DOCSLIB.ORG

National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030 (Necp 2030)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030 (Necp 2030) PORTUGAL NATIONAL ENERGY AND CLIMATE PLAN 2021-2030 (NECP 2030) Portugal, December 2019 Contents NECP 2030 Table of Contents 1. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS FOR ESTABLISHING THE PLAN ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Summary .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1. Political, economic, environmental, and social context of the plan ....................................................................... 1 1.1.2. The five dimensions of the Energy Union strategy ................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3. Overview of the plan’s main objectives, policies and measures .......................................................................... 12 1.2. Overview of the current policy situation ........................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.1. National and EU energy system and the policy context of the national plan ....................................................... 15 1.2.2. Current energy and climate policies and measures across the five dimensions of the Energy Union ................. 18 1.2.3. Key issues of cross-border relevance .................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.4. Administrative structure for implementing national energy and climate policies ............................................... 23 1.3. Consultations and involvement of national and EU entities and their outcome ............................................................... 25 1.3.1. Involvement of the national Parliament ............................................................................................................... 25 1.3.2. Involvement of local and regional powers ............................................................................................................ 25 1.3.3. Consultations with stakeholders, including social partners, and engagement of civil society ............................. 25 1.3.4. Consultations with other Member States ............................................................................................................. 28 1.3.5. Iterative process with the European Commission ................................................................................................ 28 1.4. Regional cooperation in preparing the plan ...................................................................................................................... 29 1.4.1. Aspects subject to joint planning or coordination with other States ................................................................... 29 1.4.2. Explanation of how regional cooperation is considered in the plan..................................................................... 29 2. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1. Dimension Decarbonisation ............................................................................................................................................... 30 2.1.1. Objectives relating to GHG emissions and removals ............................................................................................ 30 2.1.2. Objectives relating to renewable energy sources. ................................................................................................ 33 2.2. Dimension Energy efficiency .............................................................................................................................................. 41 2.3. Dimension Energy security ................................................................................................................................................. 44 2.4. Dimension Internal Energy Market .................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.1. Electricity interconnectivity ....................................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.2. Energy transmission infrastructure ........................................................................................................................... 46 2.4.3. Market integration .................................................................................................................................................... 48 2.4.4. Energy poverty .......................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.5. Dimension Research, innovation and competitiveness ..................................................................................................... 51 3. POLICIES AND MEASURES PLANNED ...................................................................................................................................... 53 3.1. Dimension Decarbonisation .......................................................................................................................................... 53 3.1.2. Renewable energy ..................................................................................................................................................... 67 3.1.3. Other items ............................................................................................................................................................... 76 3.2. Dimension Energy efficiency.......................................................................................................................................... 87 3.3. Dimension Energy security ............................................................................................................................................ 95 3.4. Dimension Internal energy market .............................................................................................................................. 101 3.4.1. Electricity infrastructure ..................................................................................................................................... 101 3.4.2. Energy transmission infrastructure ..................................................................................................................... 103 3.4.3. Market integration .............................................................................................................................................. 103 Contents NECP 2030 3.4.4. Energy poverty .................................................................................................................................................... 106 3.5. Dimension Research, innovation and competitiveness ............................................................................................... 109 4. CURRENT SITUATION AND PROJECTIONS WITH EXISTING POLICIES AND MEASURES ......................................................... 116 4.1. Projected evolution of main exogenous factors influencing energy system and GHG emission developments ........ 116 4.2. Decarbonisation dimension ......................................................................................................................................... 