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SOLAR ENERGY in PORTUGAL - Development Perspectives Based on a Comparison with Germany

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SOLAR ENERGY in PORTUGAL - Development Perspectives Based on a Comparison with Germany SOLAR ENERGY IN PORTUGAL - Development perspectives based on a comparison with Germany - Rodrigo Pedro da Piedade Coelho Virgilio Project submitted as partial requirement for the conferral of Master in International Management Supervisor: Prof. António Robalo, Prof. Catedrático, ISCTE Business School, Departamento de Gestão September 2009 Resumo A energia solar é uma das energias renováveis que apresenta maior potencial de desenvolvimento futuro. Portugal é um dos países da Europa com melhores condições para a utilização da energia solar, mas não é certamente um dos países que melhor as têm aproveitado. Interessa, pois, saber porque é que Portugal não tem aproveitado a energia solar e potenciado o seu desenvolvimento de acordo com a sua vasta disponibilidade. Por outro lado, a Alemanha tem aproveitado a energia solar como nenhum outro país e é actualmente uma das nações líderes neste sector. Através de um estudo comparativo dos mercados de energia solar fotovoltaica e solar termal de Portugal e da Alemanha, concluiu-se que a diferença de desenvolvimento entre os dois países é em grande parte resultado das diferentes políticas adoptadas. Ou seja, o desenvolvimento da energia solar depende não só da radiação solar de cada país, mas sobretudo das políticas adoptadas para promover o seu desenvolvimento e dinamizar os respectivos mercados. De acordo com as conclusões deste estudo comparativo e tendo em consideração as futuras tendências do sector da energia solar, foram definidas uma série de orientações estratégicas para o futuro desenvolvimento da indústria solar em Portugal. Palavras-chave : Energias Renováveis, Energia Solar, Políticas de Desenvolvimento, Portugal-Alemanha JEL Classification : Q42 – Fontes de Energia Alternativa Q43 – Política Governamental Abstract Solar energy is one of the renewable energies that has greater potential for future development. Portugal is one of the European countries with better solar conditions, but is certainly not one of the countries that has been taking the best advantage of it. It is therefore appropriate to know why Portugal is not using and developing solar energy in accordance with its wide availability. On the other hand, Germany is using solar energy as no other country and is currently one of the leading nations in this sector. After a comparative study of the photovoltaic and solar thermal markets in Portugal and Germany, the conclusion is that the different stage of development between the two countries is largely the result of the different policies adopted. That is, the development of solar energy depends not only on the solar radiation of each country, but above all on the policies adopted to promote its development and enhance these markets. According to the findings of this comparative study and taking in consideration the trends in the solar energy sector, a set of strategic guidelines for the future development of solar industry in Portugal was defined. Keywords : Renewable Energies, Solar Energy, Development Policies, Portugal-Germany JEL Classification : Q42 - Alternative energy sources Q43 - Government Policy Acknowledgements The Author wishes to thank those who through their contribution, support, availability and information provided have made the elaboration of this document possible in particular to Mr. Jorge Borrego, Mr. Paulo Mendonça and Mr. Diogo Martins of Galp Energia, Mr. António Sá da Costa of the Renewable Energies Association, Mr. António Joyce of the National Laboratory for Energy and Geology, Mrs. Ana Rita Antunes of the National Association of Nature Conservation, Mr. Daniel Rosende Völker of the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Mr. Ronald Van Selm and Mr. Michiel Sluimers of Spring Associates, and Mr. Cristovão Byrne and Mr. José Novais Gonçalves of EDP. The Author also wishes to thank to all professors, students and other persons contacted in Germany, for their extreme courtesy and availability, to Mrs. Leonor Gorgulho for her contribution in the revision of the text, and to Prof. António Robalo for his orientation and guidance throughout the elaboration of this project. Solar energy in Portugal Index List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................ iii List of tables.......................................................................................................... v List of Figures ....................................................................................................... v Sumário Executivo ............................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ............................................................................................. viii Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 Scope and objectives...................................................................................... 1 Data collection methodology......................................................................... 3 1. - Renewable Energies ............................................................................................. 5 1.1. - Renewable Energies in Portugal................................................................... 10 2. - Solar Energy ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1. - Quick Facts about solar energy history......................................................... 13 2.2. - The Present.................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1. - Passive Heat......................................................................................... 15 2.2.2. - Solar Thermal....................................................................................... 16 2.2.3. - Photovoltaic......................................................................................... 18 2.2.4. - Concentrating Solar Power.................................................................. 21 2.3. - The Future.................................................................................................... 23 3. - Solar Energy in Portugal and Germany ............................................................ 25 3.1. - Solar Energy in Portugal............................................................................... 25 3.1.1. - Photovoltaic in Portugal....................................................................... 26 3.1.2. - Solar Thermal in Portugal.................................................................... 32 3.2. - Solar Energy in Germany.............................................................................. 36 3.2.1. - Photovoltaic in Germany..................................................................... 37 3.2.2. - Solar Thermal in Germany................................................................... 41 3.3. - Comparing Portugal with Germany............................................................. 45 i Solar energy in Portugal 4. - Strategies for Solar Energy in Portugal ............................................................. 57 4.1. - Strategic Framework..................................................................................... 57 4.2. - Strategic Guidelines...................................................................................... 61 4.2.1. - Political/Environmental....................................................................... 61 4.2.2. - Economic............................................................................................. 65 4.2.3. - Social.................................................................................................... 68 4.2.4. - Technological....................................................................................... 70 4.2.5. - Legal.................................................................................................... 72 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 74 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 76 Annexes ................................................................................................................. 81 Annex 1 - Examples of different types of renewable energies...................... 82 Annex 2 - Electricity generated from renewable energy sources in the European Union............................................................................. 83 Annex 3 - Examples of different solar systems.............................................. 84 Annex 4 - Important solar projects in Portugal.............................................. 85 Annex 5 - Photovoltaic cumulative installed capacity in Portugal and Germany........................................................................................ 87 Annex 6 - Solar Thermal cumulative installed area in Portugal and Germany........................................................................................ 88 Annex 7 - Examples of the promotion of the incentive programme for solar thermal in Portugal............................................................... 89 Annex 8 - Drivers for a common energy policy in Europe............................ 90 Annex 9 - Sahara's relative solar potential..................................................... 91 Annex 10 - Details of the comparison of the discounted
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