Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 Chapter 2: Critical Junctures Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The first European explorers to arrive in what is known as California were ______. A. English B. French C. Spanish D. Dutch 2. What replaced the major Native American tribal settlements along a road that came to be known as “El Camino Real,” the King’s Highway? A. small white castles, each dedicated to European monarchs B. missions C. presidios only D. tribal governments 3. How many missions were established in what is now the state of California? A. about 10, but most have been destroyed B. 12: one for each of Jesus’s disciples C. 21, and most are named for saints D. 50: one for each large Spanish presidio 4. When was the first mission built? A. 1542 B. 1648 C. 1769 D. 1830 5. Mission complexes functioned primarily as ______. A. spiritual and religious centers B. ranches, or rancheros, that served as centers for religious, social, political, and economic activities C. military establishments D. hospitals and education centers for Native populations 6. Until 1821, what country governed the Western lands containing California? A. England B. Portugal C. Mexico D. Spain 7. Between 1821 and 1848, the lands containing California became part of which Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 country? A. Mexico B. Spain C. United States D. Canada 8. Until 1821, ______ governed the Western lands containing California, and ______ ruled California for the next 20 years (until independence was won and California became a U.S. state). A. Mexico; Spain B. Mexico; no one C. Spain; Mexico D. Mexico; Native Americans 9. The treaty that ended the 2-year Mexican-American War in 1848 and transferred California to U.S. power was ______. A. Treaty with Spain B. Treaty of Ghent C. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo D. Treaty of Los Angeles 10. Presidios were built for the primary purpose of ______. A. religious instruction B. social interaction C. economic development D. military protection 11. When was gold discovered in California? A. at the end of the Mexican-American War around 1848 B. about 100 years before California became a state, when the Spanish ruled California C. about 50 years after California gained statehood D. around 1821, when Mexico gained independence from Spain 12. The first large wave of settlers arrived in California in 1848 as a result of ______. A. ending the war with Mexico B. the discovery of gold C. the opening of the transcontinental railroad D. statehood 13. How long has California been a state? A. about 100 years B. just over 150 years C. more than 200 years D. about 250 years 14. In what year did California officially become a state? Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 A. 1769 B. 1850 C. 1880 D. 1912 15. Which group of laborers were recruited and employed by the railroad companies to lay thousands of miles of track over the West’s rugged terrain? A. Hispanics/Latinos B. Chinese C. ethnic Americans from the Midwest and East D. Africans 16. What did the U.S. government do to encourage the settlement of the West? A. It gave away millions of acres of land to railroad companies to encourage the development of the West. B. It fully funded the building of railroads to connect the coasts. C. It funded the building of more missions. D. It opened gold mines and put people to work. 17. The Big Four (Stanford, Huntington, Crocker, and Hopkins) became powerful due to their ownership of ______. A. the state’s university system and most supply stores B. the largest bank in the United States C. the Western Rail Company D. the Southern Pacific Railroad 18. Which private company was likened to an octopus in a famous cartoon, due to its monopolistic control over all major aspects of economic life in early California including banking, overland and overseas shipping, postal services, lumber, telegraph services, other wholesale industries, and of course, politics? A. Chevron Corporation B. DuPont C. Ford Motor Company D. The Southern Pacific Railroad 19. ______ who came seeking gold or were recruited by the railroad companies to lay railroad track over the West’s rugged terrain endured decades of legal discrimination in California. A. Mexicans B. Europeans C. Native Americans D. Chinese 20. Which of these was famously called the “Octopus” because its influence over virtually every industry in the state was nearly complete? A. the Southern Pacific Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 B. the alcohol industry C. Arnold Schwarzenegger D. socialism 21. What political movement in the early 1900s finally loosened the Southern Pacific’s grip over state politics? A. socialist B. communist C. liberal D. Progressive 22. Who was California’s most famous Progressive governor? A. Leland Stanford B. Hiram Johnson C. Jess