The Genesis of Meteorology at the University of Chicago
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The Fujita Scale Is Used to Rate the Intensity of a Tornado by Examining the Damage Caused by the Tornado After It Has Passed Over a Man-Made Structure
The Fujita Scale is used to rate the intensity of a tornado by examining the damage caused by the tornado after it has passed over a man-made structure. The "Percentage of All Tornadoes 1950- 1994" pie chart reveals that the vast majority of tornadoes are either weak or do damage that can only be attributed to a weak tornado. Only a small percentage of tornadoes can be correctly classed as violent. Such a chart became possible only after the acceptance of the Fujita Scale as the official classification system for tornado damage. It is quite possible that an even higher percentage of all tornadoes are weak. Each year the National Weather Service documents about 1000 tornado touchdowns in the United States. There is evidence that 1000 or more additional weak tornadoes may occur each year and go completely undocumented. The "Percentage of Tornado-Related Deaths 1950-1994" pie chart shows that while violent tornadoes are few in number, they cause a very high percentage of tornado-related deaths. The Tornado Project has analyzed data prior to 1950, and found that the percentage of deaths from violent tornadoes was even greater in the past. This is because the death tolls prior to the introduction of the forecasting/awareness programs were enormous: 695 dead(Missouri-Illinois-Indiana, March 18, 1925); 317 dead(Natchez, Mississippi, May 7, 1840);.255 dead(St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois, May 27, 1896); 216 dead(Tupelo, Mississippi, April 5, 1936); 203 dead(Gainesville, GA, April 6, 1936). In more recent times, no single tornado has killed more than 50 people since 1971. -
Temperature Change and Its Effects on the Great Lakes Climate
Temperature Change and its Effects on the Great Lake’s Climate. Ross Ellet Professor: Matthew Huber April 28, 2005 Temperature change and its effects on the Great Lakes climate. The Great Lakes create a very unique sub climate zone that is unlike most areas in the world. The Great Lakes act as a climate moderator. They contain some of the biggest fresh water lakes in the world. This allows temperature moderation to occur. Typically the lakes keep the eastward coastlines more humid. Since there is more humidity, clouds are more frequent. Thus the temperature fluctuation on a daily basis is a little less than areas not affected by the Great Lakes. This in turn affects the precipitation that falls, when it falls, and where it falls. In the winter time the cold air masses blow over the relatively warm water which creates lake-effect snowfall. This is a very important social and economical impact the climate has on the Great Lakes region. So what happens when a climate change occurs in this area? What types of impacts will it have on the Great Lakes region? Will it be any different than those areas directly west of the Great Lakes? Theory and Research Aral Sea In order to understand climate change in the Great Lakes, first one must understand the dynamics of what is already occurring. The Great Lakes is unlike most lakes in the world due to its size, power, and potential to affect climate. However, there is another body of water that is just as significant. The Aral Sea, which is located in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, is an important tool to see how much a large body of water affects climate. -
Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001
Cumulated Bibliography of Biographies of Ocean Scientists Deborah Day, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives Revised December 3, 2001. Preface This bibliography attempts to list all substantial autobiographies, biographies, festschrifts and obituaries of prominent oceanographers, marine biologists, fisheries scientists, and other scientists who worked in the marine environment published in journals and books after 1922, the publication date of Herdman’s Founders of Oceanography. The bibliography does not include newspaper obituaries, government documents, or citations to brief entries in general biographical sources. Items are listed alphabetically by author, and then chronologically by date of publication under a legend that includes the full name of the individual, his/her date of birth in European style(day, month in roman numeral, year), followed by his/her place of birth, then his date of death and place of death. Entries are in author-editor style following the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 14th ed., 1993). Citations are annotated to list the language if it is not obvious from the text. Annotations will also indicate if the citation includes a list of the scientist’s papers, if there is a relationship between the author of the citation and the scientist, or if the citation is written for a particular audience. This bibliography of biographies of scientists of the sea is based on Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre’s bibliography of biographies first published annually beginning with issue 4 of the History of Oceanography Newsletter (September 1992). It was supplemented by a bibliography maintained by Eric L. Mills and citations in the biographical files of the Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD. -
