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This Article Was Found in USC-Owned Library Materials and Was Paged This article was found in USC‐owned library materials and was paged and scanned courtesy IDD Document Delivery. For more information about IDD services, please visit: http://usc.illiad.oclc.org/illiad/faqs.html COPYRIGHT NOTICE: The copy law of the United States (Title 17 U.S. Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Under certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be “used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship or research”. Note that in the case of electronic files, “reproduction” may also include forwarding the file by email to a third party. If a user makes a request for, or later uses a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of “fair use”, that user may be liable for copyright infringement. USC reserves the right to refuse to process a request if, in its judgment, fulfillment of the order would involve violation of copyright law. By using USC’s Integrated Document Delivery (IDD) services you expressly agree to comply with Copyright Law. University of Southern California USC Libraries Integrated Document Delivery (IDD) (213) 740‐4020 [email protected] ____________ The Battle for China ESSAYS ON THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE SINO-JAPANESE WAR OF I937-I945 Edited by Mark Peattie, Edward]. Drea, and Hans van de Ven STANFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS STANFORD, CALIFORNIA 11111111111111111 IIIII II There is no instance < Stanford University Press from prolonged wart Stanford, California -Sunzi ©2orr by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permis­ sion of Stanford University Press. Maps produced by David Rennie. Japan photographs reproduced with permission of AFLO/Mainichi Shimbun. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The battle for China : essays on the military history of the Sino-Japanese War of I937-I945 I edited by Mark Peattie, Edward Drea, and Hans van de Ven. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-o-8047-6206-9 (cloth: alk. paper) r. Sino-Japanese War, I937-r945-Campaigns-China. 2. China­ History, Military-r9r2-r949· 3· Japan-History, Military-r868-I945· I. Peattie, Mark R., r930- II. Drea, Edward J., r944- III. Van de Ven, HansJ. DS777·53·B337 20II 940·54'2p-dC22 20r0042047 Typeset by BookMatters in ro/12.5 Sabon THE DR resentment at thirty years of fore: 2 The Dragon~s Seed the utter defeat of the court and th expeditions ended in the Boxer F ORIGINS OF THE WAR stipulations, authorized foreign tr tioned at key points from Peking t MARK R. PEATTIE It has been customary in Weste in terms of a traditional emeute aJ Protocols as the nadir of China's f ring the ashes of China's defeat, upheaval as less a rebellion than a tory-a war between China and 1 Chinese patriotism, the beginning tance to the Japanese invader fort) cannot be denied that control ove1 weakened; its ports, rivers, and ec The seeds of the conflict can be found as early as the nineteenth century, 1 eign control; and a legacy of nati rooted in the soil of imperial China, an agrarian bureaucratic empire whose would bear bitter fruit in the new c institutional inadequacies at a time of gathering economic, demographic, and technological change complicated its efforts to preserve domestic tran­ quility within the country and made difficult China_'s resista.nce to for­ Japan's Encroachments in China eign encroachment from without. 2 Lacking strong allies and firm control The encroachments by West, over its border regions and peoples, and suspicious as to the nature and been undertaken by nations half a intentions of foreign powers standing on its frontiers and approaching its was checked by time and distancf coasts China was unable to halt the pace and scale of the incursions on a fellow Asian neighbor. But Japa its and territory in the last three decades of the nineteenth sov~reignty cen~ latter half of the nineteenth centuq tury: Japan's invasion of Taiwan, r87o-r87r; Russia's occupation ~f the lh sive attitude toward national expan Valley in Xinjiang Province in r879; the loss of Annam to France m r885; demands of Japanese self-interest. C and, most painful and serious, the calamitous war with Japan over Korea, depended on an outer cordon of sa r894-r895, in which Chinese forces were defeated on land and se~ and Japan's political and military leadf after which Korea was stripped from China as a tributary, and Taiwan, the Asian mainland, beginning wit the Liaodong Peninsula, and the Pescadores were ceded to Japan. After strategic priorities shifted in the L that further humiliations followed one after another: French demands Japanese coastline to an active poli to adjust the