118 4.2.1. GHG emissions and removals .................................................................................................................................. 118 4.2.1.1. Total greenhouse gas emissions in Portugal ....................................................................................................... 118 4.2.1.2. Projections of sectorial developments with existing national and EU policies and measures at least until 2040 (including for the year 2030) ...................................................................................................................................................... 121 4.2.2. Energy from renewable sources ....................................................................................................................................... 123 4.3. Dimension Energy efficiency........................................................................................................................................ 126 4.4. Dimension Energy security .......................................................................................................................................... 135 4.5. Dimension Internal Energy Market .............................................................................................................................. 141 4.5.1. Electricity interconnections ..................................................................................................................................... 141 4.5.2. Energy transmission infrastructure ......................................................................................................................... 143 4.5.3. Electricity and gas markets, energy prices ....................................................................................................................... 148 4.6. Dimension Research, innovation and competitiveness ............................................................................................... 151 5. IMPACT
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Portugal 2021 Energy Policy Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
    Portugal 2021 Energy Policy Review INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the reliability, affordability Ireland and sustainability of Italy energy in its Japan 30 member countries, Korea 8 association Luxembourg countries and beyond. Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Please note that this Slovak Republic publication is subject to Spain specific restrictions that limit Sweden its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are Switzerland available online at Turkey www.iea.org/t&c/ United Kingdom United States This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword The International Energy Agency (IEA) has conducted energy policy reviews of its member countries since 1976. This peer review process supports energy policy development and encourages the exchange of international best practices. By seeing what has worked – or not – in the “real world”, these reviews help to identify policies that deliver concrete results.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment Report on Technical, Legal, Institutional and Policy Conditions
    Deliverable 2.1 ASSESSMENT REPORT ON TECHNICAL, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY CONDITIONS This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 953040. The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the COME RES project and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Public SUMMARY WP: 2 Name of the WP: Starting conditions, potentials, barriers and drivers for the uptake of RES based community energy Dissemination Public Due delivery date: 28 February 2021 level: Type: Report Actual delivery date: 26 February 2021 Lead beneficiary: CICERO – Center for International Climate Research Contributing beneficiaries: FUB, VITO, BBH, RESCoop.eu, ECOAZIONI, ENEA, LEIF, TU/e, KAPE, INEGI, ECORYS Lead authors: Lead authors: Karina Standal and Stine Aakre Contributing authors: Irene Alonso (ECORYS); Isabel Azevedo (INEGI); Massimo Bastiani (Ecoazioni); Nicoletta del Bufalo (ECORYS); Martina Caliano (ENEA); Sarah Delvaux (VITO); Rosaria Di Nucci (FUB); Dörte Fouquet (BBH); Vincenzo Gatta (FUB); Xenia Gimenez (ACER); Gaidis Klāvs (IPE); Michael Krug (FUB); Ivars Kudreņickis (IPE); Erik Laes (TU/e); Kristin Linnerud (CICERO); Elena De Luca (ENEA), Pouyan Maleki (ECORYS); Erika Meynaerts (VITO); Piotr Nowakowski (KAPE); Maria Grazia Oteri (ENEA); Stavroula Pappa (REScoop.eu); Roland Schumann (ACER); Dirk Vansintjan (REScoop.eu); Virna Venerucci (Ecoazioni); Ryszard Wnuk (KAPE); Aija Zučika (LEIF); Solveig Aamodt (CICERO) Document history Submitted Version Date Reviewed/approved by Date for review by V0 Karina 18.02.2021 Kristin Linnerud, CICERO 19.02.2021 Standal, CICERO V1 Stine Aakre, 19.02.2021 Pouyan Maleki, ECORYS 22.02.2021 CICERO Rosaria Di Nucci FUB-FFU 24.02.2021 V2 Karina 26.02.2021 Rosaria Di Nucci FUB-FFU 26.02.2021 Standal, CICERO i COME RES 953040 - D2.1: ASSESSMENT REPORT ON TECHNICAL, LEGAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY CONDITIONS Public ABOUT COME RES COME RES - Community Energy for the uptake of renewables in the electricity sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Social & Institutional Barriers for Wind Energy Installations
    Informes Técnicos Ciemat 922 febrero, 2000 Addressing Social & Institutional Bamers for Wind Energy Installations L. Ramírez* R. González* M. Várela* R. Sáez* I. Ramírez** F.Vicente** * CIEMAT ** Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Agua. Comunidad Autónoma de Murcia Departamento de Energías Renovables Toda correspondenica en relación con este trabajo debe dirigirse al Servicio de Información y Documentación, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-MADRID, ESPAÑA. Las solicitudes de ejemplares deben dirigirse a este mismo Servicio. Los descriptores se han seleccionado del Thesauro del DOE para describir las materias que contiene este informe con vistas a su recuperación. La catalogación se ha hecho utilizando el documento DOE/TIC-4602 (Rev. 1) Descriptive Cataloguing On-Line, y la clasificación de acuerdo con el documento DOE/TIC.4584-R7 Subject Categories and Scope publicados por el Office of Scientific and Technical Information del Departamento de Energía de los Estdos Unidos. Se autoriza la reproducción de los resúmenes analíticos que aparecen en esta publicación. Depósito Legal: M -14226-1995 ISSN: 1135-9420 ÑIPO: 238-00-002-0 Editorial CIEMAT CLASIFICACIÓN DOE Y DESCRIPTORES S17 WMD POWER; WIND POWER PLANTS; WIND TURBINE ARRAYS; SOCIAL IMPACT; SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS; EUROPEAN UNION Addressing Social & Institutional Barriers for Wind Energy Installations Ramírez, L. *; González, R. *; Várela, M. *; Sáez, R. *; Ramírez, 1. **; Vicente, F. ** * Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid ** Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Agua. Comunidad autónoma de Murcia 130 pp. 7 fig. 12refs. Abstract: This project has been jointly financed by the European Commission and developed within the Programme «Thermie- B».
