of medieval Grimston Ware and two sherds of Victorian pottery were also recovered in the upper contexts of the test pit.

RB GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 3 1 4 2 6 1200-1900 4 5 2 20 100-400 4 6 5 23 100-400 4 7 2 5 100-400 4 8 2 7 100-400 Table 37: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/4

The large amount of Roman pottery that was excavated from BIN/12/4 suggests that this site is close to the probable Roman settlement that has been identified through the test pitting strategy and is centred behind the village hall. The post Roman activity on site is however quite limited, suggesting that the site was peripheral to the core of the village and there is only limited activity noted during the medieval period and from the 19th century. The finds also excavated consist of tile, CBM, glass, a fragment of sponge, oyster and cockle shell, coal, iron nails, pieces of scrap metal, silver foil and a small clear plastic bag with a blue tube attached. A single piece of slag was also recovered, suggesting metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit five (BIN/12/5)

Test pit five was excavated along the north eastern grass edge of a crop field set behind the village hall and immediately south of the boundary for Buttlands Close (NE edge of crop field, immediately south of Buttlands Close, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598168 339704).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery that was Figure 66: Location map of BIN/12/5 excavated from BIN/12/5 dates to the 19th century and later, and was found mixed through the test pit with a small amount of earlier wares also identified. These include Roman pot, Late Saxon Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and English Stoneware.

RB THET EMW GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 1 1 1 1800-1900 5 2 3 4 1800-1900 5 3 1 5 1 2 9 31 1550-1900 5 4 1 5 1 3 1550-1900 5 5 2 3 1800-1900 5 6 2 7 2 11 2 6 900-1900 5 7 3 12 100-400 Table 38: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/5

The location of the test pit set back from the main road and behind Buttlands Close suggests that this area was peripheral to the focus of Roman settlement, immediately to the west as well as Binham village from the Late Saxon period onwards. There seems to have been limited use from the 10th century onwards, so the site may have always been open fields, with more disturbances evident from the 19th century onwards with a mix of finds also recovered. These consist of coal, iron nails, mortar, tile, CBM, oyster shell, glass and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Test Pit six (BIN/12/6)

Test pit six was excavated close to the rear of the village hall, set opposite the Priory. It was also the eastern of two pits excavated here; see also BIN/12/7 (Binham Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598141 339815).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.9m. Natural was not found, but due to the presence of a potential wall, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Figure 67: Location map of BIN/12/6 The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/12/6 dates to the Roman period. An additional few sherds of both Glazed Red Earthenware and 19th century wares were also recovered.

RB GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 100-1900 6 2 5 17 5 12 100-1900 6 3 2 14 1 2 100-1900 6 4 15 86 100-400 6 5 6 98 100-400 6 6 16 61 100-400 6 7 2 6 100-400 6 8 1 5 100-400 6 9 9 31 100-400 6 10 1 5 100-400 Table 39: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/6

The large amount of Roman pottery that was excavated from BIN/12/6 suggests that there was a Roman settlement on the field behind the village hall that also seems to be part of a cluster of Roman activity in this part of Binham, as identified by the test pitting strategy. Two linear features were tentatively interpreted at the base of the test pit to be flint and mortar walls, situated at right angles to each other (right). As Roman pottery was excavated from directly above the walls it seems Figure 68: The remnant flint and mortar walls identified in BIN/12/6

probable that these are Roman in date and were part of the original Roman settlement, although further excavation would be needed to confirm this.

After the Roman withdrawal from Britain the settlement was likely abandoned and there has been little evidence for activity since then, the area has probably always been kept as open fields, until the village hall was built in the later 20th century. A few finds were also recovered from the test pit, consisting of CBM, coal, iron nails, wire, tile, oyster shell and a piece of slag, suggestive of metal working close to site. The presence of possible worked flint flakes may also be prehistoric in date, although analysis of the lithics would be needed.

Test Pit seven (BIN/12/7)

Test pit seven was excavated close to the rear of the village hall, set opposite the Priory. It was also the western of two pits excavated here; see also BIN/12/6 (Binham Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598126 339821).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 1.1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery Figure 69: Location map of BIN/12/7 excavated from BIN/12/7 dates to the Roman period, although a few additional sherds of both Late Bronze Age/Iron Age were also recorded. Five sherds of Victorian pot were also found through the upper four contexts of the test pit.

LBA/IA RB VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 3 18 1 10 100-1900 7 2 1 2 6 22 2 3 1000BC-1900AD 7 3 10 50 1 3 100-1900 7 4 6 12 1 1 100-1900 7 5 1 3 1 5 1000BC-400AD 7 7 4 55 100-400 7 9 2 14 1000-BC-50AD Table 40: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/7

The results of the excavations of BIN/12/7 are similar to those of BIN/12/6 also excavated on the grassed field, in that there is evidence for a Roman settlement in this part of the village, as identified though the test pitting strategy. This test pit however, has also yielded evidence for prehistoric settlement prior to the Roman invasion, and may have been why the Romanised settlement was situated here, particularly if a Late Bronze Age/Iron Age settlement was already established. Again after the Roman withdrawal from Britain the land appears to have been abandoned as there is no evidence for activity on site until the 19th century when the land was likely farmed prior to the construction of the village hall in the later 20th century. A mix of finds were recovered, mainly from the upper half of the test pit and consist of CBM, coal, mortar, slate, iron nails, oyster and cockle shell, tile, glass and a number of pieces of slag, suggestive of metal working on or close to site. The presence of a number of worked flint flakes and burnt stone, particularly through the lower half of the test pit, could be further evidence for prehistoric activity on site.

Test Pit eight (BIN/12/8)

Test pit eight was excavated close to the field boundary with the village hall grounds, set opposite the priory. It was also the western of two pits excavated along this field edge; see also BIN/12/4 (Field behind Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598086 339789).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.9m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Large amounts of both Late Bronze Age/Iron Age and Roman pottery were excavated from the lower and upper halves of the test pit respectively. Additional single sherds of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware, medieval Grimston Ware and post medieval Glazed Red Earthenware were all also recorded with two sherds of Victorian Figure 70: Location map of BIN/12/8 pot.

LBA/IA RB IW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 5 34 1 5 1 2 2 2 100-1900 8 2 8 29 100-400 8 3 4 7 100-400 8 4 10 36 100-400 8 5 1 3 16 84 1 17 1000BC-850 8 6 3 7 18 41 1000BC-400AD 8 7 4 9 7 25 1000BC-400AD 8 8 5 16 1000-BC-50AD 8 9 9 30 1000-BC-50AD 8 10 2 3 1000-BC-50AD 8 11 1 2 1000-BC-50AD Table 41: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/8

The presence of a Roman settlement as already identified through the test pitting strategy in this part of the village is further supported by the Roman pottery results from BIN/12/8 and that this test pit is still within the cluster of settlement, given the large amount of finds recovered. A great amount of prehistoric pottery was also identified from the lower half of the test pit and in large quantities than from the test pits immediately to the north in the field behind the village hall, suggesting that test pit eight may be closer to the core of the prehistoric settlement. The large number of worked flints also recovered, further supports evidence for a probable Late Bronze Age settlement. After the Roman withdrawal from Britain, the site is generally abandoned and probably kept as open fields, with limited use identified during the Middle Saxon, medieval and post medieval periods, as well as into the 19th century. A small number of finds were also recovered and consist of CBM, oyster ad mussel

shell, coal, glass, tile, iron nails, slate, daub, barbed wire, a coin/token (below) and a few pieces of slag that are suggestive of metal working on or close to site.

Figure 71: Possible token from BIN/12/8, context 5

Test Pit nine (BIN/12/9)

Test pit nine was excavated towards the south eastern corner of a water meadow, north of the small river that runs parallel with Warham Road. It was the eastern of three pits excavated in the field; see also BIN/12/10 and BIN/12/11 (Water Meadow, north of river, Binham. TF 598058 340188).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Roman pottery was excavated from the lower contexts of BIN/12/9, with a number of sherds of medieval pot – Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware. An additional Figure 72: Location map of BIN/12/9 six sherds of Victorian pot were also recovered.

RB EMW GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 2 3 13 1800-1900 9 3 2 4 3 7 1100-1900 9 5 3 9 1 3 1100-1400 9 6 3 22 1100-1200 9 7 1 1 100-400 Table 42: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/9

The limited Roman pottery that was excavated from BIN/12/9 is the only sherd to be identified through the test pitting strategy to the north of the river, but as only one small sherd was found, it seems likely that the site was fields at that time. The area seems to have always been away from the core settlement of the village, given the few sherds of worn pottery that were identified from the test pit, particularly during the medieval period, after which it was likely abandoned again until the 19th century. Its position close to the ford however, compared to the other two test pits excavated within the same field, may be the reason for an increased amount of activity recorded, particularly in the Roman and medieval periods, although more excavation would be needed to confirm this. The few finds that were also excavated suggest they were likely used for manuring and consist of coal, tile, glass, CBM, mussel, snail and cockle shells. The presence of possible worked flints may hint at prehistoric activity also in the area, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 10 (BIN/12/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated towards the north western corner of a water meadow, north of the small river that runs parallel with Warham Road. It was the northern of three pits excavated in the field; see also BIN/12/9 and BIN/12/11 (Water Meadow, north of river, Binham. TF 597973 340341).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.8m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

No pottery was excavated from BIN/12/10.

The very few finds that were Figure 73: Location map of BIN/12/10 excavated from test pit 10, suggest that this part of the field has had very little use and has likely always remained as open fields that was particularly worked into the 18th and 19th centuries. The finds consist of cockle and snail shell, iron nails, mortar, and clay pipe. The presence of a large number of worked flint flakes and burnt stone however may suggest more intense activity into the prehistoric period, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 11 (BIN/12/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated towards the south western end of a water meadow, north of the small river that runs parallel with Warham Road. It was the southern of three pits excavated in the field; see also BIN/12/9 and BIN/12/11 (Water Meadow, north of river, Binham. TF 597691 340277).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Victorian pottery was only recovered from the upper contexts of BIN/12/11.

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 11 3 1 5 1800-1900 Table 43: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/11

The results from BIN/12/11 are similar to that recorded form BIN/11/10 in the same field, in that very few finds and Figure 74: Location map of BIN/12/11 pottery have been recovered from the test pit, potentially due to its position away from the ford, as compared to the finds recorded form BIN/12/9. This part of site has likely always remained open fields with possible more activity into the 19th century. The finds consist of cockle and snail shell, CBM, iron nails and clay pipe. A number of possible worked flints were also recovered that may be later prehistoric in date.

Test Pit 12 (BIN/12/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated in a large grassed field set behind the houses on Warham Road in the west of the village. It was the eastern of two pits excavated here; see also BIN/12/13 (Kirkfield, South of Warham Road, Binham. TF 597791 340033).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small amount of pottery was excavated from BIN/12/12, including Roman pottery, medieval Grimston Ware and Cistercian Ware, with sherds of both Glazed Red Earthenware and Victorian Figure 75: Location map of BIN/12/12 also recovered.

RB GRIM CW GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 100-1550 12 3 2 3 1550-1600 12 4 3 8 2 2 1200-1900 Table 44: The pottery excavated from BIN/12/12

The small amount of Roman pottery that was excavated from BIN/12/12 suggests that this area was likely peripheral to the main focus of Roman settlement behind the village hall, opposite the priory, as identified through the test pitting strategy. And despite the presence of Late Saxon pottery that has been found in nearby test pits there is no evidence for any activity on site again until the 13th century which then continues through to the present day, although the limited finds do suggest that it was likely kept as open fields on the fringes of the settlement. The finds consist of coal, CBM, tile, iron nails, mortar and a possible fragment of plaster. The presence of a single piece of worked flint may also indicate that there is later prehistoric activity on site also, although analysis of the lithics would be needed to confirm this.

Test Pit 13 (BIN/12/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated in a large grassed field set behind the houses on Warham Road in the west of the village. It was the western of two pits excavated here; see also BIN/12/12 (Kirkfield, South of Warham Road, Binham. TF 597791 340033).

Test pit 13 was excavated to a depth of 0.7m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

No pottery was excavated from BIN/12/13.

Despite the proximity of the two pits that were excavated within this field, there is very little evidence from BIN/12/13 for any activity on site Figure 76: Location map of BIN/12/13 until the last few hundred years or so. The finds consist of tile, CBM, coal and mortar and suggest that the site has likely always been open fields, peripheral to the settlement. Four possible pieces of worked flint were also recovered that may indicate the presence of later prehistoric activity on site.

7.5 The 2013 excavations

Excavations in 2013 were undertaken over the two days of the 3rd-4th of July when a total of 50 HEFA participants from Cromer Academy, Reepham High School, Alderman Peel High School Fakenham High School and College, Litcham High School and Paston Sixth Form College (school names correct at time of participation) excavated 13 test pits. The test pits were sited through the village between previous years’ excavations and where the residents of Binham were happy to have the excavations.

Figure 77: Location map of the Binham test pits from 2013 (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

Test Pit one (BIN/13/1)

Test pit one was excavated in a small area of allotment immediately west of the original property boundary in the far northwest of the village (Westgate Cottage, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597728 340169).

Test pit one was excavated to a depth of 0.63m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A small amount of pottery was only excavated from BIN/13/1; consist of Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware and as Victorian. Figure 78: Location map of BIN/13/1

EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 2 1 2 1800-1900 1 3 1 2 1 16 2 2 1 5 1100-1900 1 4 1 6 2 54 1200-1600 Figure 79: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/1

The small amount of both finds and pottery that were excavated from BIN/13/1 suggest that the site has likely always remained as open fields, particularly from the 15th century onwards, although there may have been occupation on site during the high medieval period. The few finds also recorded consist of tile, CBM, oyster and cockle shell, clay pipe, iron nails, coal and a metal rod, the majority of which likely relate to manuring of the fields.

100

Test Pit two (BIN/13/2)

Test pit two was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a probable 19th century cottage set back from the main road in the northwest of the village (Mill Barn, Warham Road, Binham. TF 597949 340034).

Test pit two was excavated to a depth of 0.8m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A large amount of medieval pottery was recorded from the lower half of the test pit as Early Medieval Sandy Ware. Also recorded were Thetford Ware, Grimston Ware and Late Medieval Ware. Through the upper half of the test pit only were the Figure 80: Location map of BIN/13/2 pottery identified as Cistercian Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Harlow Slipware, English Stoneware and as Victorian.

THET EMW GRIM LMT CW GRE HSW EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 2 5 6 1470-1900 2 2 1 1 2 4 10 25 1100-1900 2 3 1 3 4 12 1680-1900 2 4 1 4 1 2 1600-1900 2 5 4 27 1100-1200 2 6 1 11 4 12 2 7 900-1550 2 7 5 16 1100-1200 2 8 3 14 1 2 1100-1400 Table 45: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/2

The large amount of medieval pottery that was excavated from the lower half of the test pit suggests that there was occupation on site at that time, which potentially also originates in the Late Saxon period. From the 15th century however, there was a marked decrease in occupation on site, when the land likely became open fields and remained that way until Mill Barn was constructed, most likely during the 19th century, when it was incorporated within the property boundary. The on-site disturbances, particularly through the upper half of the test pit relate to this later activity and a mix of finds were also recorded through to context four. These consist of modern brick and CBM, glass, cockle and mussel shells, iron nails, a metal button, CBM, tile, melted plastic, clay pipe stem, slate and pieces of scrap metal. From the lower half of the test pit only a small iron nail was found with fragments of CBM, coal, cockle and oyster shell.

101

Test Pit three (BIN/13/3)

Test pit three was excavated on the grassed edge of a ploughed field, where access was through the driveway of Old School House, although the test pit was adjacent to the road and opposite the entrance to the priory (Field south of Old School House, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598059 339912).

Test pit three was excavated to a depth of 0.9m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

Only four sherds of pottery were excavated from BIN/13/3 and have been identified as both Glazed Red Figure 81: Location map of BIN/13/3 Earthenware and as Victorian.

GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 4 1 3 1550-1600 3 7 2 16 1800-1900 3 8 1 15 1550-1600 Table 46: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/3

The few finds and pottery that were excavated from BIN/13/3 suggest that the site has likely always remained as open fields, despite its location opposite the priory entrance, with only an increase of activity from the 16th century onwards. The finds recorded consist of fragments of plastic sheeting, plastic carrier bags and plastic wrappers with CBM, tile, oyster shell, pieces of scrap metal, iron nails, a segment of washing line, coal and twine.

102

Test Pit four (BIN/13/4)

Test pit four was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern semi-detached property in the far south of the village (35 Priory Crescent, Binham. TF 598180 339451).

Test pit four was excavated to a depth of 0.5m. Natural was not found, but due to Figure 82: Location map of BIN/13/4 time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Roman pottery was excavated from BIN/13/4. An additional two sherds of Victorian pottery were also identified in the upper contexts of the test pit.

RB VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 3 1800-1900 4 2 1 1 1800-1900 4 4 1 2 100-400 Figure 83: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/4

A great deal of disturbance was noted on site, particularly relating to the construction of the modern housing estate, from which the majority of the finds date to. The limited amount of pre-20th century finds though suggest that the site was most likely utilised as open fields, particularly during the Roman period, when the site may have been the southern boundary of the settlement identified through the test pitting strategy and focused on land around and to the south of the village hall. There was no evidence that the site was then used again until the 19th century. The finds consist of modern CBM and brick, coal, concrete, chalk, tile, CBM oyster and whelk shell, fragments of nut, iron nails, glass and clay pipe.

103

Test Pit five (BIN/13/5)

Test pit five was excavated in the enclosed front garden of a mid-20th century house set along the main road southwest out of the village (8 Walsingham Road, Binham. TF 598249 339349).

Test pit five was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/13/5 dates to the Bronze Age with a number of sherds found through Figure 84: Location map of BIN/13/5 the test pit. An additional two sherds of Victorian pottery were also recorded.

BA VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 2 12 1800-1900 5 6 2 8 1200-800BC 5 7 4 16 1200-800BC 5 8 2 8 1200-800BC Table 47: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/5

The large amount of both Bronze Age pottery and burnt stone that were recovered from the lower half of BIN/13/5 especially suggest that there was domestic occupation on site at that time. This is separate from the Bronze Age settlement occupation that has already been recorded in Binham by the test pitting strategy, and was focused on land around and to the south of the village hall. This site may have been an expansion on the low ground to the south but still connected to the larger core of activity on top of the hill at the village hall. The site has had very little in the way of activity after the 8th century BC, where it was most likely left as open fields, with only an increase of activity evident into the 19th century. The finds also recorded mainly date to the construction of the house in the mid-20th century and consist of modern CBM, modern sewer drain fragments, glass, iron nails, asbestos, coal, fragments of plastic, concrete/mortar, a piece of black rubber, a metal blade fragments, plastic wire covering, fragments of breeze block, a Duracell AA battery, cockle and oyster shell, pieces of scrap metal, slag and clay pipe.

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Test Pit six (BIN/13/6)

Test pit six was excavated in the southern corner of a grassed field at Manor Farm in the east of the village (Land opposite 3 Manor Barn, Field Dalling Road, Binham. TF 598456 339618).

Test pit six was excavated to a depth of 0.65m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A wide range of pottery types were excavated from BIN/13/6 with Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware only recorded from the lower two contexts. The rest of the pottery has been identified as German Stoneware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Cologne Stoneware, Delft Ware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware, English Stoneware, Figure 85: Location map of BIN/13/6 Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and as Victorian.

EMW GRIM GS GRE WCS TGE SMW EST SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 2 17 1 2 1550-1750 6 2 1 1 1800-1900 6 3 1 2 1600-1700 6 4 1 12 6 30 2 10 1 3 2 3 1550-1750 6 5 1 4 1680-1750 6 6 1 10 1200-1400 6 7 1 8 1100-1200 Table 48: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/6

There has been an almost continual low level of activity at BIN/13/6 from the 12th century through to the present day and perhaps always slightly peripheral to the focus of medieval and later settlement to the north and west. Some disturbances are also evident through the test pit and may be related to ploughing or other later agricultural uses. A flint and mortar wall that was also identified across the test pit may be related to the previous manor house on site, but further excavation would be needed to prove this. The finds consist of cockle, snail and oyster Figure 86: The flint wall excavated through BIN/13/6

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shell, CBM, clay pipe, coal, glass, concrete, tile, fragments of modern lino, a metal button, iron nails and mortar.

Test Pit seven (BIN/13/7)

Test pit seven was excavated to the rear of a 20th century property fronting the road opposite the priory, on the edge of a gravel driveway and a small wooded area (14 Langham Road, Binham. TF 598395 339836).

Test pit seven was excavated to a depth of 1m, at which natural was found. Figure 87: Location map of BIN/13/7 Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/13/7 dates as Victorian, although a range of earlier wares were also recorded from contexts five and six only. These have been identified as Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Glazed Red Earthenware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and English Stoneware.

