DOCSLIB.ORG

Root Systems of Various Citrus Rootstocks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Root Systems of Various Citrus Rootstocks 44 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY was deaerated under 28 indies vacuum and recovery of peel oil. By-products such as flash pasteurized at 190 to 200 degrees F., feeds, alcohol, molasses, etc. were not in cooled and filled into cans at a temperature cluded in the canning program. of 185 degrees F . C-enamel cans were used In conclusion it can be said that unfortu at first but later plain cans were used because nately Australia is in an unfavorable position the high acidity and high amounts of peel oil for her citrus industry due to the following in the* juice caused the enamel to peel off. reasons: (1) lack of efficient rail transporta One lot of grapefruit was tested just prior tion within her borders, (2) her home con to canning and the following results were sumption limited by the 6^ million popula obtained: Brix 12 degrees, acidity 3.8 per tion in an area almost as large as the U. S. cent, ratio 3.16 to 1; when sweetened with with little prospect of increased population sugar to a Brix of 15.5 degrees it had a ratio from heavy immigration, (3) restricted ex of 4.5 to 1 and it was too bitter to drink. An port trade as Australia is a long distance from analysis was made of some Washington Navel world markets and transportation to these oranges September 15, 1943, which is the lat would make the price to the consumer too ter part of the season, with the following high for competition, and (4) the high cost results: Brix 12.59 degrees, acidity 1.14 per of production per unit, with the attitude of cent, ratio 10.85 to 1, pulp of juice 12 percent the trade unions there making competitive and 75 gallons of juice per 2000 pounds of selling almost impractical. It can also be said fruit. Oranges analyzed from 30 to 50 mg. that some of the leaders of the industry and of ascorbic acid per 100 ml. of juice research workers are united in a movement Refuse or waste from citrus canning plants to better educate the grower to the applica was usually thrown away, except in a few tion of scientific work in an attempt to raise plants which converted orange waste into production and lower cost per unit through marmalades. A few plants had equipment for more efficient methods. This I hope succeeds. ROOT SYSTEMS OF VARIOUS CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS E. M. SAVAGE, WILLIAM C. COOPER and R. B. PIPER Division of Fruit and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Soils and Agricultural Engineering, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Orlando INTRODUCTION darin, Morton citrange, Rusk citrange, sweet Fifteen species and varieties of citrus are lime, calamondin, and yuzu (kansu). This now being tested by this station for their value paper presents results of a study of the root as rootstocks for oranges, grapefruit, and systems of these various stocks. tangerines. These rootstocks include seedlings The rootstocks were grown in the nursery of the common sour orange, bittersweet at the experimental farm near Orlando. The orange, Pineapple sweet orange, Parson soil in this nursery is classed as Norfolk fine Brown sweet orange, rough lemon, Duncan sand. The seed were planted in January grapefruit, Bowen grapefruit, trifoliate or 1939, and transplanted to the rootstock nur ange, Cleopatra mandarin, Suen Kat man sery in November of the same year. The FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 45 plants were spaced 1 foot apart in rows 3 feet bearing trees. Al&o, as is obvious from the apart. They were budded with orange, grape photographs, the ends of many of the roots fruit, and tangerine varieties in May 1941. were clipped on excavation of the tree from The main rootstock plantings were planted the soil. It was almost impossible to obtain out at field spacing in 1942 and 1943. There every root of the plant intact. Accordingly, were, however, a number of the budded root- when a depth of 4 feet and a spread of 5 feet stocks left undisturbed in the original nur are observed in the photograph it is quite sery, and it was with these that the present possible that the actual depth and spread investigation on root systems was made. were slightly greater. The photographs show The root systems of the stocks were ex clearly whenever the roots were clipped and cavated and photographed in January 1945, the results can be interpreted accordingly. six years after planting the seed and nearly When taking the photographs, all plants four years after budding. Inasmuch as this were placed the same distance from 1Sie investigation is concerned primarily with the camera. A measuring stick marked in one comparative character of the root systems foot intervals was placed at the side and top of the various stocks rather than with pos of each plant. sible effects of the scion variety on the roots, Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.), Figs. tflie trees selected for study were all budded A 1 and A 2. to one