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability Report 2006
    Project1 07/06/01 12:36 Page 1 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT 2006 ‘06 Sustentabilidade_Vol III_Inglês_soctip 07/06/01 12:10 Page 1 SUSTAINABILITY REPORT ‘06 Sustentabilidade_Vol III_Inglês_soctip 07/06/01 12:10 Page 2 ‘CONTENTS Sustentabilidade_Vol III_Inglês_soctip 07/06/01 12:10 Page 3 04 SCOPE 57 Audit ‘ 59 Supervision and Regulation 06 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN 59 Risk Management ‘ 61 Procedures 10 MILLENNIUM BCP 62 A good place to work 12 ‘Vision and Values 62 People Management 12 Vision 68 Equal Opportunities 12 Mission 69 Working Environment 12 Codes of Conduct 69 Social benefits and family-responsible company 13 Functional Model 16 Multidomestic Culture 74 COMMITMENT TO FUTURE GENERATIONS 16 Rebranding 76 ‘Commitment to the environment 18 Main facts of social responsibility in the subsidiary companies 76 Millennium bcp Environment Project 76 Consumption of resources 22 INCLUDING SUSTAINABILITY 78 Pollutant Emissions 24 ‘Dialogue with Stakeholders 80 Nature Preservation 25 Contact Centre – The Customer’s Voice 80 Compliance 26 Ombudsman 81 Commitment to Society 27 Consumer Associations 81 Promoting Knowledge 27 Investor Relations 83 Promoting Culture 29 Communication 84 Supporting the Community 33 Culture of involvement 36 Relationship with Suppliers 90 SUMMARY OF INDICATORS 38 Products and Services 92 ‘Summary of Indicators 38 Socially responsible products 94 Geographical Presence 39 Scope 96 Organisational Structure 41 Trust 97 Memberships in National and International Organisations 42 Credit 98 Verification Report Issued by KPMG 43 Project
    [Show full text]
  • European Energy Security the New Role of the Atlantic and the Portuguese Speaking Countries of the Region
    European Energy Security The new role of the Atlantic and the Portuguese Speaking Countries of the Region The European Union (EU), namely after its expansion in the East, is proportionally much more dependent on Russia and Eurasia than the Middle East/Persian Gulf region, counting on an energy province within it, although facing a decline in production – the North Sea -, and with two regions of proximity – the North of Africa and West Africa. Security of an energy supply encompasses all Member-States, even if some regions are more vulnerable than others; in particularly the less integrated and connected regions, such as the Baltic region and Eastern Europe. Simultaneously, the Atlantic region is becoming the scene of important transformations, such as those arising from the discovery of new energy resources and technological advances that will impact the future. To this effect, the present work focuses its attention on the Atlantic, proposing to observe, analyze, and attempt to comprehend, as much as possible, the future of its influence in geopolitical and geo-economics terms, highlighting the role of Portugal and the Lusophone countries of the Atlantic could potentially take regarding energy as an alternative route to the Russian supply for the EU, allowing for a more energy secure Europe. This research paper consists of five chapters, including a vast bibliography revised. The period studied is from present time until 2030. We begin by presenting the current energy landscape. Following by analyzing the evolution of energy policy in the EU, from the institutionalization of the European Community to present time, especially focusing in more recent developments, namely the “Magic Triangle”, the European Strategy for Energy 1 Security, and the Energy Union Package.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Load Calculation for a Single-Family Home in Portugal
    FEUP Thermal load Calculation for a single-family home in Portugal Thermal load Calculation for a single-family home in Portugal Zahra Noorbakhsh A Thesis in the Field of Energy Technology For the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science and Technology Supervisor: Dr. Szabolcs Varga July 2020 FEUP Thermal load Calculation for a single-family home in Portugal Abstract: This work is carried within the framework of the Hybrid – BioVGE project, funded by the European Commission under the program “Building a Low-Carbon, Climate Resilient Future: Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy”. The major target of this project is to develop and design a highly integrated solar/biomass hybrid air conditioning system for cooling and heating demands of residential and commercial buildings. Calculating the heating and cooling load is the first step in designing a suitable HVAC system. A complete HVAC design is more than just a load estimate. Proper measurement of the HVAC system, selection of HVAC equipment, and design of the air distribution system to respond to the predicted precise heating and cooling loads begin with an accurate understanding of the heating and cooling loads in a space. In this work, firstly, try to investigate the importance of using renewable energy, precisely solar one, in the achievement of energy and climate European goals, and share of Portugal as member of European Union in decreasing co2 emission and reaching to EU sustainable development goals. In next stage all elements which have effects on calculation of building loads have been defined and explain that how proper heating loads and cooling loads in a building can be estimated.