EMW GRIM GRE SMW EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 6 18 1800-1900 7 3 8 31 1800-1900 7 4 11 39 1800-1900 7 5 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 1 12 50 1100-1900 7 6 1 2 1 7 1680-1900 7 7 2 17 1800-1900 Table 49: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/7

Despite the proximity of BIN/13/7 to the priory there was limited medieval and post medieval activity identified on site, suggesting that the site may also have been only utilised as open fields until occupation during the 19th century. The large amount of disturbances and 19th – 20th century finds that were recorded through the test pit also relate to the later occupation on site and consist of modern sewer drain fragments, modern CBM, a double headed bolt, concrete, a plastic cap, iron nails, metal washers, the central core of a battery, coal, CBM, glass, slag, tile, clay pipe, cockle and oyster shell, modern nails, mortar, slate, part of a horseshoe and pieces of scrap metal.

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Test Pit eight (BIN/13/8)

Test pit eight was excavated in the enclosed front garden of a modern house set on the corner of Langham Road, and opposite the priory to the east (Kirkby Cottage, Langham Road, Binham. TF 598392 339908).

Test pit eight was excavated to a depth of 0.9m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A large amount of medieval pottery was Figure 88: Location map of BIN/13/8 recorded mainly from the lower half of BIN/13/8, identified as both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware. Additional 16th century and later wares were mainly found through the upper half of the test pit as Glazed Red Earthenware, Harlow Slipware, Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and as Victorian.

EMW GRIM GRE HSW SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 1 1 1 7 1 6 1100-1900 8 2 1 2 2 5 4 9 1200-1900 8 3 1 1 1 1 8 23 1200-1900 8 4 3 10 1 2 10 26 1550-1900 8 5 1 1 1 1 1100-1900 8 6 2 3 1 2 1 1 1100-1900 8 7 5 22 1 5 1 1 1100-1600 8 8 5 17 1100-1200 8 9 5 27 1100-1200 Table 50: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/8

There was occupation at BIN/13/8 during the high medieval period especially until around the beginning of the 15th century, potentially due to the Black Death. After a gap the site was resettled from the mid-16th century onwards and has been in continual use since then. More recent activities from the 19th century and later have disturbed more of the site and a mix of finds were also recorded through upper half of the test pit especially. These consist of coal, cockle and oyster shell, tile, CBM, concrete, mortar, breeze block fragments, slag, glass, modern brick, iron nails, slate, clay pipe and strips of metal.

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Test Pit nine (BIN/13/9)

Test pit nine was excavated in the enclosed rear garden of a modern house set along the main road out of the village to the northeast (Applegarth, Langham Road, Binham. TF 598591 339953).

Test pit nine was excavated to a depth of 0.7m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled. Figure 89: Location map of BIN/13/9 The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/13/9 dates from the medieval period as both Early Medieval Sandy Ware and Grimston Ware. A small amount of 17th century and later pottery was also recorded from the upper half of the pit as Staffordshire Manganese Ware, English Stoneware and as Victorian.

EMW GRIM SMW ES VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 2 1 5 1800-1900 9 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 6 6 21 1100-1900 9 4 8 21 1 1 1100-1750 9 5 7 34 1 3 1100-1400 9 6 5 11 2 66 1100-1400 9 7 5 8 2 6 1100-1400 Table 51: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/9

Much like the results for BIN/13/8 there is evidence for occupation at BIN/13/9 just to the east also during the medieval period, potentially due to its location alongside the stream. Again there was a drop off of activity into the 15th century, after which the site was likely kept as open fields until the current house was built during the 20th century. The finds mainly consisted of oyster, mussel and cockle shells that were found from the lower half of the test pit, as well as CBM, glass, iron nails, tile, clay pipe, coal, pieces of scrap metal, slag and a plate of metal.

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Test Pit 10 (BIN/13/10)

Test pit 10 was excavated in the north western corner of a grassed field along the main road north out of the village (Field to north of stream and 1 Langham Road, Binham. TF 598362 340033).

Test pit 10 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Roman pottery was identified from BIN/13/10. The rest of the Figure 90: Location map of BIN/13/10 pottery was mixed through the upper three contexts and has been identified as Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Staffordshire Manganese Ware and as Victorian.

RB EMW GRIM SMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 2 1 3 1 12 1 12 1 1 1100-1900 10 3 2 14 2 14 2 3 1200-1900 10 5 1 12 100-400 Table 52: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/10

The small amount of Roman pottery that was excavated from BIN/13/10 suggests that this site was probably utilised as open fields, for the settlement that has been identified around the village hall to the southwest. Also from the pottery identified it seems that there was occupation on site through the high medieval period, although likely changes in settlement patterns after the Black Death meant that the area was left as open fields, which also continued that way through to the present day. There was also very little in the way of disturbances on site as very few finds were also recorded, consisting of two fragments of land drain, a piece of CBM and oyster shell.

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Test Pit 11 (BIN/13/11)

Test pit 11 was excavated on a grassed trackway field access route between the village hall car park to the northwest and the boundary for Buttlands Close to the southeast (Grass trackway entrance to field south of the village hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598187 339086).

Test pit 11 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/13/11 dates as Victorian, but a range of earlier wares were also recorded through the test pit. These have been identified as Roman, Late Saxon Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Cistercian Ware and Staffordshire Slipware.

Figure 91: Location map of BIN/13/11

RB THET EMW GRIM CIST SS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 22 900-1900 11 2 3 72 1800-1900 11 3 2 4 2 26 100-1900 11 4 2 9 1 1 100-1900 11 5 8 16 1 3 3 6 900-1900 Table 53: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/11

The site at BIN/13/11 was most likely slightly peripheral to the core of Roman settlement that has been identified just to the south through the test pitting strategy. The site also likely continued to be marginal to Late Saxon and medieval activity in the village, despite its proximity to the priory and the centre of the village, suggesting that the site has always remained as open fields. More disturbances were also noted into the 19th century and later with also a mix of finds that consist of coal, tile, CBM, mortar, glass, iron nails, pieces of scrap metal, plates of corroded metal, slag, tarmac, a button and concrete.

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Test Pit 12 (BIN/13/12)

Test pit 12 was excavated on the grassed field immediately south of the village hall, close to the centre of the village. It was also the southern of two test pits excavated here; see also BIN/13/13. (Land behind the village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598142 339814).

Test pit 12 was excavated to a depth of 0.6m. Natural was not found, but due to time constraints, excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

A single sherd of Bronze Age pottery was mixed in with a number of Roman sherds through the lower half of BIN/13/12. An additional 10 sherds of Victorian pottery have also been recorded. Figure 92: Location map of BIN/13/12

BA RB VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 2 1800-1900 12 3 1 1 5 9 100-1900 12 4 6 40 5 12 100-1900 12 5 9 27 100-400 12 6 1 2 9 257 1200BC-400 Table 54: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/12

The large amount of Roman pottery that was excavated from BIN/13/12 means that the site was likely part of the larger area of Roman settlement that has already been identified in this area through the test pitting process. The Bronze Age activity also recorded is probably also part of the larger Bronze Age settlement also excavated in this area of high ground around the village hall. There seems to be limited post Roman activity on site, suggesting that this area has likely always remained as open fields, although there are stills some disturbances, many of which may be related to the construction of the village hall. The finds consist of CBM, tile, modern tile, coal, oyster shell, metal wire, glass, coal, a round stone ball, daub, iron nails and slag.

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Test Pit 13 (BIN/13/13)

Test pit 13 was excavated on grassland behind the village hall in the centre of the village. It was also the northern of two pits excavated here; see also BIN/13/12 (Land behind the Village Hall, Warham Road, Binham. TF 598141 339820).

Test pit 13 was excavated to a depth of 0.9m, at which natural was found. Excavations were halted at this level and the test pit was recorded and backfilled.

The vast majority of the pottery excavated from BIN/13/13 dates as Roman and was found through the test pit. A small amount of later wares were also recorded as Thetford Ware, Early Medieval Figure 93: Location map of BIN/13/13 Sandy Ware, Grimston Ware, Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware and as Victorian.

RB THET EMW GRIM SWSG VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 1 3 7 100-400 13 2 2 9 1 1 100-1750 13 3 2 4 1 2 1 2 100-1900 13 4 2 13 1 11 100-1900 13 5 1 1 1800-1900 13 6 3 5 4 18 1 4 100-1200 13 8 2 3 100-400 Table 55: The pottery excavated from BIN/13/13

Much like the results from BIN/13/12 just to the south, the large amount of Roman pottery that was recovered from BIN/13/13 further suggests that this area was part of the large Roman settlement that has been identified here through the test pitting strategy. It also seems to be marginal to both Late Saxon and medieval activity, suggesting that the site may have been open fields at that time, until more intense farming activities from the 19th century. A mix of finds were also recovered, consisting of CBM, clay pipe, glass, coal, slag, pieces of scrap metal, oyster shell, tile and iron nails, the majority of which is related to later disturbance on site, including the construction of the village hall.

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8 Discussion

The test pitting in Binham has contributed greatly to the wider understanding of the history and archaeology of the parish a well as within the broader context of north Norfolk. The results from the five years of test pitting in Binham are included in the analysis below, with the pottery finds utilised as the main source of dating. This is because pottery can be the most accurately dated, often within a hundred years of so and is one of the most frequent finds recovered from the test pitting strategy. The results will be discussed in historical order below.

8.1 Prehistoric

A total of 39 sherds of Bronze Age (1200-800BC) pottery were excavated from five of the 59 test pits in Binham and all but one of these five pits were sited on land behind the village hall. A much wider distribution of worked flints and burnt stone were found from 50 and 33 of the test pits respectively, the presence of these can be seen from figures 94 and 95 below. As the format of this writing is at the grey report stage a full analysis of the lithics has not been undertaken and only the presence of any worked flint or burnt stone has been recorded here. Because of this a definitive date cannot be assigned to the test pit lithics at the time of writing, but a later prehistoric date, such as Neolithic or Bronze Age is most likely, particularly given the date of the finds already recorded on the HER and the Bronze Age pottery found through the test pitting strategy.

A proximity to river valleys and the coast are widely known to be favoured locations for settlement in prehistory, and this part of north Norfolk would have been ideal for both transient and more permanent settlements given the light soils of the area, abundant woodlands and the numerous south facing and elevated slopes overlooking rivers. The few Mesolithic finds on the HER hint that there would have been passing bands of people through Binham, likely following the course of the River Stiffkey and its tributaries. The majority of the rest of the prehistoric activity is later in date, dating to the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age at a time when land clearances, permanent settlements and territories were appearing in the landscape.

Round barrows are one of the most widely spread prehistoric monuments in the county and a map by Ashwin (1996) shows the distribution of these barrows along the river valleys. This is supported by on-going research that has shown that these barrows were sited in relation to their surrounding topography and were more often than not positioned on higher ground and overlooking water courses. This seems to be the case of the single barrow that has been identified between the village of Binham and Warham that sits on the southern banks of the river and is the first definitive proof that there was settlement in the area during the Bronze Age.

From the distribution of both the lithics and pottery from the test pitting, some patterns of possible prehistoric settlement distribution can be seen. The definite date of Bronze Age activity was identified by the pottery excavated to the south of the village hall, which was further enhanced by a large number of both worked flints and burnt stone that were also found from this area, and suggesting that there was a focus of activity here at that time, particularly given that this area is on a plateau of higher ground and overlooking the river to the north. These results support what was found during the archaeological investigation on site prior to the construction of the hall.

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Figure 94: Distribution of possible worked flint from the Binham test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

Figure 95: Distribution of possible worked flint from the Binham test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

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The results from this previous investigation included both a fieldwalking and metal detecting survey as well as a limited excavation along the both axes of the new village hall and found a widespread range of lithic material dating to the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age. It was concluded that even though there was likely no direct prehistoric occupation on site, there was certainly some nearby (Trimble 1999). The test pitting results have added to this with the discovery of additional lithics as well as pottery; the largest concentration of which was found away from the village hall, to suggest that an area of later prehistoric occupation was indeed situated along the current southern boundary of the village hall field and the agricultural field beyond, although a larger scale excavation would be needed to prove this. Additional potential areas of prehistoric settlement identified through the test pitting include an area just north of Walsingham Road in the far south of the settlement, where eight sherds of Bronze Age pottery were excavated with a large amount of burnt stone in particular as well as other worked flints (BIN/13/5). No one site was identified to stand out in the Westgate area of the village, as the lithic distribution is quite widespread here, that also extends north toward the river and on to the northern banks. It may be possible that the ford that was known to be in existence from the Anglo Saxon period, may have been accessible even earlier than that into prehistory, or a crossing of some sort was in existence given the presence of lithics on both side of the river.

A single possible prehistoric feature was partially excavated from BIN/10/3 along Langham Road and close to the stream. This feature was found to be a narrow curving gully that also terminated within the confines of the test pit. A single worked flint was only found from the fill of the gully, above which was mainly found 19th century pottery relating to the construction of the house. A definite prehistoric date to the feature seems likely but without the analysis of the lithics it cannot be stated for certain and it may have been residual in the fill of a later feature that has been found in previous excavations of Roman and later features in the village. Further work would be needed on both the lithics to determine a date for them as well as on site here to determine the full extent and use of the feature.

Iron Age (800 BC – AD 43) activity in Binham has been confirmed by previous excavations and spot finds on the HER, including valuable personal objects such as coins (as well as a gold stater), finger rings, brooches and beads that point to potentially widespread activity through the parish, although any definite areas of settlement are yet to be found. Norfolk during the Iron Age would have been the territory of the Iceni Tribe and a few tribal centres have been found, the nearest to Binham would have likely been further to the west at Snettisham33. However, a hillfort (albeit rare in this county) is known from immediately west of Binham and also on the River Stiffkey, known as Warham Camp (NHER 1828). Evidence for settlement was also found within the earthworks and is also part of a wider area of Iron Age settlement activity (Rickett 1991, Gregory and Gurney 1986) so it seems probable that this Iron Age activity continued eastward through Binham and again following the course of the river. The artefacts recorded on the HER also suggest that the society here during the Iron Age had established trade links with the Roman empire and most likely relied heavily on the river networks to the North Sea for both travel and trade.

There is a wealth of evidence remaining under Binham today for prehistoric activity, and although some of it may have been disturbed by Roman and later settlements, with a full analysis of the lithic material from the test pitting a much clearer picture of the activity here during the later prehistoric can be determined.

33 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/iron_01.shtml#sixteen (Accessed October 2017)

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8.2 Romano-British

A total of 263 sherds of Romano-British pottery (AD 43-410) were excavated from 25 of the 59 Binham test pits, and accounting from 8.76% of all the pottery identified from all the excavations. Although the pottery for this report was analysed by a post-Roman specialist (appendix 12.1), it was assessed that all the Roman pot found was made in Britain with no imports. Supplementary analysis on the pottery would be needed to further identify where the pots were made and to more specifically date the specimens.

The most intense cluster of Romano-British pottery was found from the test pits sited close to the village hall which is also believed to be close to the site of a Roman villa and excavations prior to the construction of the village hall found evidence for Roman agricultural activity that may have been situated very close to an area of occupation, as a large amount of domestic rubbish was found (Trimble 1999). The results from the test pitting confirm that this area was utilised during the Roman period for occupation and that it likely spreads further south and east across Buttlands Close to the land at the rear of the Chequers pub on Front Street (see appendix 12.3), based on the large quantities of Roman pottery that were excavated from the majority of pits in this area. This is further supported by two possible flint and mortar walls that were found in the base of BIN/12/6 that was sited directly behind the village hall and potentially a continuation of the activity identified there during the evaluation for the village hall. The remains of a Roman road running north-south through the parish from the east of Abbots Farm along Walsingham Road, likely passes close to the potential villa site to its west and may also account for why there was a settlement here, although a number of factors may be part of that; being on higher ground, close to water and transport and communication links via the road network. Nearby Roman activity has again been recorded at the Iron Age fort of Warham and a Roman temple and small town has been identified in Great Walsingham (NHER 2024), all of which show how extensive and varied the occupation was through this part of Norfolk during the Roman period.

Nine of the 25 test pits to produce Romano-British pottery were sited away from this core area of settlement behind the village hall and also yielded between one and four sherds of pottery each and suggests that a large swathe of the parish was likely utilised as part of agricultural or pastoral land that also extended to sites north of the River Stiffkey. As stated above an exact date for the Romano-British pottery is not known at time of writing, however the majority of the finds recorded on the HER date from the 2nd to the 4th century AD so it is possible that the pottery found during the test pitting is broadly also of this date. The artefacts so far recovered from Binham seem to be generally personal and domestic in nature, although of course the coins represent trade and wealth, there was no evidence for any military presence in Binham and little in the way for evidence of status, although this may be due to the limited nature of the test pitting rather than the non-presence of any such artefacts.

Overall the test pitting has shown that a great deal of Roman archaeology survives in Binham, particularly at the village hall where there has been little in the way of subsequent activity and disturbances. Evidence for Roman activity does also survive under the current village with a high potential for further remains to be discovered.

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8.3 Anglo Saxon

The test pitting has shown that settlement activity continued in Binham after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century AD. The Roman villa site that was identified behind the village hall was abandoned as there seems to be a focus for Early Anglo Saxon (AD 410-699) activity toward Westgate with two sites identified that are not too apart on Warham Road, the second is slightly further north by the ford over the River Stiffkey. Each test pit only yielded single sherds of the Early Anglo Saxon hand built pottery, which is not definitive evidence for settlement but does suggest that the Westgate area of Binham may have been the focus of the original village, when Bynna arrived from Scandinavia and for whom the settlement is named after.

When the test pitting evidence is compared to the finds already recorded on the HER for the Early Anglo Saxon period, very little was actually found over the five years of excavation, although there were some similarities in that the majority of the spot finds were also found in the west of the settlement, which was also noted from the test pitting. It has been surmised that the large amount of metal working finds may have derived from one or perhaps two ploughed out cemeteries to the north of the Westgate area and opposite this on the northern side of the Stiffkey was found an unusual hoard of gold bracteates, likely part of a deliberate deposition, as some had been broken prior to being buried (Behr and Pestell 2014). When all these finds are taken into consideration, there is a suggestion that Binham may have been an important centre in Norfolk that also had significant links with Scandinavia, particularly in the similarities of hoarding practices based on the deposition of the bracteates. On the continent, the sites of where these bracteate hoards were found been interpreted as ‘elite residences’ and central places that ‘exhibit political, economic and religious functions’ (Ibid), but the previous archaeology undertaken in Binham, as well as the test pitting by ACA, has not yet been able to support this notion.

Middle Anglo Saxon (AD 700-849) occupation in Binham seems to follow a similar pattern of the Early Anglo Saxon settlement, with a focus of activity to the west of the medieval priory, as well as for the first time since the Roman period, Middle Anglo Saxon occupation was recorded opposite the priory site. The Middle Saxon pottery found consists of 11 sherds of Ipswich Ware that was found from six test pits and accounts for only 0.36% of all the pottery found over the five years of excavation. The location of these two areas (appendix 12.3) does suggest that there was occupation again on the higher ground by the village hall that also continued down to the ford, to the north and west of the priory. The notion of occupation here was supported by the partial excavation of a linear feature in the base of BIN/09/15 that was sited in the northwest corner of the hall playing field and close to Warham Road. This feature has tentatively been interpreted as a beam slot, although the entire width of the feature is not seen within the confines of the test pit, but there is a return at right angles visible. A number of fragments of daub were also found through the lower half of the test pit that supports the idea of a structure here, and two sherds of Ipswich ware were found from the test pit, one from within the feature itself, further supporting that there was occupation on site.

There have been numerous suggestions that Binham Priory was founded on an existing religious site, however to date, there has been no archaeological evidence to prove the existence of a religious site that predates the priory. The distribution of the Middle and Late Anglo Saxon pottery from the test pits however may hint that the land was in use as the pottery finds surround this area. Of course the fact that no test pits

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were able to be excavated within the priory grounds does mean this data remains one sided until further excavations are able to be carried out.

Occupational evidence increased again into the Late Anglo Saxon (AD 850-1065) period as 68 sherds of Thetford Ware pottery were found from 16 of the 59 test pits, but this accounts for only 2.26% of all the pottery recorded from the test pitting. Thetford Ware was made in several locations in the east of England, including at Ipswich, Thetford and Norwich and shows that trade links were evident through the mid to late Anglo Saxon period in particular, despite a lack of imports. The distribution of this pottery from the test pits falls into two distinct areas, again on the high ground behind the village hall but this time only in the east of the field, whereas during the Middle Saxon period, the focus was to the west, pointing to a possible expansion of the settlement at this time. This area of activity also extends across Buttlands Close and to the junction on what is now Langham Road and Back Street. The second area of likely settlement activity is again in Westgate, but for the first time extending further along Warham Road to the west as well as continuing activity to the north by the ford. With these layouts, the possible religious site that predates the priory would actually be sited in between these two areas of settlement. The large amount of Late Anglo Saxon metalwork that is recorded on the HER is mainly all domestic in nature, including a large number of personal objects but with also some horse harness mounts and a bridle that continue to show the use of livestock as part of daily life.

No further archaeological features were excavated from the test pits in Binham to date to the late Saxon period but the wealth of finds that have been identified as Anglo Saxon in date does hint to the survival of additional Anglo Saxon remains surviving under the village, particularly in the western and central areas of the settlement. Further archaeological investigation would also be needed to see if the two separate areas of settlement are indeed distinct or in fact a continuous line of activity and the relationship of the settlement to the religious site and the subsequent priory when it was built during the 12th century.

