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Complex Affairs Challenges in Network Science PWFeb10cover 25/1/10 17:21 Page 1 physicsworld.com Volume 23 No 2 February 2010 Complex affairs Challenges in network science Measures of success Your favourite units revealed Courting trouble Are colliders breaking the law? Quantum wonderland Alice through the double slits Capture the Concept TM With COMSOL Multiphysics® you are empowered to build the simulations that accurately replicate the important View Multiphysics applications at: characteristics of your designs. The key is the ability to comsol.com/multiphysics include all physical effects that exist in the real world. This multiphysics approach delivers results—tangible results that save precious development time and spark innovation. © 2010 COMSOL, INC. 2010. COMSOL, COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS, COMSOL REACTION ENGINEERING LAB, AND FEMLAB ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF COMSOL AB. physicsworld.com Contents: February 2010 Quanta 3 D Brockmann Frontiers 4 Alien spectrum revealed ● Seeing with electrons and light ● Gobbling up the galaxy ● Neutrons on the slide ● Colour-changing skins News & Analysis 6 Controversy surrounds murdered Iranian physicist ● Africa launches physical society ● Fraud in China revealed ● Heidelberg opens heavy-ion cancer centre ● First product for Cambridge spin-off ● Budget relief for physicists in Japan ● Reforms called for at UK funding council ● Spy agency shares climate data ● Standards lab funds new centres ● France’s grandes écoles accused of elitism ● Law and the Large Hadron Collider Comment 15 Complexity made simple Critical Point 17 Paper trail – proxy-data networks 31–34 Your favourite units Robert P Crease Feedback 20 Learn to lecture, science and the Royal Society, plus comments from physicsworld.com Photolibrary Features Complexity A networked world 22 An unusual 1998 paper that considered a worm’s neural system, the US electrical grid and Hollywood actors triggered a surge of interest in network science. Mark Buchanan and Guido Caldarelli explain why the field has become so popular Weights and measures – beyond SI 17–19 The flu fighters 26 The spread of infectious diseases like the H1N1 swine-flu pandemic can be far faster On the cover now than they could before air travel became so common. Vittoria Colizza and Challenges in network science Alessandro Vespignani explain how techniques from statistical mechanics and (B Goncalves et al., Indiana University) 22–38 Your favourite units revealed 17–19 complex networks can follow a virus’s progress in real time Are colliders breaking the law? 12–13 Quantum wonderland 52 Following the money 31 Web-based tools that can track the movement of banknotes and the location of mobile phones can reveal patterns in how people travel that may even, as Dirk Brockmann explains, be governed by basic physical laws Simplicity and complexity 36 Not everyone agrees about what complexity is or even what its researchers are trying to achieve. James Crutchfield and Karoline Wiesner outline future directions and wonder if a road map for the field is needed Reviews 40 Complexity for beginners ● A turbulent tale ● Web life: ComplexityBlog.com Physics World is published monthly as 12 issues per annual volume by IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK Careers 44 United States Postal Identification Statement Life on the borders Edward Barry ● Once a physicist: David Roy Physics World (ISSN 0953-8585) is published monthly by IOP Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK. Annual subscription price is US $585. Air freight and mailing Recruitment 47 in the USA by Publications Expediting, Inc., 200 Meacham Ave, Elmont NY 11003. Periodicals postage at Jamaica NY 11431. US Postmaster: send address changes to Physics World, American Institute of Physics, Suite 1NO1, Lateral Thoughts 52 2 Huntington Quadrangle, Melville, NY 11747-4502 Alice through the double slits G G Davies 1 Physics World February 2010 Glassman Physics World Feb 10 15/1/10 12:04 pm Page 1 Fully Floating Technology Giving you the Power to Perform The new FL series from Glassman is available with fully ‘floating outputs’ of up to 1500Vdc. Standard operating features include automatic crossover from constant voltage to constant current mode, a universal ac input voltage range of 90Vac – 264Vac and integral RS232, RS485 and USB digital programming facilities, together with 0-5Vdc/0-10Vdc selectable analogue programming. The FL series boasts 1.5kW of continuous operating power from a lightweight 1U rack mountable chassis, full RoHs and CE accreditation and a 3 year parts and labour warranty. GLASSMAN EUROPE Tel: +44 (0) 1256 883007 Fax: +44 (0) 1256 883017 GLASSMAN USA Tel: (908) 638-3800 Fax: (908) 638-3700 GLASSMAN JAPAN Tel: (045) 902-9988 Fax: (045) 902-2268 www.glassmaneurope.co.uk physicsworld.com Quanta For the record Seen and heard It’s absurd to believe that the Royal