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Introduction Emotion Special Issue Leslie S Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 11, 1–2 (2004) Introduction Emotion Special Issue Leslie S. Greenberg* Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada In this issue on an emotion-focused approach to unconscious, preverbal or perceptual. Modes of therapy, emotion is seen as a special form of infor- processing based on fear or loss have been called mation processing crucial to survival and adapta- cognitive. Complex states such as worthlessness or tion. It is now clear that emotion influences modes hopelessness, which are based as much on emotion of processing, guides attention, enhances memory as they are on cognition and are more feelings than and that much behaviour is in the service of beliefs, have been treated as cognitions. Different emotion regulation and attachment. People do not personality disorders have been seen as being only do things because of their views of things but based on a different cognitive content. Now that because it feels good or bad. People attempt to cognition is so all encompassing, the thesis that regulate affect—to minimize unpleasant and max- cognition produces emotion and disorder and that imize pleasant affect—and this is a driving force in therapy should be aimed at changing cognition is human motivation and action. much less testable and much less interesting than Emotions, as well as influencing information when cognition meant automatic thought. The processing and providing action dispositions, also cognitive hypothesis has essentially become un- provide evaluations of goal attainment. These testable and non-refutable. The important question evaluations are not necessarily in language or for the field now is ‘When is it important that reflexively self-conscious. In addition emotions emotion is mediated by cognition and when is it have more to do with evaluation of the significance important that cognition is mediated by emotion of things to one’s well-being than with their truth and what are the best forms of intervention for the or rationality. From an emotion-focused perspec- different instances?’ tive, disorder is seen as resulting more from fail- Another problem with the dominant cognitive ures in the dyadic regulation of affect, avoidance paradigm is that the cognitive therapy proposal of affect, traumatic learning and lack of processing that people need to bring troublesome emotion into of emotion than from logical error, irrationality or line with reason’s dictates simply is not humanly fea- lack of insight. sible. It denies human complexity. In fact a desire The clarification of the nature and functioning of to be totally rational can itself produce emotional emotion over the last decade is especially impor- distress. If reason ruled, people would not do any- tant in light of the proposed relationship between thing simply because they enjoy it. Passion is emotion and cognition in the cognitive revolution. an important part of life, giving it colour and In its original form the post-cognitive hypothesis— meaning. We do things for the emotional effects. that emotion was caused by automatic thoughts Emotion therefore needs to be treated as an independent accessible to consciousness—was interesting and variable that interacts with and influences cognition testable but the meaning of cognitive by now has and behaviour. It is the thesis of this issue that in become so all encompassing as to become almost therapy emotion needs to be validated and worked with meaningless. So many phenomena are now viewed directly to promote emotional change and that a com- as cognitive, irrespective of whether they are prehensive approach to treatment needs to incor- porate a focus on emotion. Greenberg in the first paper on Emotion-focused *Correspondence to: Professor L. S. Greenberg, Department therapy (EFT) offers Awareness, Regulation and of Psychology, York University, 4700 Keele St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3. Tel: +416 736 5115 ext. 66111. Transformation as three empirically supported Fax: +416 736 5814. principles of emotional change and argues that a E-mail: [email protected] deepening of client’s core emotions in therapy, for Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/cpp.387 2 L. S. Greenberg suitable clients produces more enduring change. routes to emotion and that intervention should He suggests that clients have to arrive at an vary according to the emotion generation route. emotion before they can leave it and that emotion This view is applied to working with individuals often is best changed by an alternate emotion. with unipolar depression and suggestions are Menin in the second paper presents Emotion Reg- made as to how Cognitive Behavioural approaches ulation Therapy (ERT) as an integrative approach need to be adapted for the treatment of mood dis- to treating GAD. ERT starts with psycho-education orders. An account of working in an emotion- but moves to skill training in somatic awareness focused manner with coupled emotions in bipolar and in emotion, knowledge, utilization and regu- disorder is also presented. lation. These skills are then used to confront core Whelton in a concluding paper reviews research thematic issues using experiential exposure exer- on emotion in therapy and concludes that there is cises. Fosha in the next paper shows how, in an mounting evidence to support the hypothesis that emotionally engaged therapeutic relationship, the the acceptance of emotional experience is generally moment-to-moment processing of emotion to beneficial and that its avoidance is generally completion produces therapeutic transformation. harmful, even when the emotions are painful and She also points out that positive emotions are sen- negative. He also finds that processing information sitive affective markers of important transforma- in an experiential manner predicts successful out- tional processes. She describes several types of comes, that emotional arousal and expression can positive emotion that arise spontaneously during lead to constructive change for some clients and moment-to-moment experiential therapeutic work some problems but that this occurs most when and the transformation processes they represent. arousal is coupled with reflection. Finally he finds Power, in the penultimate paper, presents an evidence to support that exposure to difficult and outline of the SPAARS approach to emotion and fearful stimuli while emotionally aroused, restruc- emotional disorder. This multi-level theory of tures expectancies and reduces anxiety and symp- emotion demonstrates that there are two different toms of trauma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 11, 1–2 (2004) Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Clin. Psychol. Psychother. 11, 3–16 (2004) Emotion–focused Therapy L.S. Greenberg* Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada In an Emotion-focused approach emotion is seen as foundational in the construction of the self and is a key determinant of self- organization. As well as having emotion people also live in a constant process of making sense of our emotions. Personal meaning is seen as emerging by the self-organization and explication of one’s own emotional experience and optimal adaptation involves an integration of reason and emotion. In this framework therapists are viewed as Emotion coaches who work to enhance emotion-focused coping by helping people become aware of, accept and make sense of their emo- tional experience. Emotion coaching in therapy is based on two phases: Arriving and Leaving. A major premise is that one cannot leave a place until one has arrived at it. Three major empirically- supported principles of Emotion Awareness, Emotion Regulation and Emotion Transformation that guide emotion coaching are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. EMOTION IN HUMAN FUNCTIONING harmed in a situation (Frijda, 1986) and they indi- cate how individuals appraise themselves and A major premise of Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) their worlds (Greenberg & Korman, 1993; Lazarus, is that emotion is foundational in the construction 1991). Emotions then are involved in setting of the self and is a key determinant of self- goal priorities (Oatley & Jenkins, 1992) and are organization. At the most basic level of functioning biologically-based relational action tendencies that emotions are an adaptive form of information- result from the appraisal of the situation based on processing and action readiness that orients people these goals/needs/concerns (Arnold, 1960; Frijda, to their environment and promotes their well- 1986; Greenberg & Korman, 1993; Greenberg & being (Frijda, 1986; Greenberg & Paivio, 1997; Safran, 1987, 1989; Oatley & Jenkins, 1992). Differ- Greenberg & Safran, 1987; Lang, 1995). EFT sug- ent action tendencies correspond to different emo- gests that emotional intelligence involves honing tions. For example, fear is associated with the the capacity to use emotions as a guide, without mobilization for flight, while anger involves the being a slave to emotions. urge to attack, repel, or break free. According to a number of emotion theories, an As well as involving a primary meaning system, important although not the only source of emotion that informs people of the significance of events to production at the psychological level is the tacit their well-being and a rapid adaptive action ten- appraisal of a situation in terms of personal goals, dency (Frijda, 1986) emotion also is a primary sig- concerns
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