8.4 Medieval

It was during the medieval period that Binham continued to develop and expand as a settlement, particularly with the construction of the priory from the late 11th century onwards. Previous work has shown that the construction of the priory affected the layout and the subsequent development of the village, including the construction of new areas of settlement, such as the market place that today is still an open green area and considered to be the centre of the modern village.

A vast amount of high medieval pottery (AD 1066-1399) was excavated from 40 of the 59 test pits, equating to a total of 619 sherds and accounting for 20.6% of all the pottery recorded from the five years of test pitting. This pottery was manufactured at sites across England with specific locations identified at Grimston (Norfolk), Stamford (Lincolnshire) and at Sible Hedingham in Essex. The distribution of these wares showed an expansion of the settlement as identified during the Late Anglo Saxon period along Warham Road in Westgate as well as north to the ford and again across the road from the priory, particularly around Buttlands Close. New areas of activity are noted for the first time during the high medieval to the immediate east of the priory boundary along Langham Road and again north to the river. The area around the current village green was the original market place set up by the monks but seems to

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have been only sparsely utilized during the high medieval. If the area was deliberately kept clear for use of the weekly market by the monks, it may explain why there was no settlement evidence in this part of the village during the high medieval.

The results from the test pitting has also shown that there is medieval archaeology still present under the current village setting of Binham. Both a wall and floor surface have been recorded in Westgate; the east-west orientated wall was identified from BIN/09/1 in the far west of Warham Road. Also recorded through the test pit were lots of mortar fragments, probably from the wall itself that meant that the rest of the building material was taken away to be used elsewhere. A tentative date of around the 13th century was assigned to this feature given the pottery that was found around it, but of course further excavation would be needed to prove this. Two floor surfaces were excavated from BIN/09/10, also in Westgate but closer to the priory. The earlier layer comprised a sandy chalky layer with cobbles, above which was found a compact chalk layer and given that all the pottery from the test pit was found above these layers, a high medieval date has been assigned to these surfaces. Both of these features support the notion of occupation in the Westgate area during the high medieval, which meant that the growth of the priory was restricted on its western edge and why the market area was chosen.

During the later medieval (AD 1400-1539) a much small number of pottery sherds (only 53) were recorded from 15 of the test pits and accounting for only 1.76% of all the pottery recorded from the test pitting. Some of the pottery included here begins its production during the late medieval but it also continued into the post medieval, so some of this pottery cannot be specifically dated to this period. The pottery in question is German Stoneware that was made at various places along the Rhine Valley in Germany from the mid-15th century onwards, where 18 sherds were found from 11 of the test pits. The distribution of this pottery can be seen in figure 96 below that is also found to follow the general trend of settlement activity as seen through the test pitting strategy during the medieval period in Binham.

The drop in the amount of pottery found from the test pit between the high and late medieval is a significant decrease, a decline of 168%. There were a lot of factors during the 14th century that may have contributed to a decline in the settlement here that may have started with a population boom, which unfortunately led to over population in some areas as well as land shortages and depleted soils. This was not helped by a series of both poor harvests and bad winters, famine and then of course the Black Death which swept through the country. Although the amount of pottery found from the test pits cannot be equated to population figures at that time, the substantial decline in the amount of pottery recovered from the test pits likely does reflect a severe population decline due to the Black Death. There may also have been small shifts in the settlement which would affect where the pottery was deposited, but the pottery distribution maps (appendix 12.3) show that the Westgate area of Binham remained a considerable area of settlement at this time.

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Figure 96: The distribution of imported German Stoneware pottery from the Binham test pits (NB test pits not to scale) © Crown Copyright/database right 2017. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service, 1: 10,000

The presence of a wall and multiple floor surfaces that were identified from BIN/10/4 on the southern side of the triangular market area, suggests that there was still occupation in this part of the village that had also perhaps started to encroach onto the market area by the later medieval period. The wall was slightly curving and made from flint and mortar that had a chalky clay floor surface butting up against it; this also covered an earlier floor made of yellow clay 0.2m deeper. The early surface also had a post hole cut into it and hints that there may have been two building phases here; an earlier wooden structure, perhaps related to the market that was then replaced by a flint built one with a different type of floor surface. The only pottery found here dated from the later medieval onwards which may hint at its initial construction, though further work would be needed to confirm this. Just to the west of this saw another test pit excavation (BIN/11/4), from which another likely post hole was also recorded, but it was positioned on the very edge of the test pit so it is not known if it was part of a bigger feature or not. A large amount of flint and stones were also excavated from above this possible post hole and although both these periods of activity remain undated, they may be contemporary with the neighbouring structural remains from BIN/10/4 and the use of the area as a market place; the stones may also have been utilised as a way to stabilise the ground. Evidence for further possible stabilisation of the ground was found from BIN/10/11 that was excavated on the north of the green and found a thick compact chalk layer at just 0.2m in depth. These may have been platforms on which stalls were sited and although further work is needed here to determine the full use, date and extent of the market area, the test pitting has provided an insight to level of medieval archaeology that is still prevalent under the village today.

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8.5 Post Medieval and later

The vast majority of all the pottery excavated from the five years of test pitting in Binham date to the post medieval (AD 1540-1799) and in particular from the 19th century and later. A relatively small total of 290 sherds of post medieval pottery were only found (9.66% of all the pottery) from 45 of the 59 test pits and although it is an increase on the pottery found dating to the later medieval, it is still less than half of the medieval pottery that was excavated from the test pits. This leads to a suggestion that Binham was perhaps slower to recover after the Black Death and as a settlement could also have felt the loss of the priory during the dissolution in the 1530’s. Perhaps unusually, only a small amount of the post medieval pottery was imported, and if we discount the German Stoneware as mentioned above in 8.4, a total of only three sherds of Cologne Stoneware were excavated from BIN/09/10 in Westgate and BIN/13/6 to the east of the market area. The rest of the post medieval pottery was manufactured from various sites in England, including specifically from the Midlands, Staffordshire, Norwich and Harlow in Essex. None of the post medieval finds excavated however indicate that any sites in Binham showed evidence for a higher than average wealth or status and particularly given the few imports noted here, the once important connections that Binham had with the continent, particularly during the Anglo Saxon period had diminished significantly by the post medieval and particularly after the closure of the priory. Possible changes in river levels may have also played a part in the slow recovery of the settlement. The stonework used in the construction of the priory was transported to Binham from both Northamptonshire as well as France and most likely through the river network from the North Sea. It is possible that parts of the River Stiffkey and its tributaries were no longer navigable into the post medieval if not earlier. The distribution of the post medieval pottery through the test pits however does show that the village did expand and grow in this period and the start of the current layout of the settlement likely has its origins through the post medieval. This includes for the firsts time some infilling of part of the original market area as this became the focus of the village core that then also extended north around the eastern boundary of the priory along Langham Road.

Over half (55.15%) of all the pottery excavated from the test pits was classified as ‘Victorian’ in date, with a total of 1,654 sherds found from all but two of the 59 test pits. Again, this high number of pottery does not necessarily equate to an increase in the population of the village, although the census records through the 19th century have recorded the population was at its peak during the 19th century, peaking at over 500 individuals, it does support the notion that Binham was a relatively thriving rural settlement during the 19th century.

The site of a manor house is potentially known from just east of the market area (NHER 12047) and north of Field Dalling Road that was built during the 17th century. Two test pits were excavated on land in front of the original house, BIN/09/12 and BIN/13/6, and both found walls within the confines of each test pit. Only the end of a wall was recorded from BIN/09/12 and was interpreted as being part of an outbuilding, most likely contemporary with the manor house. The second wall was thinner from BIN/13/6 and although it was also undated, it was assumed to be in use as a structure when the manor house was in use.

Another mortared floor surface was found in a test pit in Westgate (BIN/11/1) that was sited close to the front of Warham Road and the lane down to the ford. This would have been the internal floor surface, below which were found 17 sherds of high

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medieval potter and two sherds of early post medieval pottery that would suggest the potential building here dates from the post medieval.

9 Conclusion

The 59 archaeological test pits that were excavated in the village of Binham, as part of the University of Cambridge’s Higher Education Field Academy (HEFA) with the Binham History Group, have yielded archaeological evidence for settlement in the parish dating from the later prehistoric period through to the modern day. All the test pit results have also added to the ‘bigger picture’ of Binham and beyond undertaken by ACA to add to both previous archaeology and historical references to the settlement as well as also providing a new insight into the level of archaeological remains that are still present under the current village.

The location of Binham on a tributary of the River Stiffkey has played a significant contribution to its development as a settlement that has been attracting settlers through later prehistory and into the Roman period as the higher ground overlooking the river was utilised for settlement and the light soils for farming. The ‘relative safety’ of the location of Binham, inland from the coast may also have been significant in the development of the settlement here too as perhaps it was less susceptible to coastal attacks. Previous finds recorded in Binham have suggested that the village as we know it was settled early in the Anglo Saxon period and was likely a special site with close connections to Scandinavia. The test pitting has shown that the area around Westgate and to the northwest of the priory complex has always been a focus for settlement and this area of the village may contribute to why the priory was sited where it was, if there was an important Anglo Saxon religious site here that could also have been in the heart of the original settlement. The construction of the priory from the late 11th century brought wealth and prosperity to the village, particularly with the introduction of a weekly market and annual fairs, and the proximity of Binham to the important pilgrim shine in Walsingham would have both brought more people through the village. The socio and economic factors of the 14th century affected the village greatly, including the Black Death and it seems that the settlement was also slow to recover during the post medieval, possibly also due to the loss of the priory when it was closed by Henry VIII. By the 19th century however the village seems to have been a thriving rural settlement and was taking the shape of the current village layout seen today.

There is plenty of scope for further archaeological work in Binham. It is recommended that all the lithics from the test pits are analysed by a lithic expert, which will more accurately pin point the date and spread of prehistoric activity in Binham. It would also be useful to have the Romano-British pottery analysed by a Roman expert to better determine where the Roman pottery derived from that will give an indication of trade at that time. Where possible, it would also benefit for the features identified in 11 of the test pits to be re-examined with larger excavations to determine their full extent, use and date and even though 32 of the 59 test pits were excavated to natural in the time available, the presence of additional archaeological finds likely still exist under the current village.

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10 Acknowledgements

All the excavations in Binham were directed by Carenza Lewis, with on-site supervision provided by Catherine Collins, Natalie White, Clemency Cooper, Jessica Rippengal, David Page, Gary Marriner, Andrew Rogerson and Paul Blinkhorn who also analysed the pottery. The Higher Education Field Academy was funded by Aim Higher Norfolk, managed by Lorraine Sturman and the European Social Fund. Additional test pit supervision was provided by Undergraduate Student Ambassadors from the University of East Anglia in Norwich and we are very grateful for their assistance.

Our local coordinators in the village were Carolyn Wright, David Frost, Alan Eagle and Pennie Alford, who with other members of the Binham Local History Group found all the test pit sites prior to each excavation. They were also on hand during each two- day digging event for further advice and support and organised the volunteers for each community test pit excavation in Binham and our thanks go to all those who took part in the excavations. David Frost also kindly consulted on this report. Our base for each year’s excavation was Binham Priory.

Our gratitude must go to all the property owners in Binham who allowed the excavations to continue in their gardens, greens, fields and open spaces. Thank you also to the 154 Year 9 and Year 10 school students who excavated the test pits and the staff and volunteers who supervised them. The schools involved with the excavations were Sheringham High School, Stalham High School, Alderman Peel High School, Fakenham High School and College, North Walsham High School, Cromer Academy, Reepham High School, Litcham High School and Paston Sixth Form College (school names correct at the time of the excavations).

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11 References

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Behr, C and Pestell, T (with contribution from Hines, J) 2014. ‘The Bracteate Hoard from Binham – An Early Anglo Saxon Central Place?’ Medieval Archaeology 58: 44-77

Beresford, M.W. 1957. The Lost Villages of England. London

Beresford, M.W. and Hurst, J.G. 1971. Deserted Medieval Villages. London

Burstall, E.B. 1957. ‘A monastic agreement of the 14th century’. Norfolk Archaeology Volume. 31: 211-218

Cope-Faulkner, P. 2009. Assessment of the Archaeological Investigation undertaken at Binham Priory, Binham, Norfolk. Archaeological Project Services Report No: 137/08

Cope-Faulkner, P and Anderson, S. 2015 ‘Binham Priory: Recent excavations and artefact studies’. Norfolk Archaeology Volume 47: 133-169

Cushion, B and Davison, A. 2003. ‘Earthworks of Norfolk, Monastic sites’. East Anglian Archaeology Report 104

Gerrard, C. 2003. Medieval Archaeology: understanding traditions and contemporary approaches. London

Gregory, T and Gurney, D. 1986. 'Excavations at Thornham, Warham, Wighton and Caistor St Edmund, Norfolk', East Anglian Archaeology 30

Hoskins, W.G. 1955. The Making of the English Landscape. London

Hundleby, A. R. 2004. The Priory church of St Mary & the Holy Cross and the Monastic Precinct of Binham, Norfolk. Binham Parochial Church Council

Jones, R and Page, M. 2007. Medieval Villages, Beginning and Ends. Windgather Press

Lewis, C. 2005. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2005’, MSRG Annual Report 20, 9-16

Lewis, C. 2006. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2006’, MSRG Annual Report 21, 37-44

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Lewis, C. 2007b. ‘New Avenues for the Investigation of Currently Occupied Medieval Rural Settlement – Preliminary Observations from the Higher Education Field Academy’. Medieval Archaeology 51, 131-161

Lewis, C. 2008. ‘Test pit excavation within occupied settlements in East Anglia in 2008’, MSRG Annual Report 23, 60-68

Lewis, C. 2009. ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements: results of the HEFA CORDS project in 2008’. MSRG Annual Report 24: 60-68.

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Lewis, C. 2012 ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements – results of the University of Cambridge CORS project in 2011’. MSRG Annual Report 27, 42-56

Lewis, C. 2013 ‘Test pit excavation within currently occupied rural settlements – results of the University of Cambridge CORS project in 2012’. MSRG Annual Report 28, 77-89

Lewis, C., Mitchell Fox, P., and Dyer, C. C. 2001. Village, Hamlet and Field. Macclesfield: Windgather

Medlar, M. 2007 ‘Rural Settlement in North Norfolk’. The Glaven Historical Issue No.10: 49-56

Mills, A.D. 2011. A Dictionary of British Place Names. First Edition Revised Oxford: University Press

North Norfolk District Council Planning Policy Team. 2008. North Norfolk Local Development Framework, Design Guide and Supplementary Planning Document. Cromer: North Norfolk District Council (accessed from: https://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/tasks/planning-policy/view- design-guide/)

Rickett, R. 1991. ‘Chapter 3: The Other Forts of Norfolk’. In Davies, J.A; Gregory, T; Lawson, A.J; Rickett, R and Rogerson, A The Iron Age Forts of Norfolk. East Anglian Archaeology Report No.54

Roberts, B.K. 1987. The Making of the English Village. Harlow

Roberts, B.K. and Wrathmell, S. 2000. An Atlas of Rural Settlement in England. London

Roberts, B.K. and Wrathmell, S. 2003. Region and Place. London

Sheail, J. 1968. The Regional Distribution of Wealth in England as indicated in the 1524/5 Lay Subsidy Returns. Unpublished PhD thesis submission for UCL (accessed from www.discover.ucl.ac.uk/1317893/1/296847_Vol_1.pdf)

Taylor, P. 2009 The Toll-Houses of Norfolk. Ipswich: Polystar Press

Trimble, G. 1999. ‘Report on an Archaeological Evaluation at Priory Road, Binham, Norfolk’. Norfolk Archaeological Unit Report 370

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Wright, J. 2017 ‘The Binham Fieldbook of 1576’. The Glaven Historian Issue No 15: 23-39

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12 Appendices

12.1 Pottery Reports – Paul Blinkhorn

All Pottery Types

BA: Bronze Age. Simple, hand-made pots with large amounts of flint mixed in with the clay. Dates to around 1200 – 800 BC.

LBA/IA: Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age. Simple, hand-made pots with burnt white flint mixed in with the clay. Date to around 1200 – 500 BC

RB: Roman Greyware. This was one of the most common types of Roman pottery, and was made in many different places in Britain. Lots of different types of vessels were made, especially cooking pots. It was most common in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, but in some places, continued in use until the 4th century.

RB: Roman. An assortment of common types of Roman pottery such as shelly ware and Nene Valley Colour-Coated Ware, and was made in many different places in Britain. Lots of different types of vessels were made.

EMS/ES: Early Anglo-Saxon Hand-Built Wares. Crude pottery made by the pagan Anglo-Saxons. Was first made after the Roman pottery industries ceased production after the legions withdrew. Most people probably made their own pottery of this type, dug from clay close to where they lived and fired in bonfires. Most pots were plain, simple forms such as jars and bowls, but some, usually used as cremation urns, were decorated with stamps and scored linear patterns. First made around AD450, very rare after AD700.

IW: Ipswich Ware. The first industrially produced pottery to be made after the end of the Roman period. Made in Ipswich, and fired in kilns, some of which have been excavated. Most pots were jars, but bowls also known, as are jugs. It is usually grey and quite smooth, although some pots have varying amounts of large sand grains in the clay. Very thick and heavy when compared to later Saxon pottery, probably because it was made by hand rather than thrown on a wheel. Dated AD720 – 850.

THET: Thetford ware. So-called because archaeologists first found it in Thetford, but the first place to make it was Ipswich, around AD850. Potters first began to make it in Thetford sometime around AD925, and carried on until around AD1100. Many kilns are known from the town. It was made in Norwich from about AD1000, and soon after at many of the main towns in England at that time. The pots are usually grey, and the clay has lots of tiny grains of sand in it, making the surface feel a little like fine sandpaper. Most pots were simple jars, but very large storage pots over 1m high were also made, along with jugs, bowls and lamps. It is found all over East Anglia and eastern England as far north as Lincoln and as far south as London.

EMW: Early Medieval Sandy Ware: AD1100-1400. Hard fabric with plentiful quartz sand mixed in with the clay. Manufactured at a wide range of generally unknown sites all over eastern England. Mostly cooking pots, but bowls and occasionally jugs also known.

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SHW: Medieval Shelly Ware. AD1100-1400. Made a several different places in Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire. The clay that the potters used has a lot of small pieces of fossil shell in it, giving the pots a speckled appearance. Sometimes, in acid soils, the shell dissolves, giving the sherds a texture like cork. Mainly cooking pots, although bowls and jugs were also made.

DSW: Developed Stamford Ware. AD1150-1250. High-quality pottery made from a white clay, usually with a pale green or yellow glaze with lots of green spots caused by the potters mixing fine copper filings into it. Mostly glazed jugs.

GRIM: Grimston Ware. Made at Grimston, near King’s Lynn. It was made from a sandy clay similar to that used for Thetford ware, and has a similar ‘sandpaper’ texture. The clay is usually a dark bluish-grey colour, sometimes with a light-coloured, buff or orange inner surface. It was made between about AD1080 and 1400. All sorts of different pots were made, but the most common finds are jugs, which usually have a slightly dull green glaze on the outer surface. Between AD1300 and 1400, the potters made very ornate jugs, with painted designs in a reddish brown clay, and sometimes attached models of knights in armour or grotesque faces to the outside of the pots. It is found all over East Anglia and eastern England. A lot of Grimston ware has been found in Norway, as there is very little clay in that country, and they had to import their pottery. Nearly half the medieval pottery found in Norway was made at Grimston, and was shipped there from King’s Lynn.

HED: Hedingham Ware: Late 12th – 14th century. Fine orange/red glazed pottery, made at Sible Hedingham in Essex. The surfaces of the sherds have a sparkly appearance due to there being large quantities of mica, a glassy mineral, in the clay. Pots usually glazed jugs.

CSW: Cambridgeshire Sgraffito Ware. Made between 1400-1500. Vessels usually jugs made from a clay which fired to a red colour. The outer surface of the pot was then covered with white liquid clay (‘slip’) and designs scratched through the slip to reveal the body clay underneath (‘sgraffito’ decoration). The whole was then covered in a pale yellow glaze, with the scratched patterns appearing red.

LMT: Late Medieval Transitional Ware: Hard, reddish-orange pottery with lots of sand mixed in with the clay. Made from about 1400 – 1550 in lots of different places in East Anglia. Used for everyday pottery such as jugs and large bowls, and also large pots (‘cisterns’) for brewing beer.

GS: German Stonewares. First made around AD1450, and still made today. Made at lots of places along the river Rhine in Germany, such as Cologne, Siegburg and Frechen. Very hard grey clay fabric, with the outer surface of the pot often having a mottled brown glaze, with some having blue and purple painted decoration, and others moulded medallions (‘prunts’) with coat-of-arms or mythical scenes on them. The most common vessel type was the mug, used in taverns in Britain and all over the world. Surviving records from the port of London (‘port books’) show that millions such pots were brought in by boat from Germany from around AD1500 onwards.

