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Summer Reading Test – the Pearl by John Steinbeck Edith Hamilton’s Mythology Study Guide Chapter 1: The Gods 1. Who were the first parents of lifelike creatures? Who were their children and grandchildren? 2. Who were the Titans? Briefly describe them, and tell who first ruled them. 3. What is Olympus, and who lives there? 4. Who were the twelve great Olympians? Give their Greek and Roman names. Then identify their spheres of influence, and their symbols. Complete the chart below. Greek Roman “Domain” Symbols 5. Who were Eros, Hebe, and Iris? 6. Identify the Graces and the Muses. For what were they famous? Who were their parents? 7. Who was Nereus, and who were his children? 8. Identify Triton, Proteus, and the naiads. 9. Describe the underworld. Who ruled it and what happened to the souls who entered its domain? 10. Identify the Erinyes. What were their duties? 11. Name the two supreme deities of earth and their spheres of influence. 12. Describe Pan, his traits, and his duties. 13. Identify Castor and Pollux. How did Castor die? What then happened to Pollux? 14. What were satyrs, centaurs, and gorgons? 15. Who were the Sirens and the Fates? What powers did they have? 16. Who or what were the Numina? Chapter 2: The Two Great Gods of Earth 17. Why was Demeter, the divinity of grain, thought of as a goddess and not a god? 18. How was the harvest celebrated? How did the celebration change over time? 19. Who was Persephone? Tell the story of her abduction and rescue. How did this incident explain the seasons to the early Greeks? 20. With what city was Dionysus associated? Why? What was unique about Dionysus and his parentage? 21. Dionysus was widely accepted by people in foreign lands. But in Greece, some refused to believe he was a god and so defied him. Describe what happened to the pirates and Lycurgus. 22. Who were the maenads, or bacchantes? What was their connection to Dionysus? In what way do they represent the dual power of wine? 23. Who was Pentheus? Why was he doomed by Dionysus? What fate did he suffer? 24. What was Dionysus’s connection to Greek drama? 25. How did resurrection come to be associated with Dionysus? Chapter 3: How the World and Mankind Were Created 26. Describe the creation of Earth and Heaven. 27. Who were the first creatures on Earth before humans? 28. Describe the conflict between Gaea and Ouranos. How did Cronus get involved in it, and what was the outcome? 29. How were the giants and the Erinyes created? 30. How was Cronus’s rule threatened? What did Cronus do to keep his throne? How was his plan spoiled? 31. What steps did Zeus take to become ruler of heaven and earth? How did he prepare the way for humans to live on earth? 32. Describe the world as the Greeks saw it. 33. In one creation story, Prometheus and Epimetheus created humans. How? What gifts did Prometheus give to humans? Why? 34. In a second creation story, the gods created five ages of humans. Name these ages, describe the people who lived in each, and tell their fate. 35. Who was the first woman, and why was she created? What harm did she bring to earth? 36. What did Prometheus do that led to his being chained to a rock in the Caucasus and punished? 37. Because of his sufferings, what does Prometheus symbolize today? Why? 38. Another story of creation begins with a flood. Who survived the flood, and what were they directed to do? Why? Chapter 4: The Earliest Heroes 39. How did Io suffer? Why? What makes Io a heroine? 40. How did Zeus capture Europa and where did he take her? Describe Europa’s fate. 41. Compare and contrast the appearance and actions of Polyphemus as he appears in the stories of Odysseus and Galatea. 42. What part does Narcissus play in Persephone’s story? 43. Who were Narcissus and Echo? How did each figure in the other’s life? What were their fates? 44. Compare and contrast the deaths and transformations of Hyacinth and Adonis. Chapter 5: Cupid and Psyche 45. Who was Psyche, and what was unique about her? In what way did she anger Venus, and what did Venus plan as revenge? 46. How did Venus’s plan backfire? 47. Describe how Psyche’s marriage was arranged. Whom did she marry, and what was her marriage like? 48. By what fault did Psyche lose her husband? 49. How was Psyche reunited with her husband, and how was Venus finally pacified? Chapter 6: Eight Brief Tales of Lovers 50. How does the story of Pyramus and Thisbe explain the deep red color of mulberries? 