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Capitolul 1. Prezentarea Generala a Canadei 1.1. Descriere Curtea

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Capitolul 1. Prezentarea Generala a Canadei 1.1. Descriere Curtea Capitolul 1. Prezentarea generala a Canadei 1.1. Descriere Etimologie: «« Canata » nume imprumutat de la populatia bastinasa, insemnand ““ pamant curat “ a dat numele uneia din cele mai frumoase tari ale globului CANADA. Capitala: Ottwa. Presedinte: Regina Elisabeta a II-a. Forma de guvernare: Ca formă de organizare statală, Canada este, din 1867, unun dominion britanic, deci o monarhie constituttională.. În realitate, Canada șși-a obțținut independențța dede Marea Britanie în mod pașșnic, printr-un proces gradual început cu întemeierea Canadei în 1867 șși definitivat în 1982, când Canada a obțținut dreptul de a-șși modifica propria constituțție.ie. Monarhie Constitutionala fiind, de asemenea, o federatie democratica parlamentara. Parlamentul bicameral este format din Senat (105 scaune alese de catre guvernatorul general, acesti membri pastreaza aceasta functie pana la 75 de ani) si Camera Comunelor (308 scaune alese de catre vot popular pe o perioada de 4 ani). Magistratura: Curtea Supremă de Justiţie a Canadei se află în Ottawa, lângă Colina Parlamentului, într-o clădire masivă, construită în stilul Art Deco, concepută de Ernest Cormier șși terminată în 1946.. În Canada, magistratura joacă un rol important în interpretarea legilor șși are puterea să invalideze orice lege care încalcă Constituțția. Curtea Supremă de Justițție aa Canadei reprezintă cel mai înalt nivel de cur țți judiciare șși este arbitrul final al disputelor legale. Cei nouă membri ai săi sunt numițți de cabinet. Toțți judecătorii tribunalelor superioare federale șși a cur țților de apel provinciale sunt selectațții șși învestițți de primul- minististru, după consultartarea cu barourile provincialiale. Cabinetul federal numeeșștete șșii judecătorii tribunalelor superioare provinciale șși teritoriale. Numai magistrațții de la judecătorii sunt numițți de guvernele provinciale șși teritoriale. Dreptul anglo-saxon (common law) predomină în toată Canada, mai puțțin în Québec, unde sistemul de drept civil aplicabil este inspirat de Codul Civil napoleonian. Dreptul penal este de competențța exclusivă a guvernului federal șși este, astfel, uniform în toată Canada. Aplicarea legii penale, inclusiv judecătoriile penale, se face de către provivincnciiii, dadar multlte didin elele au dedelelegagat puterile poliițțieneșști Poliițției Regale Canadiene Călare (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, RCMP). Armata: Membru fondator al NATO, Canada are 62.000 militari activi şi 26.000 în rezervă. Forţele Armate Canadiene sunt alcătuite din forţe terestre, navale şi aeriene. Echipamentul de bază încorporează 2.400 de tancuri, 34 de nave militare şi 140 de avioane de luptă. 1.2. Date geografice Asezare: Canada ocupă partea nordică a Americii de Nord. Are o graniţă comună la sud cu cele 48 de state adiacente ale SUA şi la nordvest cu Alaska, întinzându-se de la Oceanul Atlantic în est la Oceanul Pacific în vest; la nord se găseşte Oceanul Arctic. Din 1925, Canada are pretenţii asupra teritoriilor arctice dintre 60° şi 141° longitudine vestică, deşi aceste pretenţii nu sunt universal recunoscute. Cea mai nordică aşezare umană didin Cananada (ş(şi didin lulume) eseste Baza foforţrţelelor mimililitatare cacananadidienene CFS AlAlert localizată pe vârful nordic al Insulei Ellesmere - latitudine 82.5°N - la doar 834 kilometri (450 mile nautice) de Polul Nord. Suprafata: 9,984,670 km². Ca suprafaţă totală, Canada este a doua ţară a lumii, după Rusia. Vecini: Statele Unite ale Americii, (inclusiv Alaska), Oceanul Atlantic, Oceanul Pacific, Oceanul Arctic. Orase principale: Ottawa, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Halifax. Divizii administrative: 10 provincii si 3 teritorii. Unităţile de relief ale Canadei sunt constituite din munţi şi platouri joase dispuse de la vest spre est astfel: •• Cordiliera de Vest (acoperă aproape în întregime Columbia Britanică şişi Yukon şişi o suprafaţă mai mică în Alberta). Aceştia sunt cei mai înalţi şi mai tineri munţi din Canada; •• Platoul Canadian, care acoperă 49% din suprafaţa ţării. La Québec în sudul platoului se află un mic grup de munţi, Laurenţienii; •• Appalachii, cei mai vechi munţi ai ţării (cu o suprafaţă mai mică decâ Platoul Canadian), se găsesc în sud-estul Québec-ului şi acoperă Noul Brunswick şişi Noua Scoţie;; •• Montérégiennes: munţi scunzi în sudul Québec-ului, înconjuraţi de Câmpiile joase ale Golfului St.Laurenţiu şi ale Marilor Lacuri; •• Newfoundland se afaflă la gura Golflfulului SfSfânântutulului LaLaururenţiu (Gulf of Saintnt Lawrence), cel mai lat estuar din lume. Provinciile Maritime continuă spre est, înspre ocean, în continuarea provinciei Québec. New Brunswick şişi Nova Scotia sunt despărţile de Golful Fundy, unde au