CW: Cistercian Ware: Made between AD1475 and 1700. So-called because it was first found during the excavation of Cistercian monasteries, but not made by monks. A number of different places are known to have been making this pottery, particularly in the north of England and the midlands. The pots are very thin and hard, as they were made in the first coal-fired pottery kilns, which reached much higher temperatures than the wood-fired types of the medieval period. The clay fabric is usually brick red or purple, and the pots covered with a dark brown- or purplish-black

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glaze on both surfaces. The main type of pot was small drinking cups with up to six handles, known as ‘tygs’. They were sometimes decorated with painted dots and other designs in yellow clay. Cistercian ware was very popular, and is found all over England.

GRE: Glazed Red Earthenwares: Just about everywhere in Britain began to make and use this type of pottery from about AD1550 onwards, and it was still being made in the 19th century. The clay fabric is usually very smooth, and a brick red colour. Lots of different types of pots were made, particularly very large bowls, cooking pots and cauldrons. Almost all of them have shiny, good-quality orange or green glaze on the inner surface, and sometimes on the outside as well. From about AD1680, black glaze was also used.

MB: Midland Blackware. AD1580 – 1700. Similar to Cistercian ware, but clay fabric is softer, with much more sand in it. Vessels usually tall cups, jugs and bowls.

WCS: Cologne Stoneware. Hard, grey pottery made in the Rhineland region of Germany from around 1600 onwards. Usually has lots of ornate moulded decoration, often with blue and purple painted details. Still made today, mainly as tourist souvenirs.

TGE/DW: Delft Ware. The first white glazed pottery to be made in Britain. Called Delft ware because of the fame of the potteries at Delft in Holland which first made it in Europe, although it was invented in the Middle East. Soft, cream coloured fabric with a thick white glaze, often with painted designs in blue, purple and yellow. First made in Britain in Norwich around AD1600, and continued in use until the 19th century. The 17th century pots were expensive table wares such as dishes or bowls, but by the 19th century, better types of pottery was being made, and it was considered very cheap and the main types of pot were such as chamber pots and ointment jars.

HSW: Harlow Slipware. Similar to glazed red earthenware (GRE), but with painted designs in yellow liquid clay (‘slip’) under the glaze. Made at many places between 1600 and 1700, but the most famous and earliest factory was at Harlow in Essex.

SS: Staffordshire Slipware. Made between about AD1640 and 1750. This was the first pottery to be made in moulds in Britain since Roman times. The clay fabric is usually a pale buff colour, and the main product was flat dishes and plates, but cups were also made. These are usually decorated with thin brown stripes and a yellow glaze, or yellow stripes and a brown glaze.

EST: English Stoneware: Very hard, grey fabric with white and/or brown surfaces. First made in Britain at the end of the 17th century, became very common in the 18th and 19th century, particularly for mineral water or ink bottles and beer jars.

SMW/MANG: Staffordshire Manganese Ware, late 17th – 18th century. Made from a fine, buff- or red-coloured clay, with the pots usually covered with a mottled purple and brown glaze, which was coloured by the addition of powdered manganese. A wide range of different types of pots were made, but mugs and chamber pots are particularly common.

SWSG: Staffordshire White Salt-Glazed Stoneware. Hard, white pottery with a white glaze with a texture like orange peel. Made between 1720 and 1780, pots usually table wares such as tea bowls, tankards and plates.

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VIC: ‘Victorian’. A wide range of different types of pottery, particularly the cups, plates and bowls with blue decoration which are still used today. First made around AD1800.

12.1.1 2009 Pottery Results

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

EMW GRIM LMT GRE MANG EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 3 19 37 139 1550-1900 1 2 1 4 1 7 59 272 1200-1900 1 3 1 19 47 157 1680-1900 1 4 1 24 1 8 13 23 1550-1900 1 5 1 22 2 4 31 87 1150-1900 1 6 2 12 7 39 2 6 1100-1500 1 21 1 4 1800-1900 1 7A 2 56 1 3 1100-1300 1 7B 1 2 1100-1200

This test-pit produced pottery from the medieval period to the present day, and shows that there have been people living at the site from around about the 12th century onwards. The pottery from contexts 7A and 7B show that the wall found in the pit is medieval, and probably dates to the 13th century.

Test Pit 2

This test-pit produced a range of pottery which shows that people have been living at the site for at least 1,000 years. There was also a piece of Early Saxon pottery found, which shows that people were using the site around 1,500 years ago. The bottom two contexts only produced medieval pot, showing that they are undisturbed layers dating to that time.

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Test Pit 3

This test-pit only produced pottery which shows that people were using the site between 900 and 1300. The pieces are both quite large, so it seems likely they were found were they were broken, and people were living here. The site seems to have been abandoned between the 14th century and the mid-16th century, but used ever since then.

Test Pit 4

The piece of Thetford ware shows that people were using this site before the Norman Conquest and the building the priory, but it then seems to have been fields or unused until after the priory was closed by Henry VIII. The large quantities of Victorian finds suggest that the test pit was located on the site of the pit were the people who lived on the site disposed of their rubbish at the time. The bottom context only produced late Saxon pot, showing that it is an undisturbed layer dating to that time.

Test Pit 5

This test-pit produced a wide range of pottery which suggests that people were using this site in the 10th and 11th centuries, but it may have been abandoned between 1100 and 1400. The rest of the pot shows that people have been living here ever since.

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Test Pit 6

GRE MANG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 12 17 1800-1900 6 2 1 48 1 1 11 82 1550-1900 6 3 13 86 1800-1900 6 4 13 188 1800-1900

The pottery from this test-pit indicates that the site was unused before 1550, but archaeological layers dating to before then are likely to have been destroyed during building work for the building that is on the site at the present.

Test Pit 7

The pottery form this site shows that people were living here between the 12th – 14th centuries, but it appears to have been abandoned after that time until the mid-16th century.

Test Pit 8

This test pit produced a lot of late Saxon and medieval pottery, and also a few pieces of Roman material. All the medieval and Roman pottery is very small, and suggests that the layers in which it was found were field or garden soils, with the continual digging meaning that all the pottery got broken into small pieces. The pottery would have been put on the fields mixed in with domestic rubbish as manure. It seems to have been continually used as fields until the 15th or 16th centuries, after which time very little pottery was deposited, suggesting abandonment, or it reverted to grassland.

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The bottom six contexts only produced medieval and earlier pot, showing that they are undisturbed layers dating to that time.

Test Pit 9

EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 1 1 1 1800-1900 9 2 1 1 2 7 1100-1900 9 4 4 11 1100-1200

All the pottery from this test-pit was either early medieval or Victorian. It suggests that the site was occupied briefly in the 12th century, but then fell from use until the 19th century. Context 4 only produced medieval pottery, indicating that there are undisturbed deposits of that date at that depth.

Test Pit 10

This site produced a fairly wide range of pottery which suggests that people have been using it from around 1100 until the present, although there is no pottery that can be definitely dated to between 1350 and 1450.

Test Pit 11

RB THET EMW SHW GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 2 2 21 1 4 1550-1900 11 3 1 11 1 14 100-1200 11 4 1 5 900-1100 11 5 3 24 1 16 1 3 100-1200

This test-pit produced pottery which shows that people were living here in Roman times, and then were using the site in the early part of the medieval period. It then seems to have been abandoned and not really occupied again.

132

Test Pit 12

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 12 1 1 24 1800-1900 12 2 6 9 1800-1900 12 3 5 10 1800-1900 12 4 2 6 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, and it seems likely that the site lay outside the village until the 19th century, and was not really used by people before that time.

Test Pit 13

Most of the pottery from this test-pit is early medieval or Victorian. It seems likely that people lived here in the 12th and 13th centuries and again perhaps from the 16th century until the present.

Test Pit 14

RB EMW GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 14 1 2 2 100-400 14 2 3 8 1 1 1 4 2 2 100-1900 14 3 3 18 100-400 14 4 5 12 100-400 14 5 1 4 1 1 100-1900

This test-pit produced a lot of Roman pottery, which is due to there being a site of that date quite close to it. The site then appears to have been abandoned until the 12th and 13th centuries, when it may have been fields, and again until the 19th century.

Test Pit 15

RB IW EMW GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 15 2 1 3 1 2 1 19 100-1600 15 6 2 6 1800-1900 15 7 1 7 2 2 720-1200 15 7 1 42 720-850

133

This site produced a single sherd of Roman pottery, probably due to there being a known site of that date nearby, but also Ipswich ware, which is the first evidence we have of people living in Binham in the middle Saxon period, i.e. in the 8th and early 9th centuries. The site then appears to have been abandoned, although it may have been used as fields in the 12th, 16th and 19th centuries.

12.1.2 2010 Pottery Report

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 1 4 1800-1900 1 2 3 9 1100-1200 1 3 2 9 1200-1300 1 4 2 4 1 7 1 2 1 1 1100-1900 1 5 14 56 1100-1200 1 6 8 34 1 30 1100-1300

Most of the pottery from this test-pit is medieval, and shows that the site was occupied in the 12th – 14th centuries, but was then deserted, and saw very little use afterwards.

134

Test Pit 2

This test-pit produced a wide range of pottery types, and also a large number of sherds. They show that the site has been continually occupied by people since the 12th century.

Test Pit 3

EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 3 1 28 21 178 1680-1900 3 4 15 123 1800-1900 3 7 1 10 1800-1900

This test-pit produced very little pottery, and nearly all of it dates to the Victorian era. As the house on the site is quite old, it seems likely that the test-pit was sited on an area of the garden which was used for rubbish disposal in the 19th century.

135

Test Pit 4

This test-pit produced a fairly wide range of pottery types, but none of them date to before the 15th century, indicating that the site was unoccupied until around AD1400. It appears to have been in use ever since that time.

Test Pit 5

GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 1 10 11 34 1680-1900 5 3 1 35 4 7 1550-1900 5 4 5 21 1800-1900 5 5 5 62 1800-1900 5 6 3 7 1800-1900 5 7 1 5 7 8 1680-1900 5 8 1 2 1800-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit dates to around 1700 or later, with most of it Victorian. It indicates that the site was not used much before then.

Test Pit 6

RB EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 100-1900 6 2 2 9 1800-1900 6 3 1 9 1550-1750 6 4 3 15 2 2 3 26 1200-1900 6 5 3 19 2 8 1100-1300 6 6 2 19 1 5 1100-1900

This site produced a single sherd of Roman pottery, showing that it was used at that time, but also that it was then abandoned until the earlier medieval period, probably the 12th century. People then lived at the site until the 14th century, after which time it was again deserted, and was little-used until Victorian times.

136

Test Pit 7

BA RB IPS EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 1 10 1 27 100-1900 7 3 2 7 1800-1900 7 4 1 3 720-850 7 5 1 2 100-200 7 10 1 5 1100-1200 7 11 1 1 1200-800BC

This test-pit shows that the site has seen a number of periods of occupation. It was first used in prehistoric times, in the Bronze Age, and then deserted until Roman times, then again deserted until the middle Saxon period, probably the 8th century. It again fell from use until the medieval period, the 12th century, then once again abandoned until the Victorian era.

Test Pit 8

The site of this test-pit was first used by people in the late Saxon period, probably the 10th century, and appears to have been in use ever since, although the small amounts of pottery suggest in was on the periphery of a settlement.

Test Pit 9

This test-pit produced mainly Victorian pottery, but there are other sherds which show that it was used by people in the Roman times and the 12th – 13th century.

137

Test Pit 10

This test-pit shows that the site was used in Roman times, but was then abandoned until the 10th or 11th centuries, after which time it was re-occupied in the 12th century, and used until the 16th century. It then appears to have been abandoned until the 18th century, and was extensively used in the 19th century.

Test Pit 11

GRE EST VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 2 1800-1900 11 2 8 304 13 31 1550-1900 11 3 1 4 1 2 5 14 1550-1900

All the pottery was this test-pit was of post-medieval date, and it appears that there was no activity at the site before the 16th century.

Test Pit 12

The pottery from this test-pit shows that there was activity at the site in the Roman period, and also it was then abandoned at the end of that era until late Saxon times, probably the 10th century. It then appears to have been continually occupied until the 14th century, since when it has had little use other than perhaps as fields.

138

Test Pit 13

RB IW TGE SS VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 2 1 4 1 9 700-1700 13 3 1 4 100-400 13 4 1 1 1800-1900 13 5 1 3 1 2 700-1700

This test-pit did not produced much pottery, but that which occurred shows that the site was used in the Roman, middle Saxon and post-medieval period, probably the 17th century in the case of the last-named.

Test Pit 14

139

12.1.3 2011 Pottery Report

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

IPS THET EMW GRIM GS GRE DW SS EST SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 1 5 1 5 1 7 3 16 1200-1900 1 2 2 7 1 4 10 27 1550-1900 1 3 1 1 1 3 3 14 1 3 10 19 900-1900 1 4 1 3 11 56 1 3 2 6 2 5 7 16 1100-1900 1 5 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 9 4 28 1 4 2 2 14 35 720-1900 1 6 2 25 1 2 6 35 5 9 720-1900 1 7 6 17 5 25 2 15 1100-1600 1 8 6 13 1100-1200

This test-pit produced a wide range of different pottery types which show that the site was first occupied in the middle Saxon period, and appears to have been in use more or less ever since, although there may have been breaks in activity in the late Saxon and Late medieval periods.

140

Test Pit 2

ES IPS THET EMW GRIM HED LMT GS GRE HSW TGE SMW VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 2 3 14 2 5 1100-1300 2 3 2 9 3 3 2 10 1 2 7 10 900-1900 2 4 3 12 1 2 2 6 1 2 11 15 1100-1900 2 5 1 16 7 32 1 4 1 1 2 12 1 1 720-1900 2 6 1 4 13 42 1 18 2 4 1 4 900-1700 2 7 1 8 3 22 450-1200 2 8 1 4 8 15 3 18 900-1300 2 9 1 3 3 9 12 25 720-1200 2 10 8 19 4 20 1 2 1100-1300 2 11 16 33 3 11 1100-1300 2 12 1 9 3 7 1 3 900-1300

This test-pit produced a wide range of different pottery types which show that the site was first occupied in the early Saxon period, and appears to have been in use more or less ever since. The sherd of early Saxon pottery is decorated with stamps and incised lines, and may be a fragment of a cremation urn, although such pottery also occurs on domestic sites

141

Test Pit 3

The pottery from this test-pit shows that the site was in use from the 12th – 16th centuries, but it then appears to have been abandoned until the 19th century.

Test Pit 4

GRE SMW VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 2 1 1 7 17 1550-1900 4 3 1 17 1 6 6 8 1550-1900 4 4 1 4 24 56 1550-1900

All the pottery from this test-pit is post-medieval, and suggests that then site was used from around the late 16th century, but probably in a marginal way, perhaps as fields.

142

12.1.4 2012 Pottery Report

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

RB EMW VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 1 4 9 1800-1900 1 2 2 5 1800-1900 1 3 6 8 1800-1900 1 4 1 7 1 3 100-1900 1 5 1 3 1100-1200 1 6 2 7 1100-1200

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, but that which is here shows that people were using the site in the Roman and early medieval periods, perhaps as fields. The rest is Victorian.

Test Pit 2

RB GRIM GRE VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 2 1 2 100-1900 2 2 1 2 2 2 1200-1900 2 4 2 2 1800-1900 2 5 1 2 1800-1900 2 6 2 2 1800-1900 2 8 1 13 2 2 1550-1900

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, but that which is here shows that people were using the site in the Roman, medieval and early post-medieval periods, perhaps as fields. The rest is Victorian.

Test Pit 3

VIC TP Context No Wt Date Range 3 1 3 8 1800-1900 3 2 2 5 1800-1900

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, and it is all Victorian. This suggests that people did not use the site before then.

143

Test Pit 4

RB GRIM VIC TP Context No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 3 1 4 2 6 1200-1900 4 5 2 20 100-400 4 6 5 23 100-400 4 7 2 5 100-400 4 8 2 7 100-400

This test-pit did not produce much pottery, but that which is here shows that people were using the site in the Roman and early medieval periods. It seems likely that people were living here in Roman times, but it was then abandoned, or perhaps used as fields.

Test Pit 5

Most of the pottery from this test-pit is Victorian, but there was also low-level activity here in the Roman period and then again in late Saxon and early medieval times. It then seems to have been abandoned until the post-medieval period, with the small amounts of pottery present suggesting a use as fields is the most likely.

Test Pit 6

RB GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 100-1900 6 2 5 17 5 12 100-1900 6 3 2 14 1 2 100-1900 6 4 15 86 100-400 6 5 6 98 100-400 6 6 16 61 100-400 6 7 2 6 100-400 6 8 1 5 100-400 6 9 9 31 100-400 6 10 1 5 100-400

Nearly all the pottery from this test-pit is Romano-British, and shows that there was intense activity here during that period. The site then seems to have been abandoned until the post- medieval period, after which time there was little pottery deposition, and the site was probably a field or similar.

144

Test Pit 7

LBA/IA RB VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 1 3 18 1 10 100-1900 7 2 1 2 6 22 2 3 1000BC-1900AD 7 3 10 50 1 3 100-1900 7 4 6 12 1 1 100-1900 7 5 1 3 1 5 1000BC-400AD 7 7 4 55 100-400 7 9 2 14 1000-BC-50AD

Small amounts of prehistoric pottery were present, showing the site was used at that time, but otherwise nearly all the pottery from this test-pit is Romano-British, and shows that there was intense activity here during that period. The site then seems to have been abandoned until the Victorian era after which time there was little pottery deposition, and the site was probably a field or similar.

Test Pit 8

LBA/IA RB IW GRIM GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 5 34 1 5 1 2 2 2 100-1900 8 2 8 29 100-400 8 3 4 7 100-400 8 4 10 36 100-400 8 5 1 3 16 84 1 17 1000BC-850 8 6 3 7 18 41 1000BC-400AD 8 7 4 9 7 25 1000BC-400AD 8 8 5 16 1000-BC-50AD 8 9 9 30 1000-BC-50AD 8 10 2 3 1000-BC-50AD 8 11 1 2 1000-BC-50AD

Nearly all the pottery from this test-pit is prehistoric and Romano-British, and shows that there was intense activity here during those periods, and quite probably continuity of settlement. There is also a sherd of middle Saxon pottery, indicating that the site was used at that time, and single sherds from the medieval and post-medieval periods. This all suggests that the site was probably used as fields after the Romans,

Test Pit 9

RB EMW GRIM VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 2 3 13 1800-1900 9 3 2 4 3 7 1100-1900 9 5 3 9 1 3 1100-1400 9 6 3 22 1100-1200 9 7 1 1 100-400

145

Most of the pottery form this test-pit is medieval, but it is mostly very worn, and probably from a field-soil rather than people living at the site. The single small sherd of Roman pottery suggests it had a similar use at that time.

Test Pit 10 No pottery excavated

Test Pit 11

VIC TP Cntxt No Wt Date Range 11 3 1 5 1800-1900

This test-pit only produced a single sherd of Victorian pottery, which suggests that the site has never really been used by people.

Test Pit 12

RB GRIM CW GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 100-1550 12 3 2 3 1550-1600 12 4 3 8 2 2 1200-1900

This test-pit produced small quantities of Roman, medieval and post-medieval pottery, which indicates that the site has had a somewhat marginal use in the last 2000 years.

Test Pit 13 No pottery excavated

146

12.1.5 2013 Pottery Report

No = number of sherds Wt = weight of sherds in grams

Test Pit 1

EMW GRIM GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 1 2 1 2 1800-1900 1 3 1 2 1 16 2 2 1 5 1100-1900 1 4 1 6 2 54 1200-1600

This test-pit only produced a small quantity of pottery, but it shows that people were using the site in the early medieval period. It then seems to have been largely abandoned until the Victorian era, but may have been used as fields in the intervening years.

Test Pit 2

THET EMW GRIM LMT CW GRE HSW EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 2 1 1 2 5 6 1470-1900 2 2 1 1 2 4 10 25 1100-1900 2 3 1 3 4 12 1680-1900 2 4 1 4 1 2 1600-1900 2 5 4 27 1100-1200 2 6 1 11 4 12 2 7 900-1550 2 7 5 16 1100-1200 2 8 3 14 1 2 1100-1400

This test-pit produced a lot of pottery, which shows that people were living here throughout the medieval period, and possibly before the Norman Conquest. It was still used in the post- medieval period, possibly as fields, until the Victorian era.

Test Pit 3

GRE VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 3 4 1 3 1550-1600 3 7 2 16 1800-1900 3 8 1 15 1550-1600

The pottery from this site indicates that people did not use the site until the post-medieval period, and it was probably fields throughout that time.

147

Test Pit 4

RB VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 4 1 1 3 1800-1900 4 2 1 1 1800-1900 4 4 1 2 100-400

There was very little pottery from this site, but it suggests that it was probably used as fields in Roman times. It then seems to have been abandoned until quite recently.

Test Pit 5

BA VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt Date Range 5 2 2 12 1800-1900 5 6 2 8 1200-800BC 5 7 4 16 1200-800BC 5 8 2 8 1200-800BC

The pottery from this site shows that people were living here in prehistoric times, certainly in the late Bronze Age, and possibly into the early Iron Age. One of the sherds has very faint decorative lines on the surface, and may be as early as the middle Bronze Age, c 1500BC.