scion variety, namely, Parson Brown This stock, which is widely used in Florida, orange. However, with one rootstock, the is frequently characterized as possessing Morton citrange, root systems of trees budded abundant and deeply penetrating roots. The to Duncan grapefruit and to Dancy tangerine photographs of this variety show three or were also excavated and photographed in more well-developed central tap roots pene order to determine with this one stock if there trating 3 to 4 feet deep in tihe soil. There were any striking scion effects on the char were numerous relatively small and delicate acter of the roots. lateral roots, particularly in the upper foot The stocks, having grown at close spacing of soil. Some of these had a horizontal for six years, had ttieir root systems fairly spread of 5 feet from the trunk to end of well mingled with the adjoining plants, and root. These laterals were well supplied with it was a slow, tedious task to extract the roots many fine, fibrous roots. intact. It was frequently necessary to uproot Bittersweet Orange (possibly sour orange several adjoining trees in order to remove hybrid, Swingle), Figs. B 1 and B 2. the entire root system of a desired plant. The root system of the bittersweet differed Because of these difficulties and because it mainly from that of the regular sour orange had been observed in digging the large num in having fewer laterals and very few fine ber of trees for field planting that the various fibrous roots. The central or tap roots were trees on any -one stock had remarkably uni more vigorous and penetrated slightly deeper form root systems, only two trees of each than the regular sour orange. stock were carefully excavated for detailed Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck study. It is believed that the photographs Figs. C 1, C2, Dl and D 2. shown are typical for these rootstocks under The root systems of both Pineapple and the conditions -of these experiments. Parson Brown sweet orange seedlings, which were very similar in character, showed well RESULTS AND DISCUSSION developed central roots, usually two, which In studying the results presented in figures penetrated the soil to about the same depth 1 to 17, inclusive, it should be kept in mind (3 to 4 feet), as the sour orange. There were that the trees under observation are young, numerous small lateral roots over the full and the depth of penetration and spread of length of the tap roots. The laterals in the the root system are considerably less than upper foot .were not so long as those of the that which undoubtedly occurs in mature sour orange. There was an abundance of 46 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY fibrous roots, particularly in the upper foot dwarfs the top of most varieties worked upon of soil. it. Its root system, with Parson Brown sweet These observations are not in agreement orange worked on it, was of fair vigor even with Mills' (1) observations that in California though- the growth of the top was dwarfed. the sweet orange has a shallow root system. It had deeply penetrating central roots and The results are more in agreement with numerous laterals with abundant fibrous roots Hume's (2) statement that the roots of sweet in the upper 1% feet of the soil. The root stock are equal in development to the deep- system was similar to that of the sour orange rooted sour orange stock. Oppenheimer (3), except it had a smaller spread of the laterals. likewise, reports that the sweet orange is Cleopatra or Ponki Mandarin (Citrus reticu- deep-rooted in the sandy soils of Palestine. lata Blanco), Figs. I 1 and 2. Rough Lemon (possibly lemon-citron hy The Cleopatra mandarin has received some brid, Webber), Figs. E 1 and E 2. attention as a possible substitute for rough This stock, which grows so well on the light lemon rootstock, on tiie assumption that it sandy soils of central Florida, had the most is more cold-resistant and produces better- vigorous root system of all fifteen stocks un quality fruit. It had a. cone-shaped root der test and appeared to be well adapted, by system with well developed central roots pene virtue of its root spread, for securing water trating vertically 4 feet or more into the soil. and nutrients from such soils. The stock was The long, fine-textured lateral roots in the characterized by its exceptionally large lateral upper 2 feet of soil were well supplied with roots which had a horizontal spread of 5 or fibrous roots.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Citrus Varieties Fort Bend County Master Gardeners
