HTTPS://JOURNALS.KU.EDU/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSREPTILES • VOL & AMPHIBIANS15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 • 28(2):189 191–196 • AUG 2021 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS PredationFEATURE ARTICLES Attempt on Miranda Ribeiro’s Toad, . Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: RhinellaOn the Road mirandaribeiroi to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s(Anura: Giant Serpent ...................... Bufonidae), Joshua M. Kapfer 190 . The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: Aby Hypothetical Cope’s Excursion ............................................................................................................................ Toad, Rhinella diptychaRobert W. Henderson 198 RESEARCH ARTICLES (Anura:. The Texas Horned Lizard in Bufonidae),Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily and Henry, Jason Brewer,a KristaReview Mougey, and Gad Perry of204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida Batrachophagy .............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth by L. Krysko, Anurans Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, in and Michael Brazil Granatosky 212 CONSERVATION ALERT . World’s Mammals in Crisis ...............................................................................................................................Ronildo Alves Benício .............................. 220 . More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 Laboratório. deThe Herpetologia, “Dow Jones Index” Universidade of Biodiversity Federal ............................................................................................................................... do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemática, Uso e Conservação............ da225 Biodiversidade, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil ([email protected]) HUSBANDRY . Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226 PROFILE iranda Ribeiro’s Toad, Rhinella mirandaribeiroi adult males ranging from 40.9 to 71.4 mm (mean = 51.2 mm) . Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234 M(Gallardo 1965) (Fig. 1A), is a small toad, with SVL of and that of adult females ranging from 49.1 to 73 mm (mean = COMMENTARY . The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238 BOOK REVIEW . Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243 CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252 Front Cover. Shannon Plummer. Back Cover. Michael Kern Totat et velleseque audant mo Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia- ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as accullabo. Fig. 1. A predation attempt on a Miranda Ribeiro’s Toad (Rhinella mirandaribeiroi) (A) by a Cope’s Toad (Rhinella diptycha) (B). The attempt at predation, when the latter had grasped the leg of the former (C). After vocalizing for about 2 min, the R. mirandaribeiroi managed to escape, exhibited stiff-legged defensive behavior (D), and subsequently jumped away from the putative predator. Photographs by the author. Copyright is held by the authors. Articles in R&A are made available under a 191 Reptiles & Amphibians ISSN 2332-4961 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. BENÍCIO REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 28(2): 191–196 • AUG 2021 60.3 mm) (Narvaes and Rodrigues 2009). The species is widely latter immediately vocalized intensely and inflated its body, distributed in Brazil; within the Cerrado ecoregion in enclaves which might have facilitated its escape. The predation attempt in the Amazon Forest and in the Caatinga biome; and in Noel lasted approximately 2 min, after which the R. mirandaribeiroi Kempf National Park in Bolivia (Narvaes and Rodrigues 2009; exhibited stiff-legged defensive behavior (Fig. 1D), registered Benício et al. 2015; Pina et al. 2015). Reproduction occurs in here for the first time for this species, before jumping away. permanent or temporary ponds in open areas after heavy sum- I subsequently captured the R. mirandaribeiroi to check for mer rains (Narvaes and Rodrigues 2009). injuries. It seemed fine, so I released it in the same place. Cope’s Toad, Rhinella diptycha (Cope 1862) (Fig. 1B) Measures such as head and body size and mouth width is a large stout toad with SVLs of approximately 147 mm in determine the types and sizes of prey frogs can consume males and 134 mm in females (Stevaux 2002). This species (Duellman and Trueb 1994; Moroti et al. 2021). This is distributed widely in northeastern Brazil and in the states Rhinella diptycha had a mouth width of 40 mm and a labial of Espírito Santo, Pará, and Rio Grande do Sul (Frost 2021). commissure of 60 mm, sufficiently large to allow consump- These toads breed in both permanent and temporary ponds tion of prey larger than small invertebrates. (Andrade and Carnaval 2004). Although primarily insec- Batrachophagy by Brazilian anurans has been docu- tivorous (Oliveira et al. 2015), this species is known for its mented for 18 species of predators and 51 species of prey voracity, and is known to feed on other vertebrates, including (Table 1), including predation by Rhinella diptycha on bats (Gouveia et al. 2009; Silva et al. 2010a) and amphib- another bufonid from the same species group as R. miran- ians (Fonseca et al. 2018). Herein I present the first record of daribeiroi (i.e., R. granulosa; Fonseca et al. 2018). Although attempted predation on R. mirandaribeiroi by R. diptycha. these records are largely anecdotal and amphibians were not At 2210 h on 9 November 2020 in the backyard of the principal prey of any species, França et al. (2004) found my house in the municipality of Barras (42.296006°W, that frogs represented by volume the second most impor- 4.253766°S; 85 m asl.), Piauí, in northeastern Brazil, I tant dietary component of Miranda’s White-lipped Frog observed a Rhinella diptycha (SVL 125 mm) grab an adult R. (Leptodactylus macrosternum) and the first for the South mirandaribeiroi (SVL 65 mm) by the left leg (Fig. 1C). The American Pepper Frog (L. labyrinthicus). Table 1. Batrachophagy of adults and tadpoles in nature by anurans in Brazil (1977–2021). I searched various databases (e.g., Google Scholar, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science) for these reports, disregarding references in which identification of predator or prey was missing or listed only to order (Anura), family (e.g., Bufonidae), or developmental stage (e.g., tadpole). I retained the taxonomic uncertainties (e.g., sp., cf., aff.) in the original sources, but checked for synonyms and standardized nomenclature according to Frost (2021) and Segalla et al. (2021). I did not consider reports of predation involving invasive species (for this, please see Oda et al. 2019). Predator Prey References Cope’s Toad Granular Toad Chaves et al. (2012), Fonseca et al. (2018) (Rhinella diptycha) (Rhinella granulosa) Miranda Ribeiro’s Toad This study (Rhinella mirandaribeiroi South American Cane Toad South American Common Toad Fróis et al. (2015) (Rhinella marina) (Rhinella margaritifera) Brazilian Horned Frog Cope’s Toad Silva-Soares et al. (2016), Toledo et al. (2007) (Ceratophrys aurita) (Rhinella diptycha) Brazil-nut Poison Frog Brazil-nut Poison Frog Caldwell and Araújo (1998) (Adelphobates castaneoticus) (Adelphobates castaneoticus) White-banded Treefrog Brazilian Coastal Treefrog Figueiredo-de-Andrade et al. (2012) (Boana albomarginata) (Dendropsophus decipiens) Rio Verde Snouted Frog Centeno et al. (2010) (Scinax littoralis) Blacksmith Treefrog Canebrake Treefrog Solé et al. (2004) (Boana faber) (Aplastodiscus perviridis) Blacksmith Treefrog Bernarde and Machado (1999), Maffei et al. (2014) (Boana faber) Rio Treefrog Figueiredo-de-Andrade et al. (2012) (Dendropsophus meridianus) (continued) 192 BENÍCIO REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • 28(2): 191–196 • AUG 2021 Predator Prey References Clay