Test Pit 6

EMW GRIM GS GRE WCS TGE SMW EST SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 6 1 2 17 1 2 1550-1750 6 2 1 1 1800-1900 6 3 1 2 1600-1700 6 4 1 12 6 30 2 10 1 3 2 3 1550-1750 6 5 1 4 1680-1750 6 6 1 10 1200-1400 6 7 1 8 1100-1200

This test-pit produced a very wide range of pottery which shows that people have been more or less continuously using the site since around the beginning of the medieval period, although there seems to have been a break between about 1400 and 1550.

Test Pit 7

EMW GRIM GRE SMW EST VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 7 2 6 18 1800-1900 7 3 8 31 1800-1900 7 4 11 39 1800-1900 7 5 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 1 12 50 1100-1900 7 6 1 2 1 7 1680-1900 7 7 2 17 1800-1900

148

The pottery from this test-pit shows that people have been more or less continuously using the site since the beginning of the medieval period, probably as fields, although there seems to have been a break between about 1400 and 1550.

Test Pit 8

EMW GRIM GRE HSW SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 8 1 1 1 1 7 1 6 1100-1900 8 2 1 2 2 5 4 9 1200-1900 8 3 1 1 1 1 8 23 1200-1900 8 4 3 10 1 2 10 26 1550-1900 8 5 1 1 1 1 1100-1900 8 6 2 3 1 2 1 1 1100-1900 8 7 5 22 1 5 1 1 1100-1600 8 8 5 17 1100-1200 8 9 5 27 1100-1200

This test pit produced a lot of early medieval pottery which shows that people were living here between 1100 and 1400. The site then seems to have been abandoned until the 16th century, and has been in use ever since.

Test Pit 9

EMW GRIM SMW ES VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 9 2 1 5 1800-1900 9 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 6 6 21 1100-1900 9 4 8 21 1 1 1100-1750 9 5 7 34 1 3 1100-1400 9 6 5 11 2 66 1100-1400 9 7 5 8 2 6 1100-1400

This test pit produced a lot of early medieval pottery which shows that people were living here between 1100 and 1400. The site then seems to have been abandoned until the late 17th or 18th century, and has been in use ever since.

Test Pit 10

RB EMW GRIM SMW VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 10 2 1 3 1 12 1 12 1 1 1100-1900 10 3 2 14 2 14 2 3 1200-1900 10 5 1 12 100-400

This test pit produced a fairly large piece of Roman pottery, suggesting that the site was used as fields at that time. It then seems to have been abandoned until the early medieval period, between 1100 and 1400, then abandoned gain until the late 17th or 18th century..

149

Test Pit 11

RB THET EMW GRIM CIST SS VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 22 900-1900 11 2 3 72 1800-1900 11 3 2 4 2 26 100-1900 11 4 2 9 1 1 100-1900 11 5 8 16 1 3 3 6 900-1900

This test-pit produced a fairly wide range of pottery, but most of it is Victorian. It suggests that the site had a fairly marginal role from the Roman period onwards, and was probably fields until the Victorian era.

Test Pit 12

BA RB VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 12 2 1800-1900 12 3 1 1 5 9 100-1900 12 4 6 40 5 12 100-1900 12 5 9 27 100-400 12 6 1 2 9 257 1200BC-400

Most of the pottery form this test-pit is Roman, suggesting that there were people living here at that time. There is also a sherd of Bronze Age material, but the site appears to have been otherwise largely unused until the Victorian era.

Test Pit 13

RB THET EMW GRIM SWSG VIC TP Cntxt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt Date Range 13 1 3 7 100-400 13 2 2 9 1 1 100-1750 13 3 2 4 1 2 1 2 100-1900 13 4 2 13 1 11 100-1900 13 5 1 1 1800-1900 13 6 3 5 4 18 1 4 100-1200 13 8 2 3 100-400

The large quantity of Roman pottery from this site shows people were living here at that time, and it was probably fields in the late Saxon and early medieval period. It then seems to have been largely abandoned until the 19th century.

150

12.2 Other Finds – Catherine Collins

12.2.1 2009 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery) sea shells x11 flat red tile fragments x7 clear container glass = 29g, animal = 220g, red CBM iron nails x2 = 35g, coal x31 = C. 1 x11 = 54g, clear bone x1 =2g, fragments x54 = 512g, scrap iron x2 = 14g 60g window glass x4 = 5g concrete x4 clay pipe stem x2 = 5g =12g

flat red tile fragments x4 = 144g, modern dark slag x1 =32g, metal cockle shells x3 red flat tile fragment x1 buckles x2= 16g, iron clear container glass burnt stone = 5g, animal = 91g, red CBM nails x8 = 73g, bullet C. 2 x13 = 69g, green x2 = 55g, bone x4 = 6g, fragments x 23 = 144g, cartridge = 12g, bottle glass x2 =9g coal x7 =32g sea shells x6 = clay pipe stem x2 = 7g, metal button = 2g, 12g clay pipe bowl fragment scrap iron x1 = 23g x1 = 4g

white Perspex flat red tile fragments x7 metal handle fixings slate pencil = green bottle glass x2 = 12g, oyster = 405g, red CBM x2 = 94g, scrap iron 1g, coal x3 = C.3 = 30g, clear container shell x3 = 13g, fragments x7 = 226g, x6 = 26g, iron nails 7g, worked glass x8 = 35g sea shell x1 = clay pipe stem x2 = 5g x6 = 88g flint? x2 =7g 2g mussel shell x1 = 2g, mortar x5 red CBM fragments x3 clear container glass scrap iron x4 = 11g, = 104g, cockle C.4 = 239g, flat red tile x1 =9g, green bottle coal x8 = 20g iron nails x5 = 43g shell x1 = 1g, fragments x4 = 72g glass x1 =2g oyster shell x1 =<1g

lump of chalk red CBM fragments x6 mortar x4 = C.5 x1 = 1g, coal = 28g 113g x3 = 6g oyster shell x2 = 7g, cockle worked flint? shell x1 =2g, C.6 x1 = 5g, coal mussel shell x1 x5 = 7g = 2g, mortar x1 = 3g red CBM fragments x2 C.7b = 52g coal x2 = red CBM fragments x2 10g, burnt cockle shell x1 C.20 = 10g stone x1 = =<1g 10g cockle shell x1 green bottle glass x2 flint? x2 = 4g, C.21 scrap iron x4 = 5g = 1g, sea shell = 7g coal x4 = 6g x1 = <1g Table 56: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/1

151

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery)

cockle shell red CBM fragments clear container fragments x2 = 1g, C. 1 coal x3 = 8g x3 = 8g glass x1 = 23g oyster shell fragments x1 = 2g

red CBM fragments x8 = 31g, flat red tile coal x4 = 6g, fragments x1 = 19g, clear container waste flint? x2 oyster shell x2 = C. 2 iron nails x1 = 16g curved red tile glass x1 =2g = 4g, burnt 13g fragments x1 = 24g, stone x1 = 10g clay pipe stem x1 =2g

oyster shell x1 = C.3 3g, cockle shell x1 = <1g oyster shell x1 = C.4 10g coal x4 = <1g, C.5 marble? =4g lump marble = C.7 845g Table 57: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/2

152

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

clear container glass red CBM fragments C. 1 x1= 4g, clear window iron nails x1 = 5g coal x9 = 9g x18 = 64g glass x1 = 1g

red CBM fragments clear container glass metal ring for coal x11 = x9 = 26g, dirty yellow x3= 8g, clear window bottle? opening = sea shell x1 = C. 2 28g, burnt CBM fragments x3 = glass x5 = 8g, green <1g, iron nails x2 1g stone x1 = 3g 8g bottle glass x3 = 4g = 12g

green bottle glass rim bead = 2g, = 22g, clear window iron nails x2 = 27g, coal x25 = button = <1g, red CBM fragments glass x5 = 3g, green thin metal hoop = C.3 54g, flint x1 mussel shell x1 x10 = 107g bottle glass x2 =1 4g, <1g, scrap iron x4 =11g = <1g, mortar clear container glass = 11g x2 =11g x2 = 6g

oyster shell x1 slate pencil? clear window glass x4 = 4g, cockle flat red tile fragments modern hook = = 2g, coal x8 = 7g, clear container shell fragments C.4 x2 = 63g, red CBM 10g, iron nails x8 = 24g, burnt glass x2 = 9g, green x4 = 3g, fragments x4 = 33g = 76g stone x2 = bottle glass x2 = 4g mussel shell x1 59g = 2g

flat red tile fragments green bottle neck and x3 = 227g, red CBM rim = 26g, clear fragments x5 = 50g, container glass x5 = slag x2 = 43g, iron coal x16 = plaster? x1 = C.5 dirty yellow CBM 18g, green bottle nails x6 = 51g 38g 11g fragments x3 = 48g, glass x4 = 15g, clear clay pipe stem x1 = window glass x2 = 4g 3g,

red CBM fragments oyster shell x3 clear container glass scrap iron x2= 6g, coal x14 = C.6 x20 = 148g, flat red = 24g, sea x2 = 3g iron nails x6 = 68g 34g tile fragments x2= 75g shell x1 = 4g

red flat tile fragments x3 = 98g, red CBM fragments x 13 = scrap iron x2 = chalk x1 = 3g, green bottle glass x2 oyster shell x1 C.7 109g, clay pipe bowl 18g, iron nails x1 = coal x20 = = 5g = 9g fragment x1 = 2g, 5g 30g dirty yellow CBM fragment x2=21g Table 58: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/3

153

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 4 pottery) working concrete x6 = 93g, mortar x5 = green bottle glass x2 flat sheet metal red CBM fragments 54g, snail shells =23g, clear container folded over = 58g, x41 = 518g, flat red tile coal x52 = x2 = 3g, pink C. 1 glass x13 = 92g, iron nails x4 = fragments x6 = 227g, 159g Perspex x1 = 2g, clear window glass 35g, scrap iron x5 clay pipe stem x2 = 3g cockle shell x1 x11 =24g = 139g =4g, white Perspex x1 = 2g pink Perspex x2 curved red tile clear glass bottle part of a horse =3g, oyster shell fragments x8 = 631g, base = 84g, clear shoe? x2 = 27g, x4 – 12g,cockle flat red tile fragments container glass x28 = metal blade? = shells x16 = 30g, x6 =245g, red CBM 161g, clear window C. 2 31g, iron nails x7 coal x19 = 75g mortar x5 = fragments x43 = glass x21 = 83g, = 87g, metal ring 121g, white 1218g, modern drain orange bottle glass = 7g, scrap iron Perspex x4= 26g, fragments x1 = 204g, x7 = 98g, green x3 = 27g concrete x3 = clay pipe stem x1 = 3g bottle glass x4 = 50g 89g

large neck and rim of flat red tile fragments clear glass bottle = mortar x1= 5g, iron nails x3 =53g, x7 = 403g, curved red 93g, green bottle chalk lumps x4 cockle shell x12 metal button = 1g, C.4 tile fragments x3 = glass x3 = 17g, clear = 24g, coal = 22g, pink scrap iron x4 = 199g, red CBM container glass x6 x16 = 26g Perspex = 11g, 100g fragments x11 = 243g =55g, clear window concrete x1 =12g glass x2 = 7g

orange bottle glass pink Perspex x1 red CBM fragments neck = 22g, green iron nails x4 = coal x7 = 19g, = 2g, cockle shell x12 = 77g, curved red C.5 bottle glass x5 = 35g, 58g, scrap iron x4 chalk lump x1 x7 = 11g, button tile fragments x1= 97g, clear window glass = 10g =5g = 1g, mortar x1 = clay pipe stem x1 = 2g x4 = 7g 30g curved red tile clear container glass iron nails x2 = fragments x1 = 66g, coal x3 = 3g, cockle shell x3 = C.6 x10 = 11g, green 40g, metal button red CBM fragments flint? =2g 3g bottle glass x3 = 8g = 2g x14 = 255g degraded green red CBM fragments x9 oyster shell x1 = C.7 bottle glass base = coal x4 = 2g = 104g 31g 95g red CBM fragments x2 oyster shell x1 = C.8 coal x2 =9g = 117g 19g Table 59: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/4

154

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

flat red tile blue plastic cake modern nails x2 = fragments x5 = candle holder = <1g, clear window glass 23g, metal 6 sided 195g, red CBM burnt stone concrete x1 =11g, x13 = 21g, green bolts x2 = 47g, fragments x34 = x1 = 7g, sea shells x4 = 6g, C. 1 bottle glass x4 = scrap metal x4 = 127g, curved red coal x30 = cockle shell x1 = 2g, 13g, clear container 10g, iron nails x16 tile fragments x2 = 78g oyster shell x1 = 6g, glass x12 = 86g = 108g, slag x1 = 130g, clay pipe mortar x2 = 11g, 10g stem x1 = 4g carved wood = 4g

red CBM fragments clear container metal ring = 19g, x14 = 140g, flat red glass x11 = 69g, long iron nails x2 = parts of battery x5 = tile fragments x2 = green bottle glass 78g, metal fastening 111g, cockle shell x6 90g, clay pipe stem x1 = 24g, clear = 3g, iron nails x8 = coal x5 = = 11g, oyster shell C. 2 x3 = 5g, decorated window glass x3 = 98g, metal button = 87g x1 =4g, animal bone clay pipe bowl 10g, light green 2g, coin = 2g, silver x3 = 3g, sea shells fragment (figures bottle glass x1 = foil milk bottle lid = x2 =8g and coat of arms) = 17g, clear glass <1g 6g bottle neck = 3g

part of battery x1 = green bottle glass curved red tile 18g, rubber bike? x3 = 10g, orange coal x22 = fragments x2 = metal spring x1 = handle covering = bottle glass x2 =2g, 49g, slate 21g, red CBM 21g, scrap iron x13 42g, cockle shell C.3 clear window glass x1 = 2g, fragments x62 = = 144g, iron nails x5 fragments x13 = 7g, x13 = 19g, clear slate pencil 361g, clay pipe = 22g cockle shells x17 = container glass x18 = 1g stem x3 = 6g 17g, sea shell x6 = = 51g 9g, mortar x7 =47g

curved red tile clear window glass coal x2 = mortar x1 =3g, snail fragments x2 = x4 = 5g, clear iron nails x2 = 17g, 24g, flint? shells x58 = 80g, sea 48g, red CBM container glass x3 end of shotgun C.4 x1 = 8g, shell x1 = 4g, cockle fragments x7 = = 18g, green bottle cartridge = 5g, scrap burnt stone shells x7 = 14g, 76g, clay pipe stem glass x1 = 1g, clear iron x2 = 102g x1 = 7g mussel shell x3 =4g x3 = 10g glass blob = 4g

animal bone x3 = 4g, red CBM fragments part of horse shoe snail shells x4 = 2g, x13 = 127g, flat red clear container x1 = 57g, iron nails oyster shell x4 = C.5 tile fragments x9 = glass x1= 1g x5 = 56g, slag x2 21g, cockle shell x3 102g, clay pipe =22g = 9g, mortar x5 = stem x4 = 9g 159g red CBM fragments clear window glass coal x3 = sea shells x3 = 5g, x51 = 227g, flat red x2 = 5g, clear 15g, burnt mortar? x2 = 61g, C.6 tile fragments x3 = container glass x2 scrap iron x7 = 50g stone x1 = cockle shell x3 = 2g, 31g, clay pipe stem = 16g, green bottle 10g animal bone x3 = 5g x2 = 3g glass x1 = 11g Table 60: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/5

155

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

scrap iron x8 = 37g, cockle shells x46 = flat red tile iron nails x13 = 55g, 165g, animal bone clear container C. 2 fragments x1 = valve? = 6g, slag? flint? x1 = 10g x5 =4g, red plastic glass x5 = 40g 10g x1 =4g, ring pull? x1 x1 = <1g, mussel = <1g shell x2 = 4g

clear container cockle shell x105 = glass x10 = 150g, iron nails x2 =9g, chalk lump x1 C.3 351g, mussel shell green bottle glass scrap iron x3 = 23g = 8g x3 = 9g x1 = 2g

green bottle glass red CBM x1 = 6g, clear cockle shell x16 = C.4 fragments x1 scrap iron x1 = 2g container glass x6 49g =24g = 106g Table 61: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/6

156

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 7 pottery) working

clear glass marble = 5g, clear window glass clay pipe stem x6 = x3 = 4g, green bottle whet scrap iron x2 = cockle shell x1 = C. 1 9g, clay pipe bowl glass x3 = 7g, clear stone? = 44g <1g fragments x1 = <1g container glass x1 = 39g 2g, degraded glass x1 =4g

black bottle stopper dark red glass x4 = 7g, iron nails x2 = = 20g, cockle shell clay pipe stem x4 = coal x3 = clear container glass x4 11g, one penny x1 = <1g, toy tire = C. 2 5g, clay pipe bowl 4g, chalk = 28g, green bottle coin dated 1985 = 34g, oyster shell x= fragments x1 = 2g x2 = 5g glass x2 = 15g 3g 3g, green plastic x2= <1g

clay pipe stem x20 = flat round metal 38g, clay pipe bowl disc with large oyster shell x1 = coal x6 = fragment “Browns clear container glass x2 hole in centre = 16g, cockle shell x6 C.3 17g, slate Norwich” = 3g, clay = 6g 24g, modern = 8g, concrete x1 x1 =4g pipe bowl fragment screw = 12g, iron =25g x1 = 1g nails x2 = 51g

sea shell x1 =3g, coal x3 = mussel shells x2 clay pipe stem x19 = crushed metal 157g, =4g, white plastic 31g, red CBM clear container glass x1 tube (like glue?) = round stone x1 = <1g, cockle C.4 fragments x4 = 42g, = 6g, clear window 8g, iron nails x3 = ball = 15g, shell x21 = 35g, clay pipe bowl glass x1 =5g 26g chalk lump oyster shell x1 = fragments x1 = 1g = 4g 24g, animal tooth =4g

red CBM fragments iron nails x4 = coal x2 cockle shell x6 = C.5 x2 = 20g, clay pipe 68g =19g 14g stem x15 = 31g clay pipe stem x9 = chalk lump C.6 iron nails x1 = 5g cockle shell x3 = 5g 18g x1 = 7g

cockle shell x10 = flat red tile fragments 11g, sea shells x2 = x1 = 42g, red CBM chalk lumps green bottle glass x1 = iron nails x2 = 4g, black bottle C.7 fragments x1 = 8g, x2 = 10g, 3g 14g stopper = 15g, clay pipe stem x15 coal x1=3g oyster shell x3 = =24g 25g, mortar x1 = 6g

very thin flat red CBM fragment x1 oyster shell x1 =4g, rectangular plate coal x5 = C.8 = 18g, clay pipe stem container glass x1 =4g cockle shell x1 = metal = 7g, iron 5g x1 =2g <1g nails x1 = 3g Table 62: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/7

157

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) orange bottle red CBM fragments glass x1 = 21g, black plastic = 1g, x14 = 71g, clay pipe iron nails x2 = 14g, clear container coal x38 = mortar x 1 = 4g, part C. 1 stem x2 = 6g, flat red metal cover around glass x1 = 2g, 42g of battery x2 = 28g, tile fragments x1 = lock for key = 10g green bottle glass oyster shell x1 = 3g 30g x1 = 1g clay pipe stem x4 = orange bottle 6g, flat red tile iron nails x2 = 14g, coal x13 oyster shell x4 glass x1 =1 g, C. 2 fragments x3 = 95g, part of horseshoe? =21g, slate =32g, cockle shell clear container red CBM fragments x1 = 5g x2 =5g x3 = 3g glass x2 =3g x20 = 83g red CBM fragments sea shell x5 = 9g, x21 = 147g, flat red clear container mortar x1 = 6g, coal x3 = tile fragments x1 = glass x2 = 2g, cockle shell x10 = C.3 iron nails x9 = 52g 8g, chalk 69g, clay pipe stem clear window 14g, concrete x2 = =6g x4 = 8g, modern CBM glass x3 = 6g 11g, plastic sticks fragment x 1 = 22g x2 = 2g

sea shell x1 = 2g, oyster shell clay pipe stem x3 = clear window scrap iron x1 = 4g, fragment x1 = <1g, C.4 7g, clay pipe bowl coal x2 = 4g glass x1 =1g iron nails x3 = 14g mussel shell x1 = fragment x1 =2g 2g, cockle shell fragments x3 = 1g

animal bone x1 = coal x1 = <1g, cockle shell clay pipe stem x1 = <1g, burnt C.5 fragments x2 = 2g, 1g stone? x1 = oyster shell 1g fragments x1 = <1g

cockle shell x8 = red CBM fragments iron nails x1 = 3g, C.6 10g, animal bone x1 x1 = 14g slag? x2 = 7g = <1g cockle shell C.7 fragments x4 = 2g cockle shell C.8 fragments x3 = 2g Table 63: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/8

Test Pit Ceramic Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 9 (excluding pottery) working

flat red tile fragments x6 round head iron nail = 115g, red CBM x1 =10g, flat long fragments x15 = 72g, red cockle shell x1 C. 1 metal plate with brick fragment with grey =1g rounded head at strip through middle = one end = 48g 272g

flat red CBM fragments burnt stone C. 2 x4 = 58g, red CBM lumps iron x2 = 46g sea shell x1 = 3g x3 = 8g fragments x6 =15g red CBM fragments x10 coal x5 = flat lump lead? = sea shell x1 = C.3 = 24g, flat red tile 7g, burnt 95g <1g fragments x1 =39g stone =1g red CBM fragments x1 = C.4 coal =<1g <1g Table 64: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/9