Unruh D. Artie Samish 23. Two Progressive reforms that aimed to weaken political parties were ______ and ______. A. women’s suffrage; Alien Land Laws B. municipal ownership of utilities; Alien Land Laws C. universal education; women’s suffrage D. direct primaries; cross-filing 24. The Alien Land Laws instituted during the Progressive era were ______. A. designed to prevent Asian-born or persons of Asian descent from owning land B. a form of legal discrimination that reflected Whites’ racial hostility C. were in place even into the 1950s D. any of these 25. Civil service replaced what popular political practice? A. giving government jobs to political party loyalists (patronage) B. White male suffrage C. hiring people based on their expertise D. funding services for the poor through government programs 26. In the era prior to the institution of direct primaries, ______. A. only self-funded candidates could win elections B. only nonpartisan candidates could get elected C. political party bosses controlled elections by selecting candidates and getting them elected D. none of these 27. One of the ways that political party bosses were able to control elections was through ______. A. nonpartisanship Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 B. civil service C. charging fees to run for office D. voting that wasn’t secret 28. Direct democracy enabled Californians to ______. A. participate in nominating candidates for office by voting in party primary elections B. propose laws and vote on them C. put party bosses in prison D. guarantee the public employment of qualified individuals rather than party loyalists 29. Alien Land Laws were designed to prevent ______ from becoming citizens or owning property, and were in effect until ______ in California. A. persons of Mexican or Spanish descent; the 1880s B. persons of Asian descent; the 1900s C. all noncitizen Americans; the 1920s D. persons of Asian descent; the 1950s 30. Alien Land Laws were in effect until what decade in California? A. the 1880s B. the 1900s C. the 1920s D. the 1950s 31. By cross-filing, any person could ______. A. run as a candidate in any political party’s primary election B. run as a write-in candidate C. apply to the legislature to fill a vacancy D. run in the general election 32. Being awarded a government job based on one’s loyalty to a political party is called ______. A. patronage B. civil service C. indirect democracy D. nonpartisanship 33. Who can be credited with creating California’s “hybrid democracy?” A. the “Big Four” B. the Populists C. Artie Samish D. the Progressives 34. Prior to the 1960s, cozy relationships developed between legislators and lobbyists because ______. A. lobbyists helped legislators get elected, and legislators had weak loyalty to political parties Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 B. legislators wanted to supplement their low wages with gifts of food, drink, and more C. lobbyists supplied needed information about bills, and legislators lacked staff D. any of these 35. The “Third House” refers to a group of people possessing great political power, functioning like a third chamber of the state legislature. Historically, which group has held this title? A. lobbyists for special interest groups B. the Big Four C. the Democratic Party D. retired and former legislators 36. To what does the term “Third House” refer? A. retired and former legislators who advise current legislators B. the state-owned residence in which the governor lives C. a group that possesses great political power and functions like a third chamber of the state legislature D. the initiative industry, which employs paid signature gatherers in order to qualify many initiative measures for the ballot 37. One of the most powerful lobbyists in California history was ______, head of the liquor and racetrack lobbies who called himself “the governor of the legislature” in the 1940s. A. Hiram Johnson B. Artie Samish C. Jesse Unruh D. Leland Crocker 38. Socialist writer Upton Sinclair won statewide nomination for California governor by representing which party? A. Republican B. Democratic C. Progressives D. none of these 39. California’s population significantly increased during the Great Depression, when approximately 350,000 migrants from ______ arrived in search of work. A. Mexico B. China, Japan, and Vietnam C. the Dust Bowl states such as Oklahoma D. the East Coast 40. In the postwar “boom” of the 1950s, what U.S. government program was created to help ease labor shortages? A. Oakie program B. Bracero program Van Vechten, California Politics 5e CQ Press, 2019 C. cross-filing program D. infrastructure program 41. How did California redesign its legislature as a result of the Supreme Court’s ruling in Reynolds v. Sims (1965)? A. Representation in the upper house (the Senate) could only be based on county lines.