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NEW SPECIMEN of GIGANOTOSAURUS CAROL/Nil (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995), SUPPORTS IT AS the LARGEST THEROPOD EVER FOUND

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NEW SPECIMEN of GIGANOTOSAURUS CAROL/Nil (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995), SUPPORTS IT AS the LARGEST THEROPOD EVER FOUND GAIA N' 15, LlSBOAlLISBON, DEZEMBRO/DECEMBER 1998, pp. 117-122 (ISSN: 0871 -5424) NEW SPECIMEN OF GIGANOTOSAURUS CAROL/Nil (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995), SUPPORTS IT AS THE LARGEST THEROPOD EVER FOUND Jorge Orlando CALVO Museo de Geologia y Paleontologia de la Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Buenos Aires 1400, (8300) NEU QUEN . ARGE NTI NA. Rodolfo CORIA Di recci6n General de Cultura - MuseD Carmen Funes. (8318) Plaza Huincul, NEUQUEN. ARGENTINA. ABSTRACT: Giganotosaurus carotinii CORIA & SALGADO, 1995 (MUCPv- Ch1) is considered the largesttheropod in the world, Here we describe a new specimen of G. carotinii. In spite ofthe fact that the material is fragmentary Uust a partial dentary), it is very important for its size. Comparisons between this new material with that of the holotype shows that this is the larg­ est theropod specimen ever found. The new specimen of G. Carotinii is 8% bigger than the holotype. RESUMEN : Giganotosaurus carotiniiCoRIA & SALGADO, 1995 (MUCPv- Ch1) es considerado el teropodo mas grande del mundo. Aqui nosotros describimos un nuevo especimen de G. ca­ rotinii. A pesar de que el material es