158

Ceramic Metal & Test (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other Pit 10 pottery) working

sea shell x2 = 3g, white clear container red CBM Perspex x1 = 3g, cloth x1 glass x4 = 18g, fragments x14 = iron nails x10 = = <1g,cockle shell x24 = green bottle glass coal x15 = 56g, C. 1 63g, modern CBM 55g, slag x1 = 17g, clear plastic wrapper x1 = 2g, clear flint x1 =2g fragments x2 = 10g = <1g, concrete x4 = 24g, window glass x6 = 28g lump of melted plastic = 8g <1g, oyster shell x1 = <1g

clear window glass flat red tile cockle shells x15 = 28g, x3 =1 4g, clear iron nails x5 = fragments x6 = coal x23 = 26g, mussel shell x1 =2g, sea container glass x1 39g, metal wire C. 2 158g, red CBM burnt stone x1 shells x3 = 8g, =3g, light green = <1g, metal ring fragments x21 = =3g concrete/mortar x8 = bottle glass x3 = = 2g 130g 123g 6g red CBM clear container cockle shell x15 = 29g, fragments x19 = glass x6 = 36g, iron nails x1 coal x25 = 43g, concrete/mortar x17 = C.3 88g, flat red tile clear window glass =8g, decorated burnt stone x2 92g, sea shells x2 = 5g, fragments x4 = x2 = 8g, light green metal fixing = 9g = 31g clear plastic wrapper x2 = 100g bottle glass x1 =4g <1g, netting = <1g

flat red tile fragments x5 = clear container 130g, red CBM coal x28 = 43g, cockle shell x8 = 25g, glass x3 = 7g, iron nails x3 = C.4 fragments x97 = worked flint? oyster shell x2 =23g, green bottle glass 27g, slag =11g 448g, yellow CBM =6g mussel shell x1 =2g x2 = 6g fragments x18 = 108g

red CBM coal x2 = 8g, button = <1g, cockle shell fragments x13 = iron nails x1 = chalk lumps x2 C.5 x2 = 1g, sea shell x1 = 67g, flat red tile 13g =15g, burnt 3g, concrete x2 =13g fragments x1 =36g stone =2g green glazed tile fragment x1 = 54g, clear window glass coal x18 = 19g, red CBM x1 =1 g, clear modern nail x1 cockle shell x1 =2g, C.6 chalk lumps x1 fragments x11 container glass x1 =3g cloth? = 4g =3g =67g, red flat tile = <1g fragments x1 =21g red CBM C.7 coal x3 = 3g mussel shell x9 = 20g fragments x1 =22g Table 65: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/10

159

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery)

half a drinks can ‘Jokers pinky red drain Quash’ = 25g, large iron black rubber fragments, bolts x4 = 403g, scrap iron clear container tube = 23g, flat corrugated on x5 = 41g, slag x1 = 26g, glass x7 = 39g, black rubber C. 2 outside x4 = iron nails x18 = 157g, metal coal x8 = 29g clear window fragments x4 = 295g, red CBM wire x5 = 31g, metal wire glass x2 = 6g 21g, asbestos x1 fragments x2 = with white china lid attached = 65g 35g = 22g, metal plate with lip along one side = 426g

clear window C.3 iron nails x1 = 15g coal x2 = 2g glass x1 = 2g

chalk lumps x1 =5g, coal x1 = C.5 7g, burnt stone x1 =4g, waste flint x2 = 3g

oyster shell x1 = C.6 flint? x1= 2g 4g Table 66: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/11

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery) flat red tile fragment burnt stone? C. 1 x1 = 18g, red CBM x1 = 110g fragments x1 =2g

red CBM fragments x11 = 61g, flat red clear container cockle shell tile fragments with glass x3 = 9g, fragments x1 = C. 2 iron nails x2 = 14g mortar on both sides clear window glass 2g, lump mortar x3 = 353g, modern x6 = 9g x1 = 16g grey tile x1 = 28g

iron object – flat on one side, slightly curved on cockle shell x6 flat red tile fragment other, with sharpened burnt stone = 4g, oyster C.3 x2 = 54g point at one end = 135g, x2 = 15g shell fragment thin scraps of copper? x4 =<1g =2g

yellow mortar x4 small round = 12g, mussel red CBM fragments clear container scrap iron fragments x1 C.4 stone shell x1 =<1g, , x3 = 10g glass x2 = 3g = 7g marble? = 4g cockle shell x1 =<1g Table 67: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/12

160

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 13 working pottery)

orange bottle glass x2 = 14g, clear container coal x19 = glass x2 =3g, flat light 17g, white Perspex x4 = red CBM iron nails (round head) C. 1 green bottle glass x1 = possible 6g, cockle shell x1 fragments x5 = 20g x1 = 8g <1g, clear window glass flint flake =2g x1 = 0g, blue container x1 = <1g glass x1 = <1g

clear container glass iron bolts x2 = 78g, red CBM x29 = 63g, light green scrap iron x8 = 236g, cockle shell x3 fragments x25 = coal x31 = bottle glass x5 = 11g, iron nails x13 = 107g, =4g, part of a 72g, thick flat red 53g, chalk clear window glass x27 slag x1 = 44g, small battery x1 = 19g, C. 2 tile fragment (black lumps x9 = = 48g, orange bottle flat metal rings x2 = mother of pearl on one side) x1 = 40g, slate glass x2 = 10g, glass 2g, small thin round handle fragment? 43g, clay pipe stem x3 = 5g marble =5g, decayed piece of metal tubing = = 7g x1 =2g glass x1 = 1g 1g

tiny, almost complete clear glass bottle =11g, iron nails x10 = 66g, slate x1 = clear container glass lump of twisted lead? 9g, coal x4 sea shells x7 = red CBM C.3 x13 = 51g, light green x1 = 2g, scrap iron x3 =4g, chalk 13g, cockle shells fragments x4 = 19g bottle glass x2 = 4g, = 77g, end shotgun lumps x2 = x3 = 4g clear window glass x2 = cartridge = 8g 4g 5g lumps iron x2 = 11g, coal x9 = cockle shell x4 = clear window glass x2 red CBM iron nails x7 = 78g, 17g, flint 9g, white/pink C.4 =4g, clear container fragments x3 = 74g thin flat strip of metal = flake? x1 Perspex = 3g, glass x7 = 23g 5g =2g seas shell x1 = 3g red CBM oyster shell x1 = fragments x1 =4g, dark green bottle glass coal x8 = C.5 9g, white Perspex clay pipe stem x1 = x1 = <1g 12g x1 = <1g <1g cockle shell x1 = orange bottle glass x1 = flint x1 = red CBM 1g, mussel shell x1 C.6 2g, clear window glass iron nails x2 = 19g 10g, coal fragments x3 = 49g = <1g, oyster shell x1 =1g x6 =34g x1 =1g

mussel shells x3 = chalk red CBM 6g, snail shells x1 C.7 lumps x1 fragments x1 = <1g =3g, cockle shells =2g x1 = 1g cockle shell coal x4 = C.8 iron nails x1 =5g fragments x1 = 10g <1g Table 68: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/14

161

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 14 working pottery) red CBM fragments C. 1 x1 =2g clear container waste flint x8 = red CBM fragments glass x4 = 18g, iron nails x2 = 7g, 15g, coal x9 = C. 2 x11 = 28g green bottle glass scrap iron x2 = 56g 17g, burnt x2 = 8g stone x1 = 3g

, flat red tile coal x5 = 16g, oyster shell x1 = 1g, fragments x1 = 34g, green bottle glass iron nails x5 = 37g, sand stone x3 C.3 black rubber? tube red CBM fragments x3 = 11g lump iron = 20g = 42g, burnt fragment =1g x13 = 46g stone x1 = 3g

coal x3 = 2g, red CBM fragments C.4 flint flake x1 = oyster shell x2 =2g x9 = 35g 3g red CBM fragments chalk lumps x1 C.5 x13 = 60g, clay pipe lump iron x1 =46g =2g, coal x1 oyster shell x1 =3g stem x1 = 2g =4g Table 69: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/14

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 15 working pottery) coal x5 = 21g, red CBM fragments oyster shell x2 = C. 1 chalk lumps x1 x4 = 15g 5g =2g

flat red tile coal x3 =3g, fragments x1 =25g, metal wire = 4g, slag burnt stone oyster shell x1 = C. 2 red CBM fragments x1 = 5g x1=3g, flint x1 7g, x4 = 8g = 5g red CBM fragments scrap iron x1 = 9g, slag concrete/mortar C.3 x4 = 11g x1 =6g x1 = 7g light green bottle C.4 coal x1 = <1g shell x1= <1g glass x1 =2g C.5 iron nail =5g coal x1 = 4g shell =<1g coal x2 = 6g, red CBM fragments C.6 flint flake? x1 = x1 =2g 1g red CBM fragments C.7 flint? x1 = 2g x2 = 18g daub sample C.9 x28 = 2319g Table 70: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/09/15

162

12.2.2 2010 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 1 working pottery) cockle shell x1 C. 1 =3g green bottle glass burnt stone x2 = C. 2 snail shell x1=<1g x1 =2g 19g lump of chalk x1 clay pipe stem x1 green bottle glass corroded iron nails cockle shell x3 = C.3 =1g, waste flint? =2g x3 = 13g x1 =5g 7g x4 =11g

C.4 snail shell x4 =7g

red CBM fragments waste flint? x2 oyster shell x1 C.5 x1 =<1g =5g =5g

cockle shell x3 C.6 =2g Table 71: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/1

163

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 2 working pottery)

flat red tile cockle shell x9 =7g, clear container modern nails x1 =7g, fragments x2 mortar x8 = 39g, snail glass x3 =21g, corroded iron scraps coal x32 = C. 1 =103g, red CBM shell x3 =6g, concrete clear window x3 =13g, corroded 53g fragments x59 x3 =14g, oyster shell x1 glass x2 =4g iron nails x3 = 28g =277g =1g

half a clear glass corroded iron nails mortar x3 =55g, mussel red CBM fragments coal x36 = cup base and x16 = 97g, corroded shell x1 =2g, cockle x77 = 496g, curved 80g, slate x2 stem = 109g, clear iron bolts x2 = 60g, shell x19 = 21g, oyster red tile fragments =12g, waste window glass x8 part of a horseshoe? shell x2 =11g, snail C. 2 x2 =67g, clay pipe flint? x3 =13g, green bottle =23g, corroded iron shell x3 =5g, white stem x2 =1g, clay =11g, chalk glass x2 =3g, scraps x4 =11g, Perspex x2 =7g, blue pipe bowl lumps x3 clear container squashed lead lid? Perspex x1 =2g, animal fragments x1 =3g =7g glass x3 =3g =5g bone x3 =3g

green bottle glass base = 62g, clear coal x20 cockle shell x21 =19g, window glass x3 =25g, chalk red CBM fragments corroded iron nails x4 mortar x2 =12g, C.3 =5g, clear lumps x7 = x73 = 211g =13g concrete x1 =7g, snail container glass x7 18g, waste shell x7 =17g =12g, green bottle flint? x4 =9g glass x2 =3g

curved red tile fragments x5 = clear container coal x26 = 241g, flat red tile glass x3 =12g, 42g, slate x3 fragments x20 = clear window corroded iron nails =4g, , waste cockle shell x28 = 41g, 487g, red CBM glass x4 =4g, x13 =93g, slag x1 = C.4 flint? x5 = oyster shell x14 =25g, fragments x244 degraded green 17g, scrap corroded 16g, burnt snail shell x10 =17g =1173g, clay pipe bottle glass x1 iron lumps x10 =76g stone? x1 stem x8 =25g, clay =10g, white glass =6g pipe bowl x1 =2g fragments x5 =27g

flat red tile fragments x3 = 77g, red CBM corroded iron nails x1 snail shells x2 =5g, C.5 fragments x20 =9g animal bone x1 =<1g =96g, clay pipe stem x1 =2g flat red tile fragments x3 = coal x5 =8g, cockle shell x1 =2g, 67g, red CBM corroded iron nails x1 C.6 waste flint? oyster shell x3 =7g, , fragments x9 = =8g x3 =13g animal bone x3 =3g 20g, clay pipe stem x1 =3g red CBM fragments x10 =45g, flat red coal x8 = tile fragments x1 corroded iron nails x2 C.7 42g, waste oyster shell x2 =7g =70g, curved red =8g flint? x3 =9g tile fragments x1 =97g slightly curved red coal x1 =1g, tile fragments x1 corroded iron nails x4 C.8 waste flint? oyster shell x1 =4g =64g, red CBM =27g x1 =<1g fragments x4 =14g Table 72: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/2

164

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 3 working pottery)

cockle shell fragments red CBM coal x3 x9 = 8g, mussel shell fragments x4 clear container corroded rectangular =11g, chalk fragments x2 =2g, C. 2 =9g, curved red glass x7 = 39g metal plate = 116g lumps x3 oyster shell fragments tile fragments x2 =10g x1 =<1g, snail shells =31g x1 =3g corroded metal base of can = 97g, coal x3 =2g, corroded lumps of flat red tile chalk lumps clear container scrap iron x22 =47g, fragments x3 = x1 =8g, burnt cockle shell fragments glass x17 = 220g, U shaped iron tack/pin C.3 57g, red CBM stone x1 x3 =<1g, snail shell x1 green bottle glass = 8g, corroded iron fragments x6 = =2g, small =3g x1 =5g nails x2 =17g, thin 37g round stone semi-circle metal ball =2g band (like a bracelet) =5g

clear glass bottle red CBM bases x11 = 512g, fragments x8 = clear glass bottle 31g, flat red tile corroded iron nails x2 lumps of necks and rims x6 = C.4 fragments x1 =11g, corrode iron chalk x3 =9g, 172g, clear =33g, small red lump scraps x5 = 11g coal x4 =5g container glass brick fragments x224 =1226g, clear x1 = 200g flat glass x18 = 48g

clear container mussel shell C.5 glass x18 = 87g fragments x1 =3g clear container red CBM coal x1 =1g, oyster shell fragments glass x12=65g, corroded iron scraps C.6 fragments x4 chalk lumps x1 =<1g, mortar x1 clear flat glass x5 = 16g =39g x2=2g =27g x2=6g chalk lumps red CBM corroded iron lumps clear container x2 =6g, sand C.7 fragments x2 x4 = 74g, end of glass x4 =43g stone x3 =11g shotgun cartridge = 6g =10g coal x1 =<1g, C.21 worked flint? =3g Table 73: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/3

165

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 4 working pottery) modern red CBM green bottle lump of chalk C. 1 fragments x2 =116g glass x1 =1g x1 =5g

slightly curved red tile fragments x3 =139g, burnt stone x1 red CBM fragments x9 corroded iron nails oyster shell x1 =1g, clear container =5g, coal x10 C. 2 = 48g, modern drain x2 =20g, metal cockle shell x2 glass x3 =16g =35g, lumps of fragments x3 = 57g, fastening? =<1g =4g, mortar =22g chalk x3 =7g flat red tile fragments x3 = 176g

flat red tile fragments part of thin x1 =52g, red CBM horseshoe? =10g, clear window lumps of chalk C.3 fragments x4 =26g, slag? x1 =19g, glass x1 =4g x3 =7g slightly curved red tile corroded iron ring fragment x1 =31g =4g

centre part of battery =15g, piece of black bendy flat red tile fragments corroded iron nails C.4 coal x1 =<1g rubber? = 59g, x2 =46g x2 =9g oyster shell x2 =31g, cockle shell x1 =<1g

green bottle glass x4 =33g, clay pipe stem x2 =4g, clear window corroded iron nails snail shell x1 =2g, red flat tile fragment x1 glass x2 =2g, x2 =13g, end of chalk lumps x1 C.5 oyster shell x8 = =44g, red CBM light green glass shotgun cartridge =1g 21g fragments x3 =21g stem? of large x1 =3g glass feature = 64g oyster shell x2 = 208g, centre part of corroded iron nails chalk lumps x2 battery =15g, red CBM fragments x4 C.6 x1 =10g, small =2g, coal x4 oyster shell =78g metal button =<1g =3g fragments x5 = 7g, mussel shell fragments x3 =3g flat red tile fragments waste flint? x1 oyster shell x1 C.7 x1 =37g, red CBM =1g =<1g fragments x2 =5g

curved red tile corroded iron nails oyster shell x2 fragments x3 = 139g, waste flint x1 x2 =14g, lumps of =15g, cockle shell C.8 red CBM fragments =8g, chalk corroded iron x4 x1 =2g, part of a x10 =29g, clay pipe lumps x4 =7g =36g battery =2g bowl fragments x1 =2g Table 74: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/4

166

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 5 working pottery) clear glass draw animal bone x1 knob? = 11g, green =<1g, oyster shell red CBM coal x11 = 26g, bottle glass x2 =2g, part of a horse shoe fragments x1 =<1g, fragments x3 = lumps of chalk C. 1 clear container =14g, corroded iron snail shell x2 =5g, 15g, clay pipe x17 = 45g, burnt glass x2 =1g, clear nails x2 =15g mortar? x2 =22g, stem x1 = 5g stone? x2 =6g window glass x1 cockle shell =1g fragments x5 =2g oyster shell x1 =5g, red CBM clear container slag x1 =20g, coal x18 = 45g, cockle shell x13 C. 2 fragments x8 = glass x1 =3g, green corroded iron nails lumps of chalk =10g, mortar? x1 60g bottle glass x2 =12g x2 =13g x10 =23g =1g, snail shell x5 =7g small rectangular clear glass bottle cockle shell x2 =2g, (minus the neck) chalk lumps x1 mortar? x1 =18g, C.3 =16g, clear window =9g, coal x2 Plasticine? made glass x3 = 8g, clear =27g clown head and hat container glass x1 =<1g =12g clay pipe stem coal x8 =20g, cockle shell x17 = clear window glass x1 =1g, red slate x1 =6g, 16g, mussel shell C.4 x3 =6g, green bottle CBM fragments chalk lumps x2 x1 =2g, mortar x3 glass x2 =28g x3 =23g =9g =13g C.5 coal x2 =9g mortar x1 =13g red CBM clear container corroded iron nails fragments x3 glass x2 = 6g, coal x4 =9g, cockle shell C.6 x2=7g, corroded =28g, clay pipe green bottle glass waste flint? =3g fragments x1 =<1g lumps of iron x1=8g stem x3 =6g x1 =4g clay pipe stem corroded iron nails oyster shell C.7 x1 =2g x2 =26g fragment x1 =1g Table 75: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/5

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 6 working pottery) red CBM fragments clear window glass coal x1 =<1g, oyster shell x1 C. 1 x3 =12g, half a clay x1 =<1g, green waste flint? x1 =<1g pipe stem x1 =<1g bottle glass x1 =<1g =2g

asbestos x5 red CBM fragments corroded iron nails =5g, oyster shell C. 2 x3 =23g, clay pipe x1 =10g x1 =2g, grey stem x2=5g plastic? x1 =<1g

two bits of iron wire clay pipe stem x2 twisted together and =5g, flat red tile corroded = 5g, round stone? cockle shell x3 C.3 fragments x1 =37g, modern screw = 4g, ball =10g =3g red CBM fragments corroded iron nails x1=<1g x3 =17g

clay pipe stem x3 animal tooth waste flint x1 C.4 =12g, clay pipe bowl fragment x1 =6g fragment x1 =2g =<1g

clay pipe stem x2 clear container glass C.5 =6g x1 =1g cockle shell C.8 fragment x1 =<1g clay pipe stem x1 waste flint? x1 C.9 =<1g =3g Table 76: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/6

167

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 7 pottery) working

chalk x1 =2g, red CBM fragments C. 1 coal x2 =4g, burnt x8 =89g stone x1 =2g

green bottle glass burnt stone x2 red CBM fragments x2 =6g, clear =50g, coal x1 C. 2 slag? x1 =20g x7 = 75g container glass =2g, waste flint? x1 =2g x3 =8g red CBM fragments tarmac x2 =51g, C.3 burnt stone =31g x1 =2g concrete x1 =57g burnt stone x1 flat red tile C.4 =3g, waste flint? fragments x1 =15g x1 =2g waste flint x2 C.5 =10g flat red tile charcoal x4=3g, C.6 coal x1 =2g fragments x1 =8g mortar x6 =22g C.7 coal x1 =7g burnt stone x1 C.10 =4g, waste flint charcoal x2 =<1g x1 =7g coal x1 =<1g, C.11 sand stone? x2 =8g Table 77: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/7

