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The Energy Puzzle a Question of Science, Politics and Communication JOIN the WINNING TEAM PWOct09cover 21/9/09 12:58 Page 1 physicsworld.com Volume 22 No 10 October 2009 The energy puzzle A question of science, politics and communication JOIN THE WINNING TEAM NKT Photonics - the power of light - SuperK white light lasers - Koheras fiber lasers - Crystal Fibre specialty fibers - aeroLASE amplifier modules NKT Photonics A/S design and manufacture ultra-low noise fiber lasers (Koheras), supercontiunuum lasers (SuperK), and microstructured fibers (Crystal Fibre). Applications for Koheras lasers include interferometric sensing for oil & gas exploration, perimeter surveillance, security, as well as wind LIDAR. The SuperK white light lasers address markets for biomedicine, metrology and R&D. The Crystal Fibre product line include all-glass double clad fibers for high power lasers and amplifiers, hollow core gyroscope fibers and supercontinuum fibers. www.nktphotonics.com Untitled-1 1 18/9/09 09:56:21 PWOct09contents 22/9/09 16:26 Page 1 physicsworld.com Contents: October 2009 Quanta 3 Frontiers 4 News & Analysis 6 New proposal to detect gravitational waves ● World’s quietest building opens ● CERN boss targets future accelerator ● China’s first space-based science mission delayed ● Panel reviews NASA’s Moon and Mars plans ● Indian lunar mission fails ● Teething troubles at US energy agency ● Spain powers ahead in solar-thermal UK Meteorological Office/Science Photo Library energy ● Germany seeks to boost university research ● Bribe allegations rock German science ● New telescope array to shed light on early universe ● Australia launches astronomy centre ● Survey reveals risk of medical scans A question of – science 33–35 Feedback 15 The energy puzzle Challenges in tackling climate change 20 Bold decisions are needed to halve greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050 to limit global warming. Lord Browne argues that the biggest barriers to a low-carbon economy are not scientific or technological but political Tony McConnell/Science Photo Library Publicize or perish 22 With the Copenhagen climate-change conference looming, Joseph Romm warns that scientists must do a much better job of alerting the world to the dangers of global warming A question of – politics 20–21 The road to sustainability 24 Sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels do exist, but materials-science breakthroughs are needed to make some of the most promising technologies viable and cost-effective on a large scale, as George Crabtree and John Sarrao explain Photolibrary Wrong but useful 33 Gavin Schmidt describes how progress in modelling is leading to better predictions of the world’s climate that will be more useful for policymakers and politicians Extreme energy makeover 37 Paul Michael Grant outlines an ambitious proposal for a network of underground pipes carrying nuclear-power-produced hydrogen that serves both as a fuel and as a coolant for superconducting cables Does nanotechnology have the energy? 40 From new materials for wind turbines and supercapacitors to novel “third generation” A question of – communication 22–23 solar cells, nanotechnology could play a major role in future energy sources, as Alan Smith and David Tolfree explain On the cover The energy puzzle (Photolibrary) 19–45 Reviews 46 A physicist tackles sustainable energy ● Genius and persecution ● Web life: Clim’City Physics World is published monthly as 12 issues per annual volume by IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK Careers 50 ● United States Postal Identification Statement Of time and tide Stephen Taylor Once a physicist: Kathryn Jackson Physics World (ISSN 0953-8585) is published monthly by IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK. Annual subscription price is US $520. Air freight and mailing Recruitment 54 in the USA by Publications Expediting, Inc., 200 Meacham Ave, Elmont NY 11003. Periodicals postage at Jamaica NY 11431. US Postmaster: send address changes to Physics World, American Institute of Physics, Suite 1NO1, Lateral Thoughts 64 2 Huntington Quadrangle, Melville, NY 11747-4502 E is for energy Cormac O’Raifeartaigh Physics World October 2009 1 PhyWrld Vac Sup Ad.qxd 4/10/06 10:30 AM Page 1 PWOct09quanta 18/9/09 08:41 Page 3 physicsworld.com Quanta For the record Seen and heard To boldly go where no-one has gone before does not require coming bubble would burst, Sornette went on to make the bold prediction that the index home again would crash between 17–27 July. So did Lawrence Krauss, director of the Origins Rijksmuseum traders flock to take money out of the Initiative at Arizona State University, quoted in the exchange? Well, on 28 July the index stood New York Times at 3438 points before climbing slightly to Krauss was proposing the idea of a one-way ticket 3471 on 4 August. But by 31 August it had to Mars without the need to bring astronauts