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War Fromthe Warrens

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War Fromthe Warrens CIVIL DEFENCE War from the warrens " war. This week, the Office of Arts and provided to Frank Allaun MP, who corn- DUNCAN CAMPBELL reveals how Libraries' acknowledged . evasively that plained to the Home Office about priority war-time Britain would be ruled . 'items cif importance from. certain public being giveri to works of art when there are collections' would be protected 'in the event no shelters available for members of the \ of ctrccmstances which could threaten the civilian population. Inside, arc .lights illu- BRITISH PLANS for 'civil defence', re- safety of the collections in general' (Le. a minate the caverns-in which the stores are vealed last week, project a 'stay at home nuclear holocaust). But it wouldn't be in the constructed. The first stores for art trea- policy for all but a few'. The 'few' of World public interest, they said, to say which art .sures wer actually constructed at Manod War III who do not stay at home will include. treasures had been selected. during thyr early 1940s, when it accommo- 20,000 civil servants and other administra- When I visited the Manod quarry last dated arttreasures evacuated from central tors who will run a network of more than 36 week, it was clear that the site was being ,London.' bunkers which have been constructed well maintained for its emergency use. It According to plans obtained by the New throughout Britain during the last 20 years. had just been repainted. Although it was Statesman during last year's Square Leg civil Recently declassified documents, made shut, it description of the inside was recently defence exercise, national art treasures will available at the Public Records.Office, now be evacuated from cities and vulnerable reveal how, in 1950, the first steps were Entrance to the Arts Bunker, 1500 feet up the side of a Welsh slate mountain, Manod Mawr near areas as soon as the government decides to , taken to set up the military committee Blaenau Ffestiniog. ' activate its war plans - early in the exercise, which will now rule the whole of Britain in some three weeks before the actual (pro- crisis. jected) attack. Manod is probably the only The Home Office now says there is little Arts Bunker, although other works of art call for secrecy over the bunkers or their will be dispersed from majormuseums to locations, except for the fear of vandals lesser provincial centres. (who do not read the New Statesman). A \ spokesman declined to provide details of THE GOVERNMENT'S CONCERN for the entire network, but it has been possible, art treasures is matched only by its concern after some years' research, to trace the that a nucleus of civil servants should have secret development of the network over 20 protected accommodation in order to rule years. / ,over survivors. In the early 1950s, with The public knew nothing of the plans for Britain menaced initially only by the Soviet government self-protection until 1963, A-Bomb, rudimen.tary provision was made when the 'Spies for Peace', a handful of - concrete-and-brick Regional War Rooms, activists from the Committee of 100, disco- which were built at government regional vered and' exposed one of the Regional offices in each of the 12 regions (nine in Seats of Government, No. 6, at the Berk- England, plus Wales, Scotland, and North- shire hamlet of Warren Row, near Maiden- ern Ireland). As early as January 1950, head. At that time, there were only 12 such however, Chiefs of Staff anticipated the centres. Although some of the old RSG's destruction of London as a centre of have closed, at least temporarily, many new administration during a general war, and ,bunkers have been provided and more are the decentralisation of government to re- planned. Sites have been taken over from gional offices and military commanders. the Royal Air- Force, arid old wartime Their objective was to plan how the UK underground factories and other disused I I could then remain 'a main offensive base for' real estate have been restored to service. as long as possible, and an advanced air One of the most remarkable bunkers is base (for the US) in all circumstances'. <, the Art Treasures bunker, which is now I The Chiefs of Staff the~ created a new being refurbished near Blaenau Ffestiniog body, called the United Kingdom Corn- in North Wales. Here, in a disused slate rnanders-in-Chief Committee (UKCICC, quarry, three employees of the Department pronounced 'UK-chick'), which would of the Environment's Property Services administer home-based military forces. In- Agency are working continuously o~ con- itially, UKCICC was given underground structing and maintaining concrete storage headquarters at Bentley Priory, in Stan- warehouses, erected inside caverns in the more, Middlesex. Subordinate centres were side of the 2,100 foot Manod Mawr. The built at