168

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 8 working pottery) concrete and red CBM combined x1 = 168g, cockle shell red CBM fragments clear window coal x10 C. 1 fragments x3 =2g, x20 = 34g glass x4 =6g =17g green thin fragile layered material (like paper) x3 =<1g long section of thick curved red tile bent corroded metal fragments x3 = 98g, clear flat glass x4 ‘wire’ = 79g, corroded flat red tile fragments =5g, clear concrete x4 =640g, iron nails x4 =9g, x1 =66g, thin flat container glass asbestos x7 = 50g, rectangular flat plate coal x4 C. 2 modern black ‘tile’? x7 = 23g, snail shell x1 =0g, of iron with small =12g fragments x2 = 8g, degraded green oyster shell fragment round hole in one red CBM fragments bottle glass x1 x1 =<1g corner = 33g, U x44 = 456g, clay =8g shaped metal pin/tack pipe stem x1 =2g = 22g

red CBM fragments lump of concrete x1 =115g, corroded metal screw x55 = 334g, curved clear container chalk x1 cockle shell C.3 x1 =6g, slag?? x1 red tile fragments x2 glass x1 =3g =52g, coal fragments x1 =<1g, =77g =66g x1 =<1g asbestos x2 =10g flat red tile fragments chalk lump x3 = 71g, red CBM clear container x1 =7g, C.4 slag?? x4 = 173g fragments x42 = glass x1 =7g coal x6 = 332g 26g flat red tile fragments clear plastic wrapper x3 = 84g, red CBM clear container corroded iron nails x1 coal x7 = fragment x 1=<1g, C.5 fragments x35 = glass x2 =3g =7g, slag x1 =2g 25g concrete x1 =13g, 394g, clay pipe stem cockle shell x1 =2g x1 =1g red CBM fragments x18 = 92g, flat red waste flint C.7 tile fragments x1 =4g x1=11g red CBM fragments C.8 x9 = 55g Table 78: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/8

169

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 9 working pottery)

curved red tile fragments x1 =24g, red CBM fragments x9 clear window glass corroded iron nails burnt stone x1 C. 2 = 76g, slightly curved x1=2g x2 =14g =9g orange/red tile fragments x1 =34g

green bottle glass flat red tile fragments plate of iron x1 x4 =9g, clear burnt stone? x4 =108g, curved red =10g, corroded iron window glass x1 x1 =8g, coal cockle shell x2 C.3 tile fragments x2 =78g, nails x3 =25g, =3g, clear x2 =14g, chalk =3g red CBM fragments x9 corroded iron bolts container glass x1 lump =1g =56g x2= 56g =1g

corroded iron nails flat red tile fragments x5 =50g, metal cockle shell x2 x2 =102g, green clear container plate x1 =6g, bullet C.4 coal x3 =7g =<1g, oyster shell CBM? fragments x2 glass x1 =7g casing? =9g, x1 =<1g =4g corroded iron bolt x1 =36g

clear window glass flat red tile fragments corroded iron nails x3 =5g, green oyster shell x1 =31g, curved red x5 = 36g, corroded coal x4 =13g, bottle glass x2 fragments x2 =7g, C.5 tile fragments x1 scrap iron x2 =3g, waste flint? x2 =20g, blue cockle shell =129g, red CBM copper? pipe =5g container glass x1 fragments x1 =1g fragments x2 =1g fragment x1 =2g =9g

corroded iron nails red CBM fragments x1 x3 =28g, long C.6 snail shell x1 =3g =5g corroded iron bolt = 37g corroded iron nails C.7 x1 =10g

snail shell fragments x9 = C.8 3g, mussel shell fragments x3 =2g

waste flint? x1 oyster shell x1 C.9 =10g =6g red CBM fragments x1 corroded iron nails waste flint? x2 C.10 =2g x1 =6g =3g burnt stone? oyster shell x1 C.12 x1 =48g =80g

coal x2 =<1g, burnt stone x1 C.13 =9g, waste flint x2 =2g

Table 79: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/9

170

Test Pit Ceramic (excluding Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 10 pottery) working

dirty yellow tile and brick fragments with red paint corroded iron nails x6 = 279g, dirty yellow tile clear container x1 =10g, corroded and brick fragments with glass x8 = 156g, iron scraps x2 =7g, green paint x1 =105g, red clear glass bottle slag? =2g, triangular central part of a CBM fragments x4 = 51g, coal x7 C. 1 stopper = 14g, flat plate of iron with battery =15g, dirty yellow/grey CBM =11g clear window glass screw top with holes mortar x2 =5g fragment x1 =4g, modern x1 =3g, green glass and two remnant red brick fragment with bottle base = 119g screws along the concrete attached and edges = 79g green paint on facing edge = 293g

red CBM fragments x29 corroded iron scraps =811g, curved red tile x9 = 48g, round fragments x2 = 174g, dirty coal x16 = asbestos x3 = head modern nail x1 yellow flat tile with clear window glass 54g, chalk 45g, concrete C. 2 =8g, metal fixing remnants of blue paint x2 x3 =9g lumps x4 x10 = 160g, with wire out of the =183g, dirty yellow =16g mortar x2 = 47g top =4g, corroded brick/tile fragments with iron nails x1 =5g red paint x5 =124g

scrap window lead? red CBM fragments x3 orange bottle glass x1 =2g, corroded =29g, flat dirty yellow tile concrete x3 x1 =2g, clear iron scraps x1 =10g, C.3 with red paint on both =129g, tarmac window glass x2 corroded iron nails sides x1 =58g, dirty yellow x1 =41g =8g x4 = 28g, corroded CBM fragments x1 =10g iron bolt x1 =98g

twisted metal wire green bottle glass =21g, corroded iron flat red tile fragments x4 x1 =3g, clear nails x4 =19g, metal =74g, red CBM fragments concrete x1 window glass x1 button x2 =3g, waste flint C.4 x13 = 63g, dirty yellow flat =18g, animal =3g, clear corroded iron scraps x1 =8g tile with red paint on both bone x1 =1g container glass x4 x5 =15g, corroded sides x1 =99g =11g part of metal sign =5g

red CBM fragments x26 = clear window glass metal button x1 143g, flat red tile chalk lumps x1 =<1g, green =<1g, corroded iron fragments x1 =14g, curved x5 =17g, cockle shell x10 C.5 bottle glass x3 = bolt x1 =29g, red tile fragments x1 =94g, coal x19 = 16g 9g, clear container corroded iron nails clay pipe bowl fragment x1 =34g glass x1 =1g x5 =19g =<1g

mortar x1 =3g, large round red flat tile fragments x1 corroded iron lumps chalk x1 =1g, clear container stone x1 C.6 =63g, red CBM fragments x3 =5g, corroded cockle shell glass x1 = 4g =42g, coal x7 =31g iron nails x4 =43g x5=13g, oyster x2= 3g shell x1 =3g snail shells x1 flat red tile fragments x1 corroded scraps of chalk x1 =1g, oyster shell C.7 =103g, yellow CBM iron x1 =3g =2g fragments x3 fragments x3 =4g =3g cockle shell x5 waste flint? =9g, oyster shell C.8 x1 =12g x1 =4g, snail shell x2 =6g

oyster shell x1 chalk x3 =36g, cockle C.9 =5g shell x1 =2g, mortar x5 = 43g

171

coal x4 =11g, chalk yellow mortar x7 dirty yellow/orange/red flat x4 =93g, = 150g, oyster tile fragment x21 =50g, C.11 slate x1 shell x4 =24g, red CBM fragments x1 =13g, waste cockle shell x1 =2g flint? x1 =3g =17g coal x1 C.12 =<1g, waste flint? x3 Table 80: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/10

Test Pit Ceramic Metal & metal- Glass Stone Other 11 (excluding pottery) working

curved modern drain fragments x2 =211g, curved red tile fragments flat plates of corroded wrapper x3 =1g, C. 1 x3 =191g, flat red tile iron x2 =23g, silver concrete x4 fragments x1 =17g, red foil x2 =<1g =114g CBM fragments x10 =15g

clear container oyster shell x14 flat red tile fragments x4 glass x1 =2g, =173g (one shell corroded square flat =156g, curved red tile blue container has a circular bolt =7g, corroded fragments x1 =55g, dirty glass x1 =<1g, hole through it C. 2 iron nails x1 =4g, coal x2=4g yellow CBM and mortar clear window (17g)), cockle small circular washer fragment =63g, red CBM glass x1 =2g, shell fragments =1g, slag x2 =311g fragments x69 =233g green bottle glass x15 =9g, x3 =5g wrappers x2 =3g

flat red tile fragments x7 corroded curved plate coal x1 oyster shell x4 =265g, red CBM of metal x1 =124g, =9g, grey =23g, cockle shell fragments x29 =106g, clear container C.3 corroded iron nails x2 stone flat fragments x3 curved red tile fragments glass x2 =11g =9g, corroded lump of tile? x1 =<1g, mortar x1 x1 =68g, clay pipe stem iron =25g =22g =2g x1 =4g

red CBM fragments x10 corroded iron nails x1 oyster shell x1 C.4 =153g =1g =47g red CBM fragments x7 C.5 =5g, modern drain fragments x1 =1g Table 81: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/11

172

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery)

curved red tile clear flat glass x2 corroded iron nails x3 oyster shell x1 fragments x1 =51g, coal x4=9g, C. 1 =2g, green bottle =50g, corroded iron =<1g, blue lino red CBM fragments chalk x1=2g glass x2 =7g scraps x1 =4g fragment =1g x26 = 97g chalk x1 red CBM fragments =14g, round oyster shell x2 x24 =137g, pink clear flat glass x2 corroded iron nails x4 stone ball =3g, blue lino C. 2 CBM fragments x2 =2g, green bottle =25g, metal wire =2g =55g, burnt fragments x2 =6g, red CBM glass x3 =8g stone x3 =<1g fragments x3 =5g =11g flat red tile green bottle glass corroded iron scraps x1 waste flint? fragments x2 =32g, C.3 x2 =16g, clear flat =3g, corroded iron bolt x1 =2g, coal red CBM fragments glass x1 =<1g x1 =58g x2 =1g x24 =86g

flat red tile coal x1 =0g, fragments x1 =30g, clear flat glass x3 corroded iron lump x1 burnt stone C.4 red CBM fragments =6g =9g x2 =10g, x7 =27g chalk x1 =24g corroded flat plate of iron oyster shell x1 C.5 x2 =15g =1g corroded iron scraps x2 C.6 coal x1 =2g =3g corroded iron nails x1 curved red tile C.7 =2g, corroded iron fragments x1 =70g scraps x1 =<1g coal x1 =1g, C.8 burnt stone x2 =11g breeze block/quern C.9 stone fragment =4g Table 82: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/12

173

Ceramic Metal & Test (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other Pit 13 pottery) working red CBM fragments x1 coal x12 =10g, waste C. 1 =11g flint? x1 =<1g red CBM fragments x7 coal x9 =18g, burnt =14g, dirty yellow/pink C. 2 stone x1 =2g, chalk x1 CBM fragments x1 =2g =<1g red CBM fragments x1 coal x4 =10g, waste C.3 =3g, dirty yellow CBM flint? x1 =1g, burnt fragments x1 =5g stone x2 =11g

coal x7 =8g, very red CBM fragments clear flat glass round stone =48g, oyster shell x1 C.4 metal button =2g x13 =118g x 1=2g burnt stone x1 =7g, =2g waste flint? x1 =<1g

possible worked stone (very flat and smooth green bottle on one edge) =116g, glass x1 =5g, corroded iron C.5 burnt stone x4 = 24g, clear container nails x1 =7g round stone ball =19g, glass x2 =7g coal x2 =2g, waste flint? x3 =11g

slag/corroded C.6 coal x1 =2g iron lump =19g red CBM fragments x1 corroded lump of flint core? x1 =22g, C.7 =<1g iron x1 =8g burnt stone x1 =2g C.8 waste flint? x1 =1g waste flint? x1 =7g, C.10 chalk? x2 =5g mortar? x12 C.20 =179g Table 83: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/13

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 14 working pottery)

red CBM fragments x7 = 243g, flat red slightly curved tile fragments x1 clear flat glass x1 curved plates of worked stone x2 tarmac x1 =78g, C. 1 =68g, dirty yellow =<1g metal x4 =482g =205g, chalk x4 mortar x2 = 129g CBM fragments x1 =6g =317g

grey breeze block? curved plates of degraded green coal x2 =5g, fragment x1 =9g, red CBM fragments metal x7 =120g, C. 2 bottle glass x1 chalk x4 =20g, cockle shell x5 =2g, x10 =46g corroded iron nails =2g slate x1 =1g mortar x1 =4g, x1 =3g oyster shell x1 =<1g

red CBM fragments clear container oyster shell x2 =6g, x1 =1g, dirty yellow glass x2 =18g, corroded iron C.3 snail shell fragment CBM fragments x1 clear flat glass x1 scraps x1 =10g x1 =<1g =2g =<1g

curved plates of burnt stone x1 cockle shell x2 =2g, clear flat glass x1 metal x6 =150g, C.4 =4g, chalk x7 sea shell fragment =2g corroded iron nails =17g x1 =2g x1 =3g C.5 mortar? x2 =2g waste flint flake? C.8 x1 =<1g Table 84: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/10/14

174

12.2.3 2011 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery)

red CBM x23 mortar x10 =119g, coal x9 =19g, =62g, clay pipe clear container slag? x2 =4g, sea shell x2 =5g, C. 1 chalk x4 =6g, bowl fragment glass x2 =5g corroded iron nail =7g oyster shell =<1g, waste flint? =2g =1g cockle shell x2 =3g red flat tile x2 chalk x19 =55g, small C shaped flat =42g, red curved green bottle glass coal x6 =19g, object =16g, corroded oyster shell x3 =4g, tile =24g, red =3g, clear flat glass waste flint C. 2 iron scraps x2 =6g, mortar x34 =177g, CBM x42 =139g, x4 =2g, clear flake? =4g, slag? =5g, corroded shell =4g clay pipe stem container glass =5g burnt stone? iron nails x2 =14g =2g =3g concrete x3 =56g, red CBM x23 green bottle glass corroded iron nails x2 round stone cockle shell x4 =3g, =49g, clay pipe x2 =2g, clear flat =8g, slag? x3 =13g, ball =23g, coal C.3 mortar x3 =17g, shell stem =2g, red flat glass =1g, clear corroded iron scraps x7 =9g, chalk x4= 7g, oyster shell tile x3 =61g container glass =3g x7 =42g x3 =8g =1g

curved red tile x3 clear container corroded iron nails x6 granite like =93g, red CBM glass x2 =5g, clear =40g, metal button? stone? =47g, shell x2 =5g, cockle C.4 x48 =278g, clay flat glass x2 =2g, =2g, corroded iron coal x4 =13g, shell x2 2=g, mortar pipe stem =3g, degraded green scraps x6 =16g, slag? round stone =24g burnt CBM? =4g bottle glass =7g x3 =6g ball =50g

degraded clear flat corroded iron nails x9 red CBM x51 granite like oyster shell =6g, glass =2g, green =61g, slag =85g, C.5 =354g, red flat tile stone? =10g, mortar? =15g, cockle bottle glass x3 corroded iron scraps x2 =89g coal x4 =6g shell x3 =5g =17g x5 =7g

corroded iron nails x2 red flat tile x2 clear container =13g, slag x4 =52g, coal =3g, chalk cockle shell x8 =8g, C.6 =43g, red CBM glass =7g corroded iron scraps x6 =27g mortar x5 =81g x41 =189g =15g

red flat tile =94g, mortar =2g, cockle corroded iron lump? waste flint? x2 C.7 red CBM x7 shell x4 =5g, mussel =26g =3g =102g shell =1g

coal x2 =2g, mortar =1g, oyster burnt stone C.8 slag =8g shell x2 =2g, cockle =3g, waste flint shell =<1g flakes x2 =7g chalk =2g, cockle shell =<1g, corroded iron scrap C.9 waste flint x2 mortar/plaster? x3 =2g =7g =2g Table 85: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/1

175

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery) green bottle glass corroded iron nail chalk x8 =14g, C. 2 red CBM x6 =9g =27g =4g coal =<1g

clear container coal x7 =8g, burnt red CBM x40 corroded iron nails x2 C.3 glass =1g, green stone x3 =7g, shell =<1g =154g =5g, slag x2 =13g bottle glass =4g waste flint? =23g

red CBM x16 slag x3 =12g, tiny cockle shell x8 coal x9 =12g, C.4 =34g, clay pipe corroded iron nail =2g, oyster shell waste flint =<1g stem =1g =2g x3 =11g

corroded iron nails x3 coal x11 =14g, red flat tile =17g, cockle shell x7 C.5 =17g, slag x2 =3g, chalk =1g, burnt red CBM x8 =12g =3g, mortar =2g metal wire =<1g stone x2 =3g

clay pipe stem x3 coal x5 =5g, waste mussel shell x3 corroded iron nail x2 C.6 =6g, red CBM x5 clear flat glass =3g flint x3 =19g, burnt =3g, oyster shell =6g =11g stone =1g =9g

snail shell x3 degraded glass corroded iron nail C.7 red CBM x2 =3g waste flint x2 =9g =2g, oyster shell =<1g =4g =<1g snail shell x9 brown/orange degraded old glass corroded iron nail C.8 =5g, oyster shell CBM/daub? =7g x3 =2g =1g =1g snail shell x4 degraded old glass C.9 waste flint? x2=9g =10g, cockle x21 =23g shell x2 =2g snail shell x2 degraded old glass C.10 waste flint? =3g =11g, part of a x25 =18g shell? =8g snail shell x9 degraded old glass C.11 waste flint? x2 =5g =47g, oyster x16 =13g shell =8g

fragment of oyster shell degraded old glass C.12 red CBM =5g smooth grey stone =22g, snail shell x6 =3g – quern? =669g =3g

degraded old glass C.13 x3 =5g Table 86: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/2

176

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working C. 1 red CBM x4 =5g

C.3 red CBM =6g oyster shell =<1g

C.4 red CBM =2g oyster shell =16g

corroded iron shell fragments C.5 red CBM x3 =5g coal x3 =7g lump =6g x16 =2g

coal x3=<1g, grey lava stone? =67g, green bottle glass C.6 red CBM x4 =7g large flint nodule – shell x3 =<1g x2 =7g likely to face a building? =132g

snail shell x3 green bottle glass C.7 red CBM x3 =14g waste flint flake? =3g =1g, cockle shell =<1g x3 =3g

C.9 oyster shell =73g Table 87: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/3

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 4 pottery) working

yellow plastic banana with smiley face on side and green screw C. 1 cap with small hook in top =7g, mortar? x2 =6g

clear container snail shell x2 =3g, red flat tile x2 glass x4 =19g, black rubber? =11g, corroded iron =20g, clay pipe green bottle glass coal x2 =4g, cockle shell x13 =11g, C. 2 nails x3 =9g, stem =1g, red x2=1g, clear waste flint? =8g sea shell =19g, silver metal hook =6g CBM x3 =8g container glass wrapper =<1g, shell =<1g x13 =5g

red flat tile =27g, green bottle glass silver foil x2 cockle shell x4 =4g, red curved tile x8 =15g, clear =<1g, corroded round stone ball C.3 concrete =14g, snail =18g, red CBM x2 container glass x7 iron nails x4 =14g, coal =<1g shell x2 =5g =12g =13g =10g

silver foil =<1g, green bottle glass green foil x2 mussel shell x2 =2g, x6 =25g, clear round stone ball =<1g, corroded red plastic =1g, oyster red flat tile =27g, container glass x2 =6g, coal x2 C.4 iron nails x10 shell x3 =11g, cockle red CBM x4 =71g =4g, white glass? =4g, waste flint? =49g, corroded shell x3 =2g, wrapper bead =<1g, clear x2 =17g iron scraps x3 =<1g flat glass x7 =9g =11g Table 88: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/11/4

177

12.2.4 2012 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other Pit 1 working pottery)

grey mortar x2 =8g, melted plastic =<1g, red flat tile x3 clear container glass corroded iron nails modern grey lino coal x5 5g, C. 1 =38g, red CBM x6 x2 =9g, clear flat x3 =8g, corroded fragment?=1g, oyster slate =<1g =8g glass x2 =3g iron screw =1g shell =<1g, cockle shell =1g, black rubber =<1g

melted plastic x2 =1g, modern red CBM modern grey lino? clear container glass x4 =23g, red CBM corroded iron nails coal x7 =8g, =2g, clear plastic C. 2 2 =8g, clear flat x14 =27g, modern x5 =27g slate =2g =<1g oyster shell x4 glass x3 =5g red flat tile =22g =2g, green plastic =<1g, mortar =3g

clear container glass oyster shell x6 =5g, red CBM x6 =10g, =14g, orange bottle cockle shell x2 =1g, C.3 clay pipe stem? silver foil =<1g coal x13 =6g glass =2g, green mortar x2 =2g, shed =<1g bottle glass =3g roof lining? =1g C shaped metal C.4 red CBM x5 =6g coal =4g handle? =57g think black tile? corroded iron nail C.5 coal =<1g fragments x2=3g =5g cockle shell =<1g, C.6 red CBM x2 =26g coal x2 =7g oyster shell x2 =5g C.7 red CBM =2g coal x 3 =2g oyster shell = 8g Table 89: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/1