Bierknes Memorial Lecture Richard J
Bierknes Memorial Lecture Richard J. Reed1 The Development and Status of Modern Weather Prediction2 Abstract or writings. Despite his many accomplishments and honors, Bjerknes was a modest man. I trust that he The progress made in weather prediction since national would approve of our decision to focus attention in this weather services began issuing forecasts is traced and assessed. Specific contributions of J. Bjerknes to this program are lecture on the subject to which he devoted much of his pointed out. Lessons learned from the historical record con- life's work rather than on his personal achievements cerning factors and conditions responsible for the important alone. advances are considered, and a limited evaluation is then During the period under consideration, weather fore- made of the increase in forecast skill that resulted from these advances. Finally, some comments are offered on the future casting was transformed from a practical art to a partly prospects of weather prediction. quantitative science. Thus it will be convenient in the discussion that follows to divide the period into three eras: a first extending from 1860 to 1920 in which fore- 1. Introduction cast practice was based almost entirely on human ex- We gather tonight to celebrate the memory of Jacob perience and skill, a second extending from 1920 to 1950 Bjerknes, one of the towering figures in the history of in which physical concepts received increasing emphasis, meteorology. In a long and distinguished career that and finally the modern era in which physical-numerical spanned a period of more than 50 years, Bjerknes made methods have been introduced and become firmly es- monumental contributions to our knowledge and under- tablished. -
Ref. Accweather Weather History)
NOVEMBER WEATHER HISTORY FOR THE 1ST - 30TH AccuWeather Site Address- http://forums.accuweather.com/index.php?showtopic=7074 West Henrico Co. - Glen Allen VA. Site Address- (Ref. AccWeather Weather History) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AccuWeather.com Forums _ Your Weather Stories / Historical Storms _ Today in Weather History Posted by: BriSr Nov 1 2008, 02:21 PM November 1 MN History 1991 Classes were canceled across the state due to the Halloween Blizzard. Three foot drifts across I-94 from the Twin Cities to St. Cloud. 2000 A brief tornado touched down 2 miles east and southeast of Prinsburg in Kandiyohi county. U.S. History # 1861 - A hurricane near Cape Hatteras, NC, battered a Union fleet of ships attacking Carolina ports, and produced high tides and high winds in New York State and New England. (David Ludlum) # 1966 - Santa Anna winds fanned fires, and brought record November heat to parts of coastal California. November records included 86 degrees at San Francisco, 97 degrees at San Diego, and 101 degrees at the International airport in Los Angeles. Fires claimed the lives of at least sixteen firefighters. (The Weather Channel) # 1968 - A tornado touched down west of Winslow, AZ, but did little damage in an uninhabited area. (The Weather Channel) # 1987 - Early morning thunderstorms in central Arizona produced hail an inch in diameter at Williams and Gila Bend, and drenched Payson with 1.86 inches of rain. Hannagan Meadows AZ, meanwhile, was blanketed with three inches of snow. Unseasonably warm weather prevailed across the Ohio Valley. Afternoon highs of 76 degrees at Beckley WV, 77 degrees at Bluefield WV, and 83 degrees at Lexington KY were records for the month of November. -
History of Frontal Concepts Tn Meteorology
