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Grizzly Bear Food Habits in the Northern Yukon, Canada

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Grizzly Bear Food Habits in the Northern Yukon, Canada Grizzlybear food habits in the northernYukon, Canada A. Grant MacHutchon1'3and Debbie W. Wellwood2'4 1237 CurtisRoad, Comox, BC V9M3W1, Canada 2p.O. Box 3217, Smithers,BC VOJ2NO, Canada Abstract: We documented seasonal food habits of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Firth River Valley, Ivvavik National Park (INP), northernYukon, Canada, 1993-1995 using: (1) analysis of 176 scats, (2) 222 hours of direct observation,and (3) 99 feeding site investigations.In spring,the primary grizzly bear food plants were alpine hedysarum(Hedysarum alpinum) roots and over-winteredberries such as crowberry (Empetrumnigrum). The main food plants in summer were common horsetail (Equisetumarvense) and bearflower(Boykinia richardsonii). Bears fed primarilyon bog blueberries (Vaccinium uliginosum), crowberries,horsetail, and bearflowerin fall. When blueberrieswere not available, grizzly bears dug for alpine hedysarumroots. In addition to eating plants, grizzly bears killed or scavenged caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and hunted Arctic ground squirrels(Spermophilus parryii) and microtines when available. Well used grizzly bear food plants in INP have similar nutritionalquality as food plants from southern Canada. However, the northerngrowing season is short, and suitable growing sites and diversity of major foods are generally less than in the south, so food plant availabilityis lower. Key words: Canada,diet, food habits, grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, Yukon Ursus 14(2):225-235 (2003) Food and the search for it influence most behavior of As part of a larger research project investigating grizzly bearsduring their non-denning period. Nutritional grizzly bear seasonal habitat use, activity, and move- statushas a stronginfluence on populationdynamics; the ments for Ivvavik National Park (MacHutchon 1996, availabilityand quality of foods can affect a grizzly bear's 2001), we quantifiedgrizzly bear food habits. The intent mean age of reproduction,mean litter size, and breeding was to provide baseline documentationof bear ecology interval (Stringham 1986, Blanchard 1987, Stringham for the park's use in planning for increases in human 1990). Understandingfood habits is also importantfor visitors to the parkin the futureand to betterunderstand understandinggrizzly bear seasonal distribution and grizzly bear ecology in northernenvironments. habitatuse. Grizzly bears living in northernCanada and Alaska must contend with a short season of food availability, lack of protective cover, and extremes in Study area weather unlike bears living in southern Canada or the Ivvavik NationalPark (INP) encompasses 10,170 km2 at the contiguous United States. Northern bears may be northwesterntip of Yukon Territory, Canada, the particularlyvulnerable to changes in food availability bordering Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge (ANWR), because of the short time they have to acquire energy Alaska, USA, to the west and Beaufort Sea to the north necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction,and (Fig. 1). The British Mountainsoccupy the central and winter denning. Understandingseasonal food habits of southern two-thirds of INP and rise to elevations of grizzly bears in the north may provide insight into how 1675 m. A band of flat to rolling topography10-30 km they adapt to this environmentand may be helpful for wide forms the coastal plain between the British assessing the potentialeffects of humanactivities, such as Mountains and the Beaufort Sea. This study was pri- oil andgas explorationand increasing tourism, on bearsin marily conducted in the British Mountainsof the Firth these areas(MacHutchon 2001). River Valley, but extended to other parts of the British Mountainsin INP. The FirthRiver (69?10'N, 140?05'W) flows northwardfor 160 km from its headwaters in Alaska to the Beaufort Sea. INP is characterizedby [email protected] [email protected] short, cool summers and long, cold winters. Mean 225 226 GRIZZLYBEAR FOOD IN THE YUKON * MacHutchon and Wellwood alpine tundra.Slopes above 500 m are - i sparselyvegetated. Cotton-grass (Erio- :j;;; phorum spp.) and sedge (Carex spp.) tussocks typically dominate low-angle -....:-:. , slopes or pediments. Mammalsof INP include caribouof the Porcupine caribou herd, moose .. / (Alces alces), muskox (Ovibos mo- schatus), Arctic ground squirrels,col- .