    New Citrus Varieties Fort Bend County Master Gardeners Fruit Tree Sale, February 9, 2019 Written by Deborah Birge, Fort Bend County Master Gardener Citrus is one of the most sought-after fruit trees for residents of Fort Bend County. Nothing is more intoxicating than a tree full of orange or lemon blossoms. Nothing more inviting than a tree full of tasty oranges or satsumas ready for the picking. Citrus can be cold hardy needing little winter care or very cold sensitive needing protection from temperatures below 40 degrees. Choosing the variety for your particular needs and interest can be accomplished by understanding the many varieties and their properties. Fort Bend County Master Gardeners will be offering several new citrus varieties at the Annual Fruit Tree Sale, February 9, 2019. We have a new pommelo, lime, three mandarins, and a grapefruit. This article will discuss each to help you in your decisions. Australian Finger Lime The Australian finger lime is described as Citrus Caviar. These small cucumber-shaped limes are practically in a category all their own. Their aromatic skin appears in a triad of colors and the flesh holds caviar- shaped vesicles that pop crisply in your mouth with an assertively tart punch. The tree is a small-leafed understory plant with some thorns. The tough climate conditions of the Australian coastal regions where Finger Limes were first grown make it suitable for a diversity of planting locations with little care or maintenance. It will even tolerate cooler weather down to a brief frost. Its compact, almost hedge-like stature make it an excellent candidate for tight spots in the garden or throughout the landscape.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
    Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Orlando' Tangelos on 10 Rootstocks
    Literature Cited Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture. (In press) 3. Reece, P. C, and F. E. Gardner. 1959. Robinson, Osceola and Lee- 1. Hearn, C. J., P. C. Reece, and R. Fenton. 1968. Effects of pollen new early maturing tangerine hybrids. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. source on fruit characteristics and set of four citrus hybrids. Proc. 72:48-51. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 81:94-98. 4. , , and C. J. Hearn. 1963. Page orange—a prom 2. Krezdorn, A. H. 1977. Influence of rootstock on mandarin cultivars. ising variety. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 76:53-54. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90:47-49. 1977. THE PERFORMANCE OF 'NOVA' AND 'ORLANDO' TANGELOS ON 10 ROOTSTOCKS D. J. Hutchison and C. J. Hearn1 The rootstocks were Carrizo (CAR), Rusk (RSK), and Agricultural Research Service, Troyer (TROY) citranges (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck X U.S. Department of Agriculture, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); Estes rough lemon (RL) (C. Orlando, FL 32803 Union (L.) Burm. L); Milam (MIL) (rough lemon hybrid?); Seville sour orange (SO) (C. aurantium L.); Cleopatra mandarin (CLEO) (C. reticulata); Large Flower trifoliate Additional index words. Citrus. orange (LETO) (P. trifoliata); Orlando tangelo (ORL); and Sanguine Grosse Ronde sweet orange (SANG) (C. Abstract. 'Nova' and 'Orlando' tangelos were evaluated sinensis). on 10 rootstocks during 1968-1976. 'Nova' and 'Orlando' tangelos propagated on rough lemon rootstock produced the largest trees. The highest yields were 'Nova' on rough lemon Results and Discussion and 'Orlando' on Troyer rootstocks. The highest total soluble The time of bloom indicated by percentage petal drop solids were produced by 'Nova' on sour orange and 'Or in 1969 and 1971 is shown in Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Tangerines, Mandarins, Satsumas, and Tangelos
    Tangerines, Mandarins, Satsumas, and Tangelos Category: Semi-evergreen Hardiness: Damage will occur when temperatures drop below the low 20’s Fruit Family: Citrus Light: Full sun to half day sun Size: 10’H x 10’W; may be pruned to desired HxW Soil: Well-drained Planting: Plant after danger of frost has passed, mid to late March The name “tangerine” derives from one variety that was imported to Europe from Tangiers. There are many named varieties of what citrus growers call “mandarins” because of their Asian origins. One of these, the “Satsuma”, is an heirloom Japanese mandarin that is both delicious and especially adapted to Southeast Texas. It has been part of Gulf Coast Citrus history for a century. There are many named varieties of Satsumas. Mandarins are mostly orange-fleshed, juicy, highly productive, very easy to care for, long-lived, easily peeled and segmented or juiced. Few fruits can match the mandarin. Satsumas are seedless or close to seedless. They are all of outstanding quality and differ little among themselves except for when they ripen. Buy early, mid and late season varieties to have months of ripe fruit harvests from September to April. Care of Mandarins and related fruits Planting: Newly purchased citrus have probably not been hardened off to tolerate our winter weather. Keep your citrus in the container until late March, or until all danger of freeze has passed. Trees can be kept outside in a sunny area on mild days and nights, but move them into the shelter of the garage or house if frost is predicted.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts About Citrus Fruits and Juices: Grapefruit1 Gail C
    Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. FSHN02-6 Facts About Citrus Fruits and Juices: Grapefruit1 Gail C. Rampersaud2 Grapefruit is a medium- to large-sized citrus fruit. It is larger than most oranges and the fruit may be flattened at both ends. The skin is mostly yellow but may include shades of green, white, or pink. Skin color is not a sign of ripeness. Grapefruit are fully ripe when picked. Popular varieties of Florida grapefruit include: Did you know… Marsh White - white to amber colored flesh and almost seedless. Grapefruit was first Ruby Red - pink to reddish colored flesh with few seeds. discovered in the West Flame - red flesh and mostly seedless. Indies and introduced to Florida in the 1820s. Most grapefruit in the U.S. is still grown in Florida. Compared to most citrus fruits, grapefruit have an extended growing season and several Florida Grapefruit got its name because it grows in varieties grow from September through June. clusters on the tree, just like grapes! Fresh citrus can be stored in any cool, dry place but will last longer if stored in the refrigerator. Do Imposter!! not store fresh grapefruit in plastic bags or film- wrapped trays since this may cause mold to grow on the fruit. Whether you choose white or pink grapefruit or grapefruit juice, you’ll get great taste and a variety of health benefits! Read on…. 1. This document is FSHN026, one of a series of the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Canker Resistance: Lesson from Kumquat by Naveen Kumar, Bob Ebel the Development of Asiatic Citrus Throughout Their Evolution, Plants and P.D
    Canker resistance: lesson from kumquat By Naveen Kumar, Bob Ebel The development of Asiatic citrus Throughout their evolution, plants and P.D. Roberts canker in kumquat leaves produced have developed many defense mecha- anthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) localized yellowing (5 DAI) or necro- nisms against pathogens. One of the is the causal agent of one of sis (9-12 DAI) that was restricted to most characteristic features associated the most serious citrus diseases the actual site of inoculation 7-12 DAI with disease resistance against entry X (Fig. 2). of a pathogen is the production of worldwide, Asiatic citrus canker. In the United States, Florida experienced In contrast, grapefruit epidermis hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydrogen three major outbreaks of Asiatic citrus became raised (5 DAI), spongy (5 peroxide is toxic to both plant and canker in 1910, 1984 and 1995, and it DAI) and ruptured from 7 to 8 DAI. pathogen and thus restricts the spread is a constant threat to the $9 billion On 12 DAI, the epidermis of grape- by directly killing the pathogen and citrus industry. fruit was thickened, corky, and turned the infected plant tissue. Hydrogen Citrus genotypes can be classified brown on the upper side of the leaves. peroxide concentrations in Xcc-in- into four broad classes based on sus- Disease development and popula- fected kumquat and grapefruit leaves ceptibility to canker. First, the highly- tion dynamics studies have shown that were different. Kumquat produces susceptible commercial genotypes are kumquat demonstrated both disease more than three times the amount of Key lime, grapefruit and sweet lime.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Limetta (Sweet Lemon, Mediterranean Sweet Lemon) Citrus Limetta Is a Small Tree with Lemon-Like Shape That Can Reach up to 8 M in Height
    Citrus limetta (Sweet lemon, Mediterranean sweet lemon) Citrus limetta is a small tree with lemon-like shape that can reach up to 8 m in height. It has irregular branches, and relatively smooth, brownish-grey bark. It possesses numerous thorns. The leaves are more rounded and oval than an orange tree. Blossoms and new leaves are bright purple Landscape Information French Name: Limettier ﻟﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ :Arabic Name Pronounciation: SIT-rus lime-ET-ta Plant Type: Tree Origin: Asia Heat Zones: 9, 10, 11 Hardiness Zones: 10, 11, 12 Uses: Mass Planting, Container, Edible Size/Shape Tree Shape: Canopy Symmetry: Irregular Height at Maturity: 1.5 to 3 m Plant Image Spread at Maturity: 3 to 5 meters, 5 to 8 meters Citrus limetta (Sweet lemon, Mediterranean sweet lemon) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Evergreen Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Margins: Crenate Leaf Textures: Glossy Leaf Scent: Pleasant Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Green Flower Fruit Image Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 1.5 - 3 Flower Scent: Pleasant Flower Color: White Seasons: Spring Trunk Trunk Esthetic Values: Smooth, Spines Fruit Fruit Type: Hesperidium Fruit Showiness: True Fruit Colors: Yellow Seasons: Spring Citrus limetta (Sweet lemon, Mediterranean sweet lemon) Horticulture Management Tolerance Frost Tolerant: No Heat Tolerant: No Drought Tolerant: Yes Salt Tolerance: Moderate Requirements Soil Requirements: Loam, Sand Soil Ph Requirements: Acidic Water Requirements: Moderate Light Requirements: Management Edible Parts: Other Image Plant Propagations: Grafting.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus from Seed?
    Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Full Provisional List
    Sheet1 All Plants Grafted. USDA inspected and Certified prior to Importing. Varieties Quantities Variety Description required Baboon Lemon A Brazilian lemon with very intense yellow rind and flesh. The flavour is acidic with almost a hint of lime. Tree is vigorous with large green leaves. Both tree and fruit are beautiful. Bearss Lemon 1952. Fruit closely resembles the Lisbon. Very juicy and has a high rind oil content. The leaves are a beautiful purple when first emerging, turning a nice dark green. Fruit is ready from June to December. Eureka Lemon Fruit is very juicy and highly acidic. The Eureka originated in Los Angeles, California and is one of their principal varieties. It is the "typical" lemon found in the grocery stores, nice yellow colour with typical lemon shape. Harvested November to May Harvey Lemon 1948.Having survived the disastrous deep freezes in Florida during the ’60’s and ’70’s. this varieties is known to withstand cold weather. Typical lemon shape and tart, juicy true lemon flavour. Fruit ripens in September to March. Self fertile. Zones 8A-10. Lisbon Lemon Fruit is very juicy and acic. The leaves are dense and tree is very vigorous. This Lisbon is more cold tolerant than the Eureka and is more productive. It is one of the major varieties in California. Fruit is harvested from February to May. Meyer Lemon 1908. Considered ever-bearing, the blooms are very aromatic. It is a lemon and orange hybrid. It is very cold hardy. Fruit is round with a thin rind. Fruit is juicy and has a very nice flavour, with a low acidity.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Fruits 2020 Summary (August 2020) 3 USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service
    United States Department of Citrus Fruits Agriculture National 2020 Summary Agricultural Statistics Service August 2020 ISSN: 1948-9048 Contents Utilized Citrus Production – United States Chart ................................................................................................................... 6 Citrus Value of Production – United States Chart .................................................................................................................. 6 Citrus Narrative ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Citrus Acreage, Production, Utilization, and Value – States and United States: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Citrus Acreage, Production, Utilization, and Value by Crop – United States: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Orange Acreage, Yield, Utilization, Price, and Value by Type – States and United States: 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020 ................................................................................................................................................... 10 Bearing Acres of Oranges – United States Chart .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • High Biological Value Compounds Extraction from Citrus Waste with Non-Conventional Methods
    foods Review High Biological Value Compounds Extraction from Citrus Waste with Non-Conventional Methods Mayra Anticona, Jesus Blesa , Ana Frigola and Maria Jose Esteve * Nutrition and Food Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda., Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n., 46100 Burjassot, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (J.B.); [email protected] (A.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-963544913 Received: 27 April 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 20 June 2020 Abstract: Citrus fruits are extensively grown and much consumed around the world. Eighteen percent of total citrus cultivars are destined for industrial processes, and as a consequence, large amounts of waste are generated. Citrus waste is a potential source of high biological value compounds, which can be used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries but whose final disposal may pose a problem due to economic and environmental factors. At the same time, the emerging need to reduce the environmental impact of citrus waste and its responsible management has increased. For these reasons, the study of the use of non-conventional methods to extract high biological value compounds such as carotenoids, polyphenols, essential oils, and pectins from this type of waste has become more urgent in recent years. In this review, the effectiveness of technologies such as ultrasound assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized water extraction, pulsed electric field, high-voltage electric discharges, and high hydrostatic pressures is described and assessed. A wide range of information concerning the principal non-conventional methods employed to obtain high-biological-value compounds from citrus waste as well as the most influencing factors about each technology are considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Extraction of Pectin from Citrus Fruit Peel and Its Utilization in Preparation of Jelly
    International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 5, May - 2014 Extraction of Pectin from Citrus Fruit Peel and Its Utilization in Preparation of Jelly 1 W. Elizabeth Devi R N Shukla2 K L Bala3 A Kumar4 A A Mishra5 M.Tech in Food Technology (Food Process Engineering), K C Yadav6 Department of Food Process Engineering 2,3,4,5,6 Vaugh School of Agriculture Engineering, SHIATS Deemed Assistant Professor University Department of Food Process Engineering P.O-Naini, Allahabad, U.P-211007 Vaugh School of Agriculture Engineering, SHIATS Deemed University P.O-Naini, Allahabad, U.P-211007, India Abstract— The present study was focused on the potential of The term pectin was first described and isolated by Henry citrus peel as a source of pectin. Pectin was extracted from Sweet Braconnot in 1825 (Braconnot, 1825). Pectin is a lemon (mosambi) peel powder using two different acids (citric and polysaccharide, naturally occurring substance present in all plant nitric) and at three different temperatures, time and pH viz (60, 70 tissue. Pectin exists in varying amounts in fruit cell walls and & 80°C), (30,45 & 60 min),(1.5,2 & 2.5pH) respectively. Pectin has important nutritional and technological properties (Knox yields varied from 21.4% to 76.0% and 17.4% to 46.4% extracted by using citric acid and nitric acid respectively. The best extraction 2002). In the cell walls they serve as one of the main agents condition was found to be higher in yield by using citric acid at cementing the cellulose fibrils and may be linked covalently to 80°C, 60min, 1.5pH.
    [Show full text]