Institution can survive without a 24 and 34, who are based in London, who have a university education and are strong director physically attractive, he found that there Martin Rees from Cambridge University quoted in were 26 women in total who fitted his bill. The Times Elle Starkma, PPPL Backus calculates that on an average night Last month the Royal Institution (RI) abolished the out there would then be only a 1 in 285 000 job of director, which was held by neuroscientist chance of meeting any of them. Rather Susan Greenfield, as it could no longer afford to amazingly, the Australian website support the position. It will now be led by business news.au.com reports that Backus has found graduate Chris Rofe, who is the RI’s chief executive. a girlfriend and that they have already been dating for six months. “She meets all my If ever there were a technical project criteria,” Backus claims. that humanity should invest in, this is it Right on track Staff at the Princeton Plasma Physics Own your own Higgs Physicist Chris Rapley, director of the Laboratory have come up with an Finding the Higgs boson at the Science Museum, quoted in The Times ingenious, low-cost solution to a tricky Large Hadron Collider might not be worth When asked what the next decade in science could problem by building a circular train track anything like the 710bn that has already bring, Rapley highlighted “artificial trees” that could inside the lab’s National Spherical Torus been spent on it at the CERN lab. That is suck carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Experiment to help calibrate the reactor’s after a Higgs boson was sold on eBay last neutron detectors. Doug Darrow month for a paltry £21.00 (plus £2.95 for There is nothing in science that isn’t and colleagues placed a piece of postage and packaging). After being not so worth being excited about californium-252 on top of a train, which hotly contested for seven days, the Higgs, then travelled in a circle allowing the which is thought to give other particle their Writer Bill Bryson quoted in New Scientist detectors to pick up the emitted neutrons mass, only received 10 bids in total. Bryson, author of the bestselling popular-science as it travelled round. The neutrons from The seller, who goes under the name of book A Short History of Nearly Everything, says the radioactive element have an energy sahbman and is based in Glasgow in the that the place where you would expect to find similar to that of deuterium– deuterium UK, promised the highest bidder a excitement about science is in schools, but that fusion neutrons. According to Darrow, certificate of authenticity, the Higgs in a these days that often does not ring true. having a moving piece of californium was matchbox secured with a piece of Blu-Tack must better than just placing the sample in as well as, er, “potential mastery of reality”. A real crunch is coming the centre of the tokamak. Indeed, Unfortunately for the eventual buyer, researchers recorded a calibration however, no returns are accepted. Consultant Jack Lifton quoted in the Independent improvement of 10% using the moving With mines in China accounting for nearly 97% of source. Whether any toy train track will Space sushi global supplies of rare-earth elements, Lifton says feature in an updated design blueprint for When you think about that the UK and the US should secure the supply of the ITER project remains to be seen. astronauts eating in space, rare-earths from sources outside China otherwise the first thing that there could be shortages due to export cuts that Are you out there? probably springs to mind could hit battery and motor manufacturers. Most physicists will be familiar with the iStockphoto.com/vasko is liquidized food being Drake equation used to estimate the sucked out of vacuum- I am hanging a lot of sex and music number of possible civilizations in the packed plastic bags with a straw. But now and philosophy on it universe. Formulated by the US the International Space Station (ISS) is set astronomer Frank Drake in 1960, it for a finer dining experience as sushi is Nobel laureate Frank Wilczek quoted in the suggests that there could be as many as apparently going on the menu. Late last New York Times 10 000 civilizations living in the universe. December, Japanese astronaut Soichi Wilczek is writing a novel, The Attraction of However, economics PhD student Noguchi brought raw fish to the station as Darkness, about four physicists who discover what Peter Backus from the University of he, together with Russian cosmonaut dark matter is – only for one of them to mysteriously Warwick in the UK has now adapted the Oleg Kotov and US astronaut Timothy die before they are awarded a Nobel prize. equation to calculate another hard-to- Creamer, blasted off from the Baikonur predict phenomenon: the probability of Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan to carry out a I first liked ginger peach.
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