Wilton Park, an army base at Manodquarry is one of the most remote Beaconsfield; and at Fort Southwick, a and desolate sites in Britain, approached remnant of the Napoleonic era overlooking only by a four-mile well-rnetalled private Portsmouth Harbour. road, which leads up into the mountains Thirty years later, UKCICC, with sub- east of Blaenau Ffestiniog. Eventually the stantial and secret new premises near roadway finishes at a shuttered doorway Salisbury, has become the effective wartime into the mountainside. Water pipes, elec-, ~r ,crisis military junta to rule thy. UK. It tricity supply cables and a diesel generator would, in crisis, be the only centre in Britain silencer emerge from the slate beside it. with access to national communications. Its This week, the Department of the En- pow~rs would, in theory, be delegated from vironment acknowledged that it maintained the Cabinet and Prime Minister, themselves the site on behalf of the Department of securely accommodated in a further and Education and Science, who would select more secret bunker. the works of art for salvation from a nuclear The exact location of the Central Gov- Photographs by Duncan' Campbell, John ernment War Headquarters is a matter of Edwards, and Tony Simpson. Additional Re- some speculation, but one site always has search by Andy Thomas. been very obvious - the Bath stone quarries 10 " BUNKERS of BRITAIN New Statesman 2 October 1981 at Corsham, northeast of Bath itself, where the stations concerned 'gone underground', handing over many of the Rsa bunkers to a series of underground stores and factories than dramatic (and foreseeable) changes in the military has been to han~ OVe{ complete were built in World War 2. In 1976, details technology resulted in most of the stations .control as well. of two of these stores were revealed when soon being quite redundant. 'As a result, I put this problem of the complete lack of they were sold. Each had many acres of many of the Home' Office's new SRHQs restraint on military commanders once war accommodation, up to one hundred feet bear a remarkable similarity to each other, measures had begun to Air Vice Marshal Sir underground. But at least three stores, being entered by identical RAF-built bunga- Leslie Mavor, the former Principal of the including one with its' own underground lows whose back extensions top a shaft Home Defence College which now spear- railway sidings (now disused), remain in, leading 30 feet or more below ground. heads the Home Office's drive to co- government hands. In 1962 the Post Office These, bungalows, 'Officially known as 'R3s' ordinate voluntary Ci~il Defence organisa- spent over £1 million running new tele- feature promineritlyin the network (see tions. He agreed that arrangements were as phone, cables throu~h the site, and installed illustrations), Even now, more of the above, with civilian control indeed cut off. a radio station linking it to the London Post redundant R1)F structures may be pressed .His commegt on the situation was, howev- Office tower and other communications into service to meet the expanding govern- er, blackly humorous: centres. I ment requirement for shelters. Chief The best known of the, government's war among these is a huge concrete blockhouse " We/just have ,to ask, ~he Generals to be good provisions are' the. Regional Seats of Gov- at Hack Green, Cheshire, which appears to boys. , '. ' ernment. These were first planned in, the have been earmarked for the construction I THE ARMY HAD STARTED to go .Iate 1950s, after the Soviet Union had 'of the ~anchest!!r, a~d Liverpool area underground too in the early 19508, and exploded its first H-Bomb, and it gradually bunker, SRHQI0L - . erected -its own chain of concrete block- became clear that civil defence' on the - Other bunkers 'include a wartime cold houses at training, camps up land down World War 2 model could no longer protect store above ground near Loughborough' 'Britain, comparable to the RAF's ROTOR the population. The RSGs, holding be- railway station (SRHQ32), underground scheme. A few ofthese survive, one of them tween 200-400 people, were largely com- factories at Bridgend (SRHQ82) and Kin- - at Ullenwood, just south of Cheltenham- pleted by 1963. And that s~me year, their ver near Kidderminster (SRHQ9:2 and a 'an SRHQ (No. 72). Others have been locations - Edinburgh, Catterick, York, former RSG), Dover Castle's citadel handed over for other authorities to use. Cambridge, Preston, Brecon, Bolt Head, (SRHQ61) and three recently built bunker Two near London, at Lippetshill, Essex and Dover, Warren Row, Nottingham, Armagh basements to government 'offices in Basing- Merstham; Surrey, have become northern, and Kidderminster - were exposed by the stoke ~SRHQ62), Hertford (SRHQ42) and . and southern emergency control centres for Spies for Peace. Newspaper leditorials con- Southport (SRHQ102).
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