back tumbled to 2667 points – a fall of more to Earth. than 20%. As Physics World went to press, the index had recovered somewhat and My expectation was that researchers was nearing 3000. Green shoots of would propose risky ideas that were recovery, perhaps? completely new. Disappointingly, we Wood you believe it? Bolt out of the blue got rather little of that “With the compliments of the Few would doubt that Jamaican sprinter Ambassador of the United States Of Usain Bolt is now the fastest man on the Outgoing president of the International America, J. William Middendorf II, to planet after yet again breaking the world Astronomical Union Catherine Cesarsky quoted commemorate the visit to the Netherlands record for the 100 m sprint at the World in Science of the Apollo 11 astronauts.” So reads a Athletics Championships held in Berlin in Cesarsky, who was director-general of the plaque below one of the Rijksmuseum’s August. But, of course, we all knew that he European Southern Observatory from 1999 to most prized possessions – a small sample could run that fast. After his previous 2007, says that she tried to encourage innovative of Moon rock that was acquired by the record-setting time of 9.69 s at the Beijing projects under the director’s discretionary Amsterdam-based museum in 1988 after Olympics last year, astrophysicists at the time-allocation programme, but most of the the death of former Dutch prime minister University of Oslo in Norway worked out resources were instead used to get quick results Willem Drees. The brown-coloured rock that Bolt could have run even faster if he and publications. was a gift to Dress from Middendorf, who had gone flat out rather than slowing down apparently received it via the US State in the last 20 m of the race to celebrate his The first thing a freshman should Department. Yet tests carried out recently Olympic win. And they got it pretty much know is that college is never what on behalf of the museum have revealed spot on. The physicists calculated that Bolt that the “rock” is in fact nothing more than could have covered the 100 m in 9.55 s one expects a piece of petrified wood. Geologist (±0.04 s) if he had maintained his Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg quoted in the Frank Beunk from Vriije University in pre-celebration acceleration. The time he New York Times Amsterdam took a slice of the object with clocked in Berlin? 9.58 s exactly. “The Weinberg was talking about his time at Cornell permission of the museum and, using a agreement could almost not have been University, where he graduated in 1954. Although scanning electron microscope, found that better,” says Hans Kristian Kamfjord he says he found it difficult at first, he was left with it was entirely composed of quartz, which Eriksen from the University of Oslo. memories of inspiring professors and a love of is abundant on Earth but not present on music and Shakespeare. the Moon. “It may have originated from Space, not-so-rockin the Petrified Forest National Park in “To my ear all these songs While my body was sleeping, I think Arizona,” Beunk told Physics World. are universally awful” my spirit flew on a triangular-shaped Despite the mundane origin of the “rock”, was the response of which was last shown to the public in 2006 astronomer Sir Patrick UFO to Venus. It was an extremely at the museum’s “Fly Me to the Moon” Moore in an interview beautiful place and was very green exhibition, the museum is still planning with TheQuietus.com – a to keep the piece. But if you see it, don’t rock music and pop-culture website – when Miyuki Hatoyama, actress and wife of Japan’s be fooled. forced to listen to 10 songs with either a newly elected prime minister Yukio Hatoyama cosmic or scientific theme. So what did he Hatoyama wrote about her surreal space trip in a Bubble trouble think of David Bowie’s “Space Oddity”? book published last year entitled Most Bizarre You do not usually get stock-market “I wonder if any of these people could sing, Things I’ve Encountered. commentators predicting exactly to the even if someone showed them how to do day when a stock or index will crash or it.” And what of Muse’s “Supermassive Perhaps astrophysics stories should depreciate heavily in value. In early July, Black Hole”? “Dreadful.” As for the rather come with a health warning however, Didier Sornette of the more mainstream “No Matter What Sign Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in You Are” by Diana Ross & the Supremes, it Journalist Charlie Brooker quoted in the Guardian Zurich and colleagues predicted that did not impress Moore either. “All these Brooker was commenting on a BBC story last China’s Shanghai Composite Index on the songs are nasty noises.” Maybe the month about the discovery that Andromeda is Shanghai stock exchange would collapse as interviewer should have got the hint with expanding by digesting stars from other galaxies.
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