Sino-Annamite border; Germany's seizure of Jiaozhou Bay tinent, it acquired a lethal potenti on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula; British demands for an Japan had been on a collision cours' offsetting port at Weihaiwei on the northern coast of the same peninsula; to defend its position in Korea. Th French demands for a leasehold at Guangzhou on the southern China armed forces during the Sino-Japa coast demands that provoked a British expansion into the Kowloon "New led to the loss of territories menti, Terri;ories" opposite Hong Kong. Most of these new foreign enclaves were policies on the continent and stren~ surrounded by zones and spheres where each foreign controllin? p~wer capacities.4 Yet by the decade that fc held exclusive rights for extractive industries and modern commumcatwns. Boxer Protocols, Japan came to pla Then with the opening of the new century had come the disastrous deci­ ty's effort to save itself through refo1 sion of the Qing court to encourage and support the spasm of antiforeign to gain a dominant position on the violence led by the Boxers, an initiative explicable by the depth of popular While the Qing had suffered a THE DRAGON'S SEED 49 resentment at thirty years of foreign humiliation of China. At all events, the utter defeat of the court and the Boxers by coordinated foreign military expeditions ended in the Boxer Protocols, which, among other punitive stipulations, authorized foreign troops, including the Japanese, to be sta­ tioned at key points from Peking to the sea. It has been customary in Western literature to view the Boxer upheaval in terms of a traditional emeute and China's punishment under the Boxer Protocols as the nadir of China's fortunes in its modern history. Yet, stir­ ring the ashes of China's defeat, historians have come to see the Boxer upheaval as less a rebellion than a serious episode in China's military his­ tory-a war between China and the West, one that gave voice to a new Chinese patriotism, the beginnings of a nationalism essential to the resis­ tance to the Japanese invader forty years on. In the meantime, however, it cannot be denied that control over China's borderlands had been further weakened; its ports, rivers, and economic resources had fallen under for­ i as early as the nineteenth century, 1 eign control; and a legacy of national resentment had accumulated that 1 agrarian bureaucratic empire whose would bear bitter fruit in the new century. f gathering economic, demographic, its efforts to preserve domestic tran- Japan's Encroachments in China, I894-I9I5 ~ difficult China's resistance to for­ lcking strong allies and firm control The encroachments by Western powers on Chinese sovereignty had and suspicious as to the nature and been undertaken by nations half a globe away whose full strategic reach ; on its frontiers and approaching its was checked by time and distance. Japan, on the other hand, had been pace and scale of the incursions on a fellow Asian neighbor. But Japan's own modern transformation in the :three decades of the nineteenth cen­ latter half of the nineteenth century had brought with it a new and aggres­ )-1871; Russia's occupation of the Ili sive attitude toward national expansion, an outlook framed by the tigerish he loss of Annam to France in 1885; demands of Japanese self-interest. Convinced that Japan's national security amitous war with Japan over Korea, depended on an outer cordon of satellite territory on the Asian continent, were defeated on land and sea and Japan's political and military leadership had sought to control events on 1 China as a tributary, and Taiwan, the Asian mainland, beginning with the Korean peninsula.3 Once Japan's cadores were ceded to Japan. After strategic priorities shifted in the late 188os from passive defense of the one after another: French demands Japanese coastline to an active political and military presence on the con­ Germany's seizure of Jiaozhou Bay tinent, it acquired a lethal potential. By the last decade of the century, lg Peninsula; British demands for an Japan had been on a collision course with a belated Chinese determination orthern coast of the same peninsula; to defend its position in Korea. The disasters that had overtaken China's Guangzhou on the southern China armed forces during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 had not only h expansion into the Kowloon "New led to the loss of territories mentioned above but emboldened Japanese st of these new foreign enclaves were policies on the continent and strengthened Japanese contempt for China's 1ere each foreign controlling power capacities.4 Yet by the decade that followed the punitive humiliations of the ustries and modern communications.
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