    [Show full text]
  • D1.1 Performance Criteria & Requirements
    SportE2 - Intelligent Management System to integrate and control energy generation, consumption and exchange for European Sport and Recreation Buildings Start: 1 September 2010 Duration: 36 months FP7 ICT-EEB Grant Agreement 260124 Deliverable D 1.1 Performance Criteria and Requirements Date Delivery date: M6 Deliverable Number D 1.1 WP Number WP 1: Sport Facilities Energy Assessment & System Architecture Status Final Dissemination level (*) PU (*) PU = Public PP = Restricted to other programme participants RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium SportE2 D 1.1 11-03-2011 Page 2 of 115 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents .................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................4 1.1 Project objectives and D1.1 aims ................................................................................4 1.2 Definition of the 4 modules.........................................................................................5 2. Sport Facilities in the Energy Efficiency Context .........................................................6 2.1 Aspects related to the sport facility sector at large......................................................6 2.1.1 Project Motivation: The need for SportE2, the justification of public funding, and the opportunities it presents ...................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Evaluation of the Portuguese PV and Energy Storage Residential Applications
    Economic Evaluation of the Portuguese PV and Energy Storage Residential Applications Ana Folesa,b,1, Luís Fialhoa,b,2, Manuel Collares-Pereiraa,b,3 aRenewable Energies Chair, University of Évora, 7000-651 Évora, Portugal bInstitute of Earth Sciences, University of Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract In the residential sector, energy micro-generation and its intelligent management have been creating novel energy market models, considering new concepts of energy use and distribution, in which the prosumer has an active role in the energy generation and its self- consumption. The configuration of the solar photovoltaic system with a battery energy storage in Portugal is unclear in the technical, energetic and mostly in the economical point of view. The energy generation and consumption management, jointly with the battery operation, have a great influence in the configuration’s profitability value. The present work evaluates different photovoltaic configurations with and without energy storage for the normal low voltage C consumer profile, for a contracted power of 3.45 kVA, to evaluate the systems’ cost-effectiveness, framed in the regulation in force in Portugal - the decree-law 153/2014 -, which promotes the micro-generation and self-consumption. The analysis consists of three different geographical locations in the country, considering distinct electric tariffs. These are relevant parameters in the choice of the configuration, concluding that although the solar photovoltaic system by itself is already economical presently, its integration with battery energy storage isn’t in most of the configurations, however it is already possible to find profitable PV+battery configurations, considering all the most relevant criteria, and supported by good energy management.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    P -- pI )' I II( ) PoCrtugall:Issues and O)ptions in the Energy Sector Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Report of the Joint UJNDP/WorldBank EnergySector Assessment Program 1 l1s (1O WIneint hd', a ddstrier( l)ultlon It, (ontents rnay not he d1iscloserd wilhout aiithorizathi,n imoti th(e Governmont, the UNDIP or th, VVorldi Bank. Public Disclosure Authorized J I t 4T I INI)/PW(,I. I) 8A;K: I I i.I'(;Y SI-()1 AS';I:;;SXM Ni' 1)ROc () A,I f'} cccl ty D.ctI No, I ud(on C- i .VI I I 19').t1 3.54 3-1 NI) .I1. Ii i n I)1 ccchinbr I )81 351I 0-I/\s 1X InVa May 1982 380'0 -RE Sr i :I ii/ku May I J82 3 94-cl,; Xi *lII)we.' .Jk11 Pn 1982 37 94-/ Im I:! it i -JunTC I9 82 36 72-IIA P1cplin 10eW (JIliclea .Jun 1I98;,2 3882-PNG Ili rind i Iilnl 19I 82 37 78-13u lRWanLI d JunI 1982 :3779-RW Ma I-cWi Atignst 1982 3903-HAI. 1llng I tIdesh Dotof-r he 1982 39l):3-BJ) ntci. iu l.ntlary 1983 41 1 (-ZA Tur1rKey e Feb riuary 1983 387 7-TU Bolivia April 1983 4213-130 PVij . J une 19 83 4462-FIJ, *-o0oionur Ltsa nlds Juitne 198:S 4404-SOL So n (guI JIol Y 19 83 4 182-SE, UJgaIn1dI JuI y 1983 44 53-IJ'; Stdnl 11 Jul y 1383 451 1-SU Ni g a AugusL 1981 4440-UN1 L'PR] August 1983 4474-Nl.P lhe Gambhi a1 NoV6omb1her 1983 4 7A 3-GM l'e rU J:cnitniry 198/i 4b77-PI, (,oSt ; Rica Janua ry 19814 4 56)-CR l-oSot ho Ianiiary 1984 4676b-1S(u S(evchel Ies Jarni ry 1984 4693-SIEY Niger .larc h 1984 4 642-N 1.R Hloro e o IMarei 1984 4 1 57-1mR FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Nuclear Power in Portugal