- ' lared (Dicrostonyx torquatus) and Sachs"Ha % brown lemmings (Lemmus sibiricus), >,^ r2: and northernred-backed (Clethriono- mys rutilus) and singing voles (Micro- tus miurus). Anadromous and non- anadromousDolly Varden char (Sal- velinus malma)occur in the FirthRiver Sas;t:P' well as other major rivers of INP. Phulatuk Methods We documented grizzly bear diet using a combinationof (1) scat analysis, (2) direct observation,and (3) feeding site investigations to reduce biases ron oodHope associated with each technique. We *& % collected scats of known age during ornw Wets capture,ground investigations of radio- F Fon Nomans collared grizzly bear locations, or after observingunmarked bears. We collect- <-f/ ed some scats opportunistically and ,; aged them by considering local bear \ activity, the moisture content of the N.W.T. scat, condition of vegetation underthe scat, decomposition,and recentrainfall Fig. 1. Location for the study of food habits of grizzly bears in Ivvavik (Holcroftand Herrero1991). No Amer- National Parkshowing the FirthRiver Valley in northernY ukon,Canada. ican black bears (Ursus americanus) were in our study area. annual temperatureis -10?C (6.5?C in summer,-25?C We used only scats <14 days old for analysis in winter) and mean annual precipitationis 300 mm. following the methods of MacHutchon (1989). Scats Vegetation of the British Mountains includes open- were rinsed on sieves to remove fruit dye and fine di- forest subarctictaiga, treelessarctic tundra, and the broad gested material,then suspended in water. The percent transition zone between the 2 referred to as treeline volume of each diet item was visually estimated from (Pielou 1994). Trees become smallerand more scattered three to five 10-ml samples, then averaged. Diet items with increasinglatitude, and white spruce(Picea glauca) were identified to the finest taxonomic level possible. and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) reach their Most plants were identified to species using reference northernlimit within the British Mountains along the plants collected in the field, but grasses and sedges lower Firth River Valley. Forests are most common on were recordedas graminoids.Mammal hair was identi- valley bottoms and southern-facing slopes and are fied using the methods of Weir (1995). Most mammals replacedby shrubcommunities with increasinglatitude. were identifiedto species, but voles and lemmings were Thereis an elevationtransition from well vegetatedvalley recordedas microtines.Percent occurrence was the num- bottoms through low shrub-dominatedcommunities to ber of scats with a diet item divided by the total number Ursus 14(2):225-235 (2003) GRIZZLYBEAR FOOD IN THE YUKON * MacHutchonand Wellwood 227 of scats. Percentvolume was the mean volume of a diet as percentnitrogen multiplied by 6.25. Neutraldetergent item among all scats. fiber (NDF) was estimatedusing a modified Van Soest During June 1993, we fitted 5 adult female and 3 method (Robbins 1993). Similar analysis methods were adult male grizzly bears with radiocollars (Telonics, used for samples from the FlatheadRiver Valley, British Mesa, Arizona, USA). In late August 1995, we re- Columbia,Canada (McLellan and Hovey 1995). Regres- captured all radiocollaredbears and removed collars. sions of crudeprotein levels of plant species collected in MacHutchon (2001) described methods for focal bear INP and the Flathead River Valley during 2-week observation. We located radiocollared bears from samplingperiods were comparedusing equationsin Zar aircraft; then 1-2 backpacking crews of 2-3 people (1996). each were flown by helicopter to locations where they We delineated grizzly bear seasons of activity by could watch individual bears. We chose bears for general shifts in diet as determinedfrom scat analysis observationbased on the number of previous observa- and observations of bears and by the phenological tion sessions for each bear each season, its location developmentof food plants (MacHutchon1996). Spring inside or outside the study area, and the feasibility of lasted from 26 May to 15 June, summerfrom 16 June to maintaininga good vantage without disturbingthe bear. 31 July and fall from 1 August to 4 September.The start Unmarked bears were observed opportunistically,but of spring and end of fall were based on the start and data were not includedin our food habits analysis. Bears end of data collection. The change from spring to sum- were followed if they moved, and we continued to mer correspondedwith the widespread availability of observe as long as possible (up to 35 hours). We common horsetail shoots and the general shift in diet recorded foods eaten by bears during observations from roots to horsetail and forbs. The change from whenever possible. Frequently, however, a bear was summer to fall corresponded with the widespread too far away or viewing conditions were such that foods availability of bog blueberriesand the general shift in could not be distinguished. The most common food diet to berries.Phenology was fasterin the southernpart plants in a patch were often easiest to see; therefore,less of the study area than the northernpart because of the common plantsmay have been eaten but not seen. If two influenceof the cold Arctic Ocean, and therewere
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