HISTORY OF FRONTAL CONCEPTS TN METEOROLOGY: THE ACCEPTANCE OF THE NORWEGIAN THEORY by Gardner Perry III Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June, 1961 Signature of'Author . ~ . ........ Department of Humangties, May 17, 1959 Certified by . v/ .-- '-- -T * ~ . ..... Thesis Supervisor Accepted by Chairman0 0 e 0 o mmite0 0 Chairman, Departmental Committee on Theses II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for and the development of this thesis could not have been nearly as complete as it is without the assistance of innumerable persons; to any that I may have momentarily forgotten, my sincerest apologies. Conversations with Professors Giorgio de Santilw lana and Huston Smith provided many helpful and stimulat- ing thoughts. Professor Frederick Sanders injected thought pro- voking and clarifying comments at precisely the correct moments. This contribution has proven invaluable. The personnel of the following libraries were most cooperative with my many requests for assistance: Human- ities Library (M.I.T.), Science Library (M.I.T.), Engineer- ing Library (M.I.T.), Gordon MacKay Library (Harvard), and the Weather Bureau Library (Suitland, Md.). Also, the American Meteorological Society and Mr. David Ludlum were helpful in suggesting sources of material. In getting through the myriad of minor technical details Professor Roy Lamson and Mrs. Blender were indis-. pensable. And finally, whatever typing that I could not find time to do my wife, Mary, has willingly done. ABSTRACT The frontal concept, as developed by the Norwegian Meteorologists, is the foundation of modern synoptic mete- orology. The Norwegian theory, when presented, was rapidly accepted by the world's meteorologists, even though its several precursors had been rejected or Ignored. -
Montgomery Ward Case, WTCN Radio Broadcast, May 5, 1944
MONTGOMERY --WARD CASE Broadcast by H. H. Humphrey, Jr. W.T.C.N. May 5, 1944. Montgomery Ward 1 s highly controversial quarrel with the admini- stration got a helping hand from Congress today. The House gave overwhelming approval to a resolution authorizing an investigation of the government's seizure of Montgomery Ward's Chicago plant. The legislators approved the investigation by a vote of three hundred to sixty. The House probe will run concurrently with the Senate inves- tigation already underway. Only the staunchest administration supporters opposed the House resolution calling for a seven-man eo~ttee to decide whether the President exceeded bi s a uthority in ordering the seizure. Adminis- tration stalwarts say the seizure was in accordance with provisions of the Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Law. I wish to take the liberty tonight to give an analysis of this extremely interesting episode in war-time controls by cur government. There seems ~ be an unusually great interest in the government's seizure of the Montgomery Ward plant in Chicago. The s]i8ctacle of Mr. Avery, manager of Ward's, being carried from his office by American soldiers is a milestone in the battle between the Company and the Government. Congress, or some members of Congress, is up in arms. The wildest sort of charges have been hurled at President Roosevelt and Attorney General Biddle. There is plenty o:f smoke and heat, but how about the f'acts. What is the 'record behind the government's seizure? What is Mr. Avery's record in industrial relations? After considerable research and investigation, I have found suf- ficient information to be worthy of presentation. -
Midwest to Northeast U.S. Winter Storm 12-13 March, 2014 By: Kwan-Yin Kong, WPC Meteorologist
Midwest to Northeast U.S. Winter Storm 12-13 March, 2014 By: Kwan-yin Kong, WPC meteorologist Meteorological Overview: A fast-moving winter storm brought a swath of significant snowfall from the Midwest eastward through the lower Great Lakes and across northern New England during the second week of March 2014 (fig. 1 and 2). The storm was a consequence of baroclinic development as a progressive upper-level trough from the Pacific merged with a shortwave trough dropping southeastward from central Canada. The surface low pressure center of the storm can be tracked back to the foothills in northern Wyoming on 10 March when the Pacific upper trough began to move off the Rockies into the High Plains (fig. 1). At this time, the upper-level shortwave trough was beginning to head southward from central Canada but was still quite far away from the surface low center. With a lack of upper-level support, the surface low deepened very slowly along a nearly stationary front while moving east-southeastward across the central plains. By 11 March, the shortwave trough and the associated cold air mass was moving into the Upper Midwest and approached the low pressure system in the central plains (fig. 3a, b). As the two systems merged over the Midwest early on 12 March, a new low pressure center formed near the Illinois-Indiana border and began to intensify rapidly under a favorable baroclinic environment (fig. 3c, d). Precipitation with embedded thunderstorms formed north of the surface low and became heavy at times as the coverage expanded rapidly to the east-northeast into the lower Great Lakes and New England during the day on 12 March (fig. -