Stavanger Smart City Implementing Real-Time
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STAVANGER SMART CITY IMPLEMENTING REAL-TIME MONITORING OF CO2 EMISSION FOR VEHICLES THE CASE OF STAVANGER BY Ngan Pham Muhammad Abdur Rehman UiS BUSINESS SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF STAVANGER SPRING 2019 UIS BUSINESS SCHOOL MASTER’S THESIS STUDY PROGRAM: THESIS IS WRITTEN IN THE FOLLOWING MASTER OF BUSINESS SPECIALIZATION/SUBJECT: ADMINISTRATION STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT IS THE ASSIGNMENT CONFIDENTIAL? (NB! Use the red form for confidential theses) TITLE: IMPLEMENTING REAL TIME MONITORING OF CO2 EMISSION FOR VEHICLES THE CASE OF STAVANGER AUTHORS SUPERVISOR: Candidate number: Name: JAN FRICK 4087 Ngan Pham ………………… ……………………………………. 4026 Muhammad Abdur Rehman ………………… ……………………………………. FOREWORD This master thesis is the final work on our Master’s degree in Economics and Business Administration, specialization in Strategy and Management. This is the result of a fruitful collaboration of all the people involved in the EPIC project under the program of Erasmus+. First of all, we would like to express the sincerest thanks to our thesis supervisors, Professor Jan Frick and Hilde Ness Sandvold for devoting their time and effort to support us in developing the ideas of the thesis from the very beginning days of the EPIC project. We really appreciate their precious advice and responsive feedback, which are highly insightful for our research study. Second, we wish to express our gratitude to the organizers of the EPIC project who brought students from different backgrounds across countries to share ideas and collaborate together. The special thanks go to Karol Appel, a student in Poland also under the EPIC project, for his constructive technical support. Third, we gratefully acknowledge Gunnar Crawford, the leader of Stavanger Smart City and his colleagues for letting us explore the specific case of Stavanger Municipality in an open manner. Their guidance and priceless input have made the value of this thesis more practical both to the authority and the citizens. Fourth, the development of the components mentioned in Appendices would not be possible without the participation of our dedicated respondents. Due to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we cannot name them in the thesis but we would like to express thankfulness for their great support, time and willingness to provide essential information that has been crucial for our thesis. Last but not least, we want to thank our families and significant others for their constant support and patience. Without you the project would not be possible. ABSTRACT The rapid urbanization has placed significant pressure on infrastructure and natural resources, leading to numerous consequences related to environmental, energy and climate issues. As such, the majority of countries have made effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote good urban environments. Norway has also placed high emphasis on maintaining environmental sustainability not only at the national but also at the local level. Joining this target, Stavanger Municipality is also working towards the fossil-free transport sector with the zero-growth target. Over the last decade, the concept of “smart cities” has become more popular in terms of exploiting new technologies to help effectively address these challenges. However, there exists a situation that technological products and solutions are favored over end-users and their quality of life. Often citizens are only informed of what should be done without real engagement, resulting into cities less livable and far from their real needs. Given the limited amount of literature on how smart city can help citizens achieve better living conditions in a sustainable environment, this thesis proposes an idea of implementing real-time monitoring of CO2 emissions for vehicles in Stavanger Municipality. In this research, both the municipality’s and the citizens’ point of view are taken into account, so the model can be considered to be applied in practice. On the one hand, the authorities can get more inhabitants involved in achieving both environmental gains and cost savings (sensors are installed at the existing facilities). On the other hand, citizens will get engaged in the national policy and feel contributing to it. In this way, the case study of Stavanger will outline the potential impacts of smart solutions on sustainability goals and citizen-centric approach. TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 The importance of CO2 emission management in smart city ................................................................ 1 1.1.2 The climate challenge for Norway ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 High literacy rate, technological skill rate and environmentalism of Norwegian ................................. 4 1.1.3 Background choice of research ............................................................................................................. 6 1.2 Research questions ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Disposition ................................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Stavanger smart city roadmap towards the CO2 emissions target ............................................................... 9 2.2 Status of CO2 emissions in Stavanger ......................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Distribution of emissions from road traffic ................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 3: CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF REMOTE SENSING OF MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 3.1 The context of the model ............................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Citizens are the vocal stakeholders of the smart city .......................................................................... 16 3.1.2 Road toll system in Norway ............................................................................................................... 16 3.1.3 Open data of Stavanger Municipality ................................................................................................. 18 3.1.4 EU Control in Norway ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.2 Suggested remote sensing of on-road vehicle emissions in Stavanger ....................................................... 19 3.3 Conceptual model of the remote sensor ..................................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................ 27 4.1 Smart city definition ................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 Smart city dimensions ................................................................................................................................. 29 4.3 Stakeholder collaboration theory ............................................................................................................... 31 4.4 Urban data platform ................................................................................................................................... 33 4.5 Summary of smart city research in relation to CO2 emissions ................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 5: METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 39 5.1 Research design.......................................................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Population, participants, and sampling techniques ................................................................................... 40 5.2.1 Target sample ..................................................................................................................................... 40 5.2.2 Sample size ......................................................................................................................................... 41 5.2.3 Sampling techniques ........................................................................................................................... 41 5.3 Design of an interview ................................................................................................................................ 42 5.4 Data collection and coding ........................................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 6: ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................