178

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery)

slightly rusted rectangular tin can of cockle shell C. 1 red CBM =2g sardines? from Norway =<1g = 21g, corroded metal scrap =<1g

corroded metal scraps x9 =13g, corroded iron nail =5g, squashed tiny snail shell C. 2 red CBM x4 =31g round metal =<1g tube/container =11g, slag? x3 =10g

corroded iron nail =7g, fragment of C.3 red CBM x4 =13g corroded iron scrap coal x4 =9g rubber =4g =<1g clear glass button shed roof C.4 red CBM =2g =2g lining? =2g

modern red CBM thick corroded bolt oyster shell C.5 x2 =61g, red CBM =42g, slag? =7g, coal x4 =5g, =4g, mortar x4 x5 =10g corroded iron lump =4g =13g

modern flat red tile degraded green C.6 x2 =124g, red slate x9 =102g mortar x3 =22g bottle glass =37g CBM = 155g green bottle glass C.7 red CBM x2 =4g slate x2 =4g =30g corroded iron nails x2 C.8 red CBM =5g =12g, corroded lump of metal =50g

C.9 red flat tile x3 =93g

C.10 red CBM =1g Table 90: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/2

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

corroded iron nail =2g, corroded C. 1 clear flat glass =2g coal x14 =14g cockle shell =1g iron scraps x2 =3g modern drain modern mortar? C. 2 coal x11 =41g fragment =168g =72g corroded metal C.3 coal x2 =2g plate =33g

red CBM x10 slag =8g, =66g, clay pipe corroded iron C.4 stem =1g, nails with square coal x7 =6g mortar? =19g pink/orange CBM bolt attached =11g =45g

cockle shell x2 green bottle glass C.6 red CBM =11g, coal x6 =5g =4g, snail shell =3g =<1g Table 91: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/3

179

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other 4 pottery) working C. 1 red flat tile = 30g red flat tile x2 very degraded corroded iron fragment of sponge C. 2 =32g, red/orange glass =2g scraps =6g =<1g CBM x6 =24g

oyster shell =1g, red CBM x2 =60g, clear flat glass x2 rectangular clear red/orange flat tile =4g, clear corroded iron nail plastic bag with C.3 x2 =50g, container glass x3 =11g, slag =6g, small blue tube red/orange CBM =20g, degraded silver foil =<1g attached to blow it x7 =117g glass =1g up/or drink from it =9g

C.4 clear flat glass =4g coal =1g oyster shell =4g

oyster shell x7 =49g, C.5 cockle shell =3g

C.6 oyster shell x3 =12g C.7 oyster shell x2 =<1g Table 92: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/4

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

grey mortar =3g, red roof tile =84g, corroded iron nail C. 1 coal x10 =11g white mortar =4g, red CBM x6 =42g =8g oyster shell =<1g

clear container red flat tile =23g, glass =3g, corroded iron nail C. 2 coal x4 =11g red CBM x11 =41g degraded green =6g bottle glass =3g

degraded green bottle glass = 38g, corroded iron oyster shell x3 red CBM x25 C.3 slightly degraded nails x2 =8g, slag coal x49g =14g, mortar x5 =130g clear container =11g =26g glass x3 =9g

degraded green mortar x2 =3g, C.4 red CBM x7 =164g slag x2 =12g coal x3 =12g bottle glass =19g oyster shell =3g

red/orange slightly curved red tile x3 =340g, red CBM degraded green mortar x2 =8g, C.5 slag =16g coal x6 =3g x28 =279g, bottle glass =6g oyster shell x3 =3g red/orange CBM =24g

C.6 red CBM x8 =56g coal x3 =9g C.7 red CBM x9 =28g coal =<1g oyster shell =2g Table 93: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/5

180

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) C. 1 red CBM x3 =227g

slag =11g, metal wire C. 2 red CBM x23 =48g coal x10 =10g =2g, metal nail =3g

red flat tile x4 =67g, worked flint x2 C.3 red CBM x7 =15g =13g

flat red tile =69g, chalk =1g, coal oyster shell C.4 burnt? red CBM corroded iron nail =5g x5 =2g, worked =<1g =250g, red CBM =6g flint x4 =14g

chalk x7 =300g, C.5 coal x8 =6g

oyster shell x2 C.6 =18g

C.7 oyster shell =2g

C.8 red CBM =76g worked flint =1g

red CBM x4 =10g, C.9 oyster shell =1g red flat tile =130g Table 94: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/6

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 7 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) coal x17 =21g, corroded iron nail mortar =3g, oyster C. 1 red CBM x10 =33g worked flint x3 =4g shell =<1g =13g, slate =3g

coal x12 =13g, red flat tile =26g, worked flint x3 C. 2 slag? =3g oyster shell x2 =1g red CBM x8 =19g =17g, burnt stone x3 =3g

slag x3 =28g, coal x18 =30g, red flat tile =23g, clear container cockle shell x2 =1g, C.3 corroded iron nails worked flint =5g, red CBM x12 =63g glass =2g oyster shell =<1g x2 =9g burnt stone =<1g

C.4 red CBM x2 =2g slag =3g coal x6 =9g

coal =1g, worked C.5 red CBM =1g flint x5 =9g

curved red CBM building C.6 =11g sandstone? =19g

worked flint x4 C.7 =8g

coal =3g, worked C.8 flint x4 =27g

worked flint x4 C.9 =5g worked flint x6 C.10 =10g Table 95: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/7

181

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

burnt stone x2 green bottle =14g, coal x4 C. 1 red CBM x9 =12g oyster shell x2 =3g glass =6g =3g, worked flint x8 =31g

red flat tile x2 burnt stone x2 green bottle corroded iron nail C. 2 =38g, red CBM =6g, worked flint oyster shell =<1g glass x2 =5g =4g, slag? =5g x14 =39g x7 =10g coal x2 =<1g, red CBM x10 corroded iron nail daub? =8g, oyster C.3 worked flint x22 =26g =6g, slate =1g shell =<1g =67g red flat tile =30g, worked flint x5 C.4 oyster shell x2 =<1g red CBM x6 =61g =5g, coal x2 =2g degraded/very worn coin =3g, worked flint x6 oyster shell x2 =4g, C.5 red CBM x3 =2g barbed wire =8g, =15g mussel shell =<1g slag? =2g

burnt stone x3 corroded iron nail yellow/brown daub? C.6 red CBM x4 =5g =35g, worked =1g =10g flint x4 =17g worked flint x2 C.7 slag? x2 =6g =15g C.8 red CBM =1g worked flint C.9 =<1g, burnt stone =2g worked flint x2 C.10 =90g worked flint x4 C.11 =7g Table 96: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/8

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 9 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) C. 1 red flat tile =15g coal =1g clear container worked flint? C. 2 red CBM x5 =9g glass = 45g x4 =13g red CBM x4 =15g, mussel shell x3 C.3 dirty yellow CBM flint core? =11g =5g, cockle shell =14g x4 =4g grey CBM =18g, red C.4 sea shell =10g CBM =6g

red flat tile x3 =60g, worked flint? C.5 red CBM =3g, flat cockle shell =<1g =7g grey tile =38g

snail shell fragments x2 C.6 red CBM x5 =34g coal =<1g =<1g, cockle shell fragments x2 =<1g

C.7 coal x2 =1g snail shell x2 =<1g Table 97: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/9

182

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery) C. 1 worked flint x2 =8g cockle shell =1g, snail clay pipe bowl worked flint x9 =18g, C. 2 shell x2 =<1g, mortar? fragment =3g burnt stone x3 =9g =2g corroded iron nail snail shell =<1g, C.3 worked flint x6 =12g =7g mortar? x2 =180g C.4 worked flint x8 =33g

C.5 worked flint x18 =94g snail shell =<1g

worked flint x17 C.6 =151g, burnt stone? =2g

C.7 worked flint x14 =183g

C.8 worked flint x26 =167g Table 98: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery) worked flints cockle shell C. 2 x11 =31g =<1g red CBM =2g, cockle shell worked flints C.3 clay pipe bowl =<1g, snail shell x7 =22g fragment =1g =<1g coal x6 =2g, C.4 worked flints x2 =9g

C.5 corroded iron nail =5g

cockle shell x2 C.6 =<1g worked flint C.7 =<1g Table 99: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/11

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery) chalk =3g, C. 1 red CBM =<1g coal x2 =<1g worked flint? C. 2 red CBM x11 =15g =1g, coal =<1g red flat tile =44g, red C.3 iron nail =20g coal =2g CBM x2 =3g black plaster? C.4 red CBM =6g x2 =2g, mortar =3g Table 100: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/12

183

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 13 working pottery) C. 1 red flat tile =9g

red flat tile x2 =51g, red worked flint x4 C. 2 mortar x2 =4g CBM x4 =12g =20g, coal x2 =5g

red CBM x2 =5g, dirty C.3 coal =<1g yellow CBM =1g

Table 101: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/12/13

12.2.5 2013 test pit finds

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 1 working pottery) red flat tile = 19g, red C. 1 oyster shell =<1g CBM x2 =10g red CBM x9 =35g, C. 2 clay pipe stem =3g oyster shell x3 corroded iron nail C.3 red CBM x13 =26g clear flat glass =2g coal =2g =4g, cockle shell =10g =<1g

red CBM x18 =44g, glazed tile/pot x2 thick square C.4 =22g, light corroded metal rod coal =2g orange/red CBM =107g =14g Table 102: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/1

184

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 2 working pottery)

modern pink brick clear container fragment =118g, red cockle shell glass =5g, thin strip of metal C. 1 CBM x4 =108g, red coal x3 =4g =<1g, mussel degraded green =4g flat tile x3 =62g, red shell =<1g bottle glass =2g curved tile =20g

metal button =2g, clear flat glass x6 corroded iron green plastic =17g, clear square nails x2 red flat tile x6 =151g, wire =1g, cockle C. 2 container glass x3 =11g, corroded iron coal x5 =5g red CBM x15 =158g shell =3g, sea =5g, orange bottle nails x2 =8g, shell =2g glass =5g corroded iron lump =5g

red CBM x8 =83g, corroded iron nails black glazed? red flat oyster shell x2 green bottle glass x5 =34g, small C.3 tile =21g, modern pink coal x4 =1g =2g, cockle =2g corroded iron nails CBM = 9g, clay pipe shell x2 =<1g x2 =6g stem =2g

green bottle glass corroded iron nails slate =5g, coal melted plastic C.4 red CBM x8 =39g x2 =4g, clear flat x4 =34g, corroded x2 =5g =2g glass =<1g iron scrap =11g

small corroded iron C.5 nail =2g red CBM and mortar cockle shell x3 C.6 coal =2g =2g =4g

C.7 cockle shell =2g

oyster shell C.8 red CBM x2 =6g coal x4 =3g =7g, cockle shell x2 =3g Table 103: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/2

185

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 3 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

clear plastic sheeting C. 1 red CBM x4 =15g fragment =<1g

corroded iron C. 2 red CBM x2 =9g scrap =6g

clear and blue plastic wrapper fragment C.3 red CBM =2g =<1g, white plastic carrier bag fragment =<1g

oyster shell =2g, gold C.4 red CBM x2 =4g plastic wrapper fragment =<1g

fragment of white clear container corroded iron washing line =12g, C.5 red CBM x7 =14g coal x= <1g glass =2g scrap =1g blue twine fragment <1g, oyster shell =1g

red flat tile =14g, corroded iron nail C.6 red CBM =<1g =5g red and grey flat tile C.7 oyster shell =1g =7g

C.8 red CBM x2 =12g Table 104: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/3

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 4 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

modern red CBM = C. 1 70g, red flat tile chalk 2g =15g, red CBM =3g

concrete =17g, nut modern red brick fragments x 2 =3g, C. 2 fragment =272g, coal =2g whelk shell =8g, red flat tile =12g oyster shell x2 =<1g

red flat tile x3 corroded iron nail C.3 =37g, red CBM x3 clear flat glass =6g coal =<1g cockle shell =<1g =3g =9g red/orange flat tile long corroded C.4 =12g, red/orange coal =3g bent nail =38g CBM x3 = 7g red CBM x7 =15g, central battery core C.5 clay pipe bowl coal =1g =2g fragment =<1g Table 105: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/4

186

Ceramic Metal & Test Pit 5 (excluding Glass metal- Stone Other pottery) working

green plastic fragments corroded iron nail modern red CBM clear flat glass x2 =<1g, asbestos =8g, C. 1 =4g, corroded iron coal x2 =3g x3 =9g =<1g concrete/mortar =4g, nail =4g cockle shell =2g

flat rectangular fragment of black rubber =2g, lumps of corroded modern sewer concrete x16 =717g, metal x2 = 54g, coal x19 C. 2 drain x2 =101g, cockle shell x3 =6g, metal blade =33g red CBM x3 =16g cockle shell fragments fragment =17g x5 =3g, pink plastic wire covering =2g

red CBM x4 Duracell AA battery =69g, modern red clear container C.3 slag? x =7g coal x3 =11g =23g, grey breeze block CM =12g, clay glass =3g type fragments x2 =3g pipe bowl =7g

corroded iron nail C.4 red flat tile = 9g coal x2 =3g =8g red CBM =6g, corroded iron C.5 orange CBM =2g scrap =2g C.6 oyster shell =1g Table 106: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/5

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 6 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery)

red CBM x3 =12g, cockle shell x6 green bottle glass C. 1 clay pipe bowl coal x4 =8g =7g, concrete =1g fragment =1g =44g

red flat tile x3 =49g, corroded iron nails thin modern grey red flat roof tile C. 2 x2 =10g, rounded coal =4g lino fragment? =20g, red/orange metal button =3g =1g, mortar =5g flat tile =19g

green bottle glass cockle shell x4 C.3 red flat tile x2 =52g coal =1g =11g =1g, mortar =2g

cockle shell x11 clay pipe stem =5g, degraded green corroded iron nails =22g, oyster shell C.4 coal x2 =<1g red flat tile =39g bottle glass =7g x2 =10g x2 =5g, shell =1g, mortar x3 =61g

cockle shell x3 clear container corroded iron nail C.5 red flat tile =18g coal x2 =13g =5g, oyster shell glass =<1g =5g =6g

snail shell x6 =2g, C.6 red CBM =4g coal x5 =3g oyster shell =1g, cockle shell =1g

snail shell x3 C.7 red flat tile =9g =<1g, cockle shell =1g Table 107: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/6

187

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 7 working pottery)

modern sewer drain =50g, modern red corroded iron nail =5g, CBM x2 =21g, red flat metal washers x2 concrete =33g, clear C. 1 CBM x5 =7g, yellow =2g, double headed bolt plastic cap =<1g and red brick =9g fragment =73g

corroded iron nails x2 coal x8 central batter core C. 2 red CBM x4 =34g =19g =35g =19g clear container red CBM x17 =71g, coal x11 concrete =10g, glass =9g, clear corroded iron nails x2 C.3 modern red/yellow =20g, slate cockle shells x2 flat glass x3 =19g, slag? =6g CBM =77g =7g =1g, shell =1g =5g

fragments of corroded metal can x12 =320g, corroded iron scraps x40 =126g, corroded iron red flat tile =21g, red lumps x5 =61g, corroded C.4 CBM x12 =54g, clay coal x3 =6g concrete =9g iron nails x5 =70g, thick pipe stem =1g metal horseshoe fragment? =46g, slightly rusty metal flat hoop? =2g

red flat tile x6 clear flat glass corroded iron scraps x65 slate x2 =112g, red CBM x2 cockle shell x4 =6g, C.5 =1g, green =216g, corroded iron =4g, coal x2 =14g, clay pipe stem oyster shell x2 =2g bottle glass =1g nails x4 =60g =1g =3g clay pipe stem =2g, modern nail =3g, tiny mortar =5g, oyster C.6 coal =<1g red CBM x4 =51g metal nail =2g shell x2 =4g Table 108: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/7

188

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 8 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) C. 1 coal x6 =8g cockle shell =1g

grey breeze block clear flat glass type fragments x3 =10g, clear coal x4 =4g, concrete =4g, red curved tile =16g, modern nail =4g, C. 2 container glass x2 =5g, slate white mortar =5g, red CBM x4 =10g slag? x2 =4g =5g, green bottle x2 =5g large lump of grey glass =<1g mortar =123g, cockle shell x4 =2g

red brick fragment =531g, yellow and clear container shell x2 =5g, grey corroded iron nails black modern brick glass x2 =9g, coal x13 breeze block C.3 x3 =21g, slag? x2 fragment =213g, red green bottle glass =18g fragment =12g, =20g flat tile x2 =105g, red =4g mortar x5 =20g CBM x63 =313g cockle shell x5 =4g, red flat tile =22g, red coal x5 clear container corroded iron nails oyster shell =6g, C.4 CBM x4 =48g, clay =11g, slate glass x5 =10g x4 =19g shell x2 =4g, mortar pipe stem =2g =1g =11g clear flat glass x 2 mussel shell =4g, =2g, clear cockle shell x2 =1g, red CBM x13 =41g, container glass x2 corroded iron nail coal x12 C.5 oyster shell =<1g, red flat tile x2 =22g =3g, degraded =6g =15g shell x6 =4g, mortar green bottle glass =2g =18g

mortar =5g, oyster shell =1g, cockle clear container C.6 red CBM x2 =3g coal x2 =3g shell =2g, whelk glass =<1g shell? =4g, mussel shell fragment =<1g

clear flat glass corroded iron nail snail shell x2 =<1g, C.7 red CBM =<1g =1g =5g cockle shell =<1g rectangular curving thick strip of C.8 red CBM x2 =8g cockle shell = <1g corroded metal =43g oyster shell = 46g, C.9 red CBM =<1g coal x3 =3g cockle shell =1g Table 109: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/8

189

Ceramic Metal & metal- Test Pit 9 (excluding Glass Stone Other working pottery) corroded iron nail =2g, clear flat glass C. 1 red CBM x2 =15g corroded iron lump cockle shell =2g =1g =6g curved very C. 2 degraded old corroded iron nail =7g cockle shell =2g glass =6g

red flat tile x3 =78g, red CBM x12 =62g, clear flat glass corroded iron nails x5 cockle shell x3 C.3 coal x5 =33g clay pipe stem x2 x2 =5g =22g, slag x3 =83g =8g =8g

cockle shell x2 C.4 =2g, mussel shell x2 =2g

cockle shell =1g, flat triangular plate of C.5 oyster shell =3g, metal =41g mussel shell =<1g

corroded iron lump C.6 =4g corroded iron lump cockle shell x3 C.7 red CBM =32g =9g, slag? =6g =2g Table 110: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/9

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 10 working pottery) pink/red land drain C. 1 fragments x2 =54g, red CBM =25g C.3 oyster shell =3g Table 111: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/10

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 11 working pottery)

corroded iron nail =6g, red flat tile x10 mortar x34 =76g, green bottle glass U shaped metal tack coal x31 C. 1 =235g, red CBM concrete/mortar x3 =3g =8g, corroded iron =272g x124 = 474g =22g scrap =6g

red brick fragment plates of corroded grey mortar? =5g, =335g, red flat tile clear container C. 2 metal x5 =43g, slag coal =2g white mortar x2 x3 =169g, red glass =7g =6g =5g CBM x50 =193g

red CBM x16 corroded iron nail =3g C.3 coal x2 =7g tarmac x2 =46g =39g slag =2g chalk x9 red CBM x21 green bottle glass = C.4 =10g, coal black button =1g =72g <1g x3 =10g red CBM x12 clear container corroded lump of metal C.5 coal x2 =11g concrete =16g =36g glass = <1g =28g Table 112: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/11

190

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 12 working pottery)

red CBM x12 =32g, red/brown flat tile C. 1 =84g, modern glazed flat tile =10g clear container thin corroded bent metal C. 2 red CBM x9 =41g coal x13 =21g oyster shell =2g glass =1g wire =1g red/orange flat tile coal x3=5g, =22g, clay pipe stem oyster shell C.3 round stone =5g, red CBM x8 =<1g ball =8g =18g red CBM x11 =26g, degraded green corroded iron nail =9g, coal x4 =8g, C.4 pink CBM/daub? =2g bottle glass =4g slag? =2g chalk x2 =11g oyster shell C.5 red CBM x2 =3g corroded iron nail =6g coal x3 =2g =30g orange/brown curved C.6 thin metal wire? =<1g tile? =61g Table 113: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/12

Ceramic Test Pit Metal & metal- (excluding Glass Stone Other 13 working pottery)

clear container red CBM x13 =31g, corroded iron scrap C. 1 glass =4g, green coal x6 =8g clay pipe stem 1g =5g, slag =10g bottle glass = <1g

red flat tile x2 =25g, red CBM x23 =31g, slag =3g, small coal x21 C. 2 oyster shell =<1g yellow/brown flat tile? metal nail? =4g =23g =9g

green bottle glass =<1g, white slag =3g, corroded C.3 red CBM x19 =63g coal x9 =9g container glass iron nail =6g =<1g red flat tile x5=69g, C.4 red CBM 2 =5g slag =8g, corroded C.5 red CBM x3 =5g coal x4 =3g iron nail? =4g C.6 coal =<1g Table 114: The non-pottery finds excavated from BIN/13/13

191

12.3 Maps

Much of the value of the test pit data from currently occupied rural settlements are derived from a holistic consideration across the entire settlement. Maps showing a range of the data from the test pit excavations in Binham between 2009 and 2013 are included below. These may be read in conjunction with relevant sections of the main report. Some of these maps are available online at: http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/reports/norfolk/binham maps showing the distribution of other classes of data not depicted in this appendix.

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