loc cele mai ample maree de pe mapamond. La vest de Ontario, preeriile canadiene se întind vaste înspre Munţii Stâncoşi, care le separă de British Columbia. Pădurile boreale domină întinderea ţării, gheţarii sunt proeminenţi în regiunea arctică şi în Munţii Stâncoşi, în timp ce terenul relativ plat al preriilor este propice pentru agricultură. Marile Lacuri alimentează Fluviul Sfântul Laurenţiu (St. Lawrence) (în sudest) o zonă care găzduieşte o mare parte din populaţia Canadei. Cel mai inalt varf: Muntele Logan 5,959 m. Marea: Oceanul Pacific, Oceanul Atlantic impreuna cu Oceanul Arctic ii ofera Canadei 202,080 km de coasta. Marile Lacuri - Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie si Ontario – constituie cel mai mare grup de lacuri de apa dulce din lume. Acestea au o suprafata totala de 245 000 kilometri patrati, din care aproximativ o treime este in Canada; numai lacul Michigan este in intregime in SUA. Nu exista un raspuns acceptat la intrebarea: Cite lacuri sint in Canada? Cel mai bun raspuns este ca sint 31 754 lacuri cu o suprafata de cel putin trei kilometric patrati. Aceste date au fost compilate de Environment Canada in 1973. Clima: Clima este variata; o clima temperata in sud si o clima rece si foarte rece in nord. Sunt 4 anotimpuri. Temperaturile medii în Canada depind de locațție. Iernile pot fi aspre în multe zone ale țțării, mai ales în preerii, unde temperatura medie zilnică este sub −15 °C.C. Excepțția este British Columbia, care se bucură de un climat temperat, cu ierni ușșoare șși ploioase. Media temperaturilor maxime în timpul verii pe coastele estică șși vestică este între 21 șși 24 °C. Flora: Flora nordului canadian devine din ce în ce mai rarefiată de la păduri de conifere la tundră șși, în final, pământuri lipsite de vegetațție în nordul extrem. Nordul continental este încercuit de un vast arhipelag încorporând unele dintre cele mai mari insule din lume. 1.3. Istorie Cu mult ininaiaintnte de Columb, cacare a ststrarababatutut ococeaeanunul in ananul 1492, trtribiburi preistorice din Asia au venit in Canada. Primii europeni care au aparut in teritorii au fost vikingii. Datorita numeroaselor conflicte cu triburile indigene, englezii (vikingii) au plecat. Au venit insa inapoi in secolul 15, cand unii monarhi I-au trimis sa caute aur si alte comori. In aceeasi perioada, exploratorii francezi ca: Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain (a fondat Quebec city in anul 1600), au ocupat teritorii pentru Franta in anul 1534. In anul 1663 Canada a devenit provincie franceza cu aproximativ 3000 francezi. In anul 1670 englezii au venit din nou, formand Hudson Bay Company. Pentru o scurta perioada de timp a fost pace intre cele doua natiuni. Razboiul de 7 ani dintre Franta si Anglia care avea loc in Europa a afectat si Canada si ca urmare s-a creat razboi si aici. In final, englezii au castigat batalia de la Quebec city, in anul 1759. In Tratatul de la Paris din anul 1763, Franta cedeaza Canada catre Marea Britanie. La data de 29 martie 1867 s- a creat o federatie din 4 provincii, iar la data de 1 iulie 1867 se obtine independenta dar care, totusi avea legaturi cu Coroana Britanica. La data de 11 decembrie 1931 a fost recunoscuta de catre Marea Britanie. Prima Constitutie s-a constituit la data de 29 martie 1867. La data de 17 aprilie 1982 controlul Constitutiei a fost cedat de catre Marea Britanie catre Canada, adaugandu- se Cartea Drepturilor si Libertatilor Canadiene. Monarhia este ereditara, Guvernatorul General este ales de monarh, in urma consultarii cu Primul Ministru, pe o perioada de 5 ani. Primul Ministru este liderul partidului majoritar sau a coalitiei majoritare.Primul Ministru de astazi este Stephen HARPER, din data de 6 februarie 2006. Parlamentul este format din Senat si Camera Comunelor, ales prin vot popular. Sistemul legal se bazeaza pe legile engleze, cu exceptia provinciei Quebec, unde exista legislatie civila franceza . Independenta: 1 Iulie 1867 - Uniunea coloniilor engleze-nord americane; independenta obtinuta la 11 Decembrie 1931 in fata Marii Britanii. 1.4. Relațții internațționale Canada are legături strânse cu Statele Unite, cu care are cea mai lungă granițțăă terestră fără supraveghere militară din lume. Cele două țțări sunt, reciproc, cei mai mari parteneri comerciali ai celuilalt stat șși colaborează în campanii șși exercițții militare. Canada are relațții istorice cu Regatul Unit șșii Franțțaa, cele două puteri coloniale care au participat la fondarea ei. Aceste relațții sunt extinse șși altor foșști membri ai imperiilor coloniale britanic șși francez, ca urmare a calitățții de membru pe care Canada o are în Commonwealth șșii La Francophonie.. În ultimul secol, Canada a fost un avocat pentru conceptul de multilateralism, făcând eforturi susținute pentru a participa pe scena mondială. Această tendință a fost demonstată fără echivoc în timpul Crizei Canalului Suez, când
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