    IAEA-CN-164-1P07 The Future of Nuclear Power in Portugal Oscar Gonzalez-Hernandez Portuguese Institute of Physics, Portugal 1. INTRODUCTION This paper is an update of the document entitled “Nuclear technology and energy in Portugal” prepared for the IAEA Workshop: "Steps for Conducting Nuclear Power Plant Technology Assessments" which took place in Vienna on 17 - 20 November 2008. This paper advocated the start of a public dialogue on nuclear energy in Portugal irrespective of an eventual future decision. Although high placed public and private sector figures up to the level of the President of the Republic have spoken on the need for such a dialogue, no movement has taken place. The prospects for a nuclear energy programme in Portugal have been further affected by the recent economic crisis. This crisis has particularly affected the Portuguese economy with has a low per capita GDP by European standards and is too dependent on export oriented industries with a weak technology base. Entrepreneurs and government have become more concerned with short term measures. Knowledge of nuclear power technologies and economics remain very low in the country. However, a positive decision would bring substantial benefits since it could make Portugal a net exporter of electricity to energy hungry Spain. Furthermore, some of the targets of the Energy Policy of 2005 are not realistic. Several attempts to start the planning in the country of a NPP, beginning in 1957 have been dwarfed by a variety of reasons. 2. ENERGY POLICY IN PORTUGAL Primary energy needs are supplied by 80-85% of imports which constitutes a heavy burden on a fragile economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030
    Courtesy Translation in English Provided by the Translation Services of the European Commission PORTUGAL INTEGRATED NATIONAL ENERGY AND CLIMATE PLAN 2021-2030 December 2018 NECP 2030 Table of contents 1. OVERVIEW AND PROCESS FOR ESTABLISHING THE PLAN .................................................................................... 7 1.1. Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2. Overview of the current policy situation ........................................................................................................... 10 1.3. Consultations and involvement of national and EU entities and their outcome ............................................... 14 1.4. Regional cooperation in preparing the plan ...................................................................................................... 17 2. NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ............................................................................................................... 18 2.1. Dimension Decarbonisation ............................................................................................................................... 18 2.2. Dimension Energy efficiency .............................................................................................................................. 21 2.3. Dimension Energy security ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Wind Policy in Portugal MARK ⁎ Ivonne Peñaa, Inês L
    Energy Policy 103 (2017) 193–202 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpol Lessons from wind policy in Portugal MARK ⁎ Ivonne Peñaa, Inês L. Azevedob, ,1, Luís António Fialho Marcelino Ferreirac,2 a National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver W Pkwy, Golden, CO 80401, United States b Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, PA, United States c Department of Electrical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Key words: Wind capacity and generation grew rapidly in several European countries, such as Portugal. Wind power Feed-in tariffs adoption in Portugal began in the early 2000s, incentivized by a continuous feed-in tariff policy mechanism, Wind energy coupled with public tenders for connection licenses in 2001, 2002, and 2005. These policies led to an enormous Wind policy success in terms of having a large share of renewables providing electricity services: wind alone accounts today Portuguese energy policy for ~23.5% of electricity demand in Portugal. We explain the reasons wind power became a key part of Portugal’s strategy to comply with European Commission climate and energy goals, and provide a detailed review of the wind feed-in tariff mechanism. We describe the actors involved in wind power production growth. We estimate the environmental and energy dependency gains achieved through wind power generation, and highlight the correlation between wind electricity generation and electricity exports. Finally, we compare the Portuguese wind policies with others countries’ policy designs and discuss the relevance of a feed-in tariff reform for subsequent wind power additions.
    [Show full text]