51. Who was Orpheus? How did he help Jason and the Argonauts on their quest for the golden fleece? 52. How did Orpheus lose his bride, Eurydice? What did he do to try to get her back? What lesson is to be learned from Orpheus’s ordeal? 53. Who were Ceyx and Alcyone? What tragedy befell Ceyx? What was Alcyone’s virtue, and how was it rewarded? 54. Who was Pygmalion? What was Pygmalion’s virtue, and how was it rewarded? 55. In what way were Baucis and Philemon different from their neighbors? How did Jupiter reward them and why? 56. Who was Endymion? What was his outstanding trait? What happened to him because of this trait? 57. According to mythology, how did the laurel tree come into being? What did Apollo say he would do with the laurel leaves? Why? 58. Who were Alpheus and Arethusa? Why was Arethusa changed into a spring? What was Alpheus’s fate? Chapter 7: The Quest of the Golden Fleece 59. Describe the origin of the Golden Fleece. How did it get from Greece to Colchis? 60. Who were Jason and Pelias? What did Jason offer Pelias and why? For what reasons did Pelias tell Jason to reclaim the Golden Fleece? 61. Who were the Argonauts? 62. Describe the dangers and misfortunes the Argonauts faced as they traveled to Colchis. 63. What was Hera’s plan to help Jason? 64. Why did King Aetes want to kill Jason? Why didn’t he kill Jason at once? Describe the task King Aetes forced Jason to perform in exchange for the Golden Fleece. How did Jason accomplish it? 65. How did Jason finally obtain the Golden Fleece? 66. Describe Medea’s help to Jason on the journey to Greece and in Greece after their arrival. 67. How did Jason treat Medea in exchange for her help? 68. How did Medea take revenge on Jason for deciding to marry the Princess of Corinth? Chapter 8: Four Great Heroes Phaethon 69. Who is Phaethon's mother? 70. Why did Phaethon seek out the Sun god? 71. What did Phaethon ask to do? Why was the Sun reluctant to allow this request? 72. Describe the route the Sun travels daily. What is the road like? The horses? The monsters? 73. As soon as Phaethon drove the chariot, what did the horses realize? How did they react? 74. What happened to the world during Phaethon's ride? What does Mother Earth request? How does Jove react? 75. What happened to Phaethon? Pegasus and Bellerophon 76. Who was Glaucus? How did he bring the wrath of the gods on him? What was his fate? 76. Who was rumored to be Bellerophon's father? Who was his mother? Why did it seem likely he was the son of a god? 77. What did Bellerophon want? Who was Polyidus? What did he advise Bellerophon to do? 78. What was Bellerophon given so he could gain Pegasus? Who gave it to him? 79. Why did Anteia want her husband to kill Bellerophon? Why would he not do so? What did he do instead? 80. What did the letter to the King of Lycia read? What did the king do in response? 81. Name three great beings Bellerophon conquered. 82. Did Bellerophon and Proetus ever reconcile? How? 83. What eventually caused the beginning of Bellerophon's demise? How did he die? 84. What happened to Pegasus after Bellerophon's death? Otus and Ephialtes 86. Who was their father? What were they commonly called? 85. Who did they imprison? How did the gods free this prisoner? 86. What did they strive to do? How did they want to accomplish their goal? 87. How does Poseidon convince Zeus not to throw his thunderbolt? 88. What two goddesses do Otus and Ephialtes love (respectively)? In reality, who did they really only care for? 89. How does Artemis lead the two to their death? Why is their death especially painful? Daedalus 90. What was Daedulus' profession? What famous object did he build? 90. Who was Daedulus' son? 91. Why did King Minos imprison Daedulus and his son? 92. How did Daedulus and his son escape? 93. What did Daedulus warn his son of? What happened when his son did not heed this warning? 94. How did King Minos know that Daedulus was in Sicily? 95. What happened to King Minos? Chapter 9: Perseus 96. Why did King Acrisius of Argos want to get rid of his daughter, Danae? Why didn’t he kill her directly? When Perseus was born, how did Acrisius arrange for his daughter and grandson to die? 97. Who were Dictys and Polydectes? How did Dictys help Danae and Perseus? Why did Polydectes want Perseus dead, and how did he try to arrange it? 98. Who helped Perseus in his quest to obtain the head of a Gorgon? What steps did Perseus take to find the Gorgons and prepare himself to attack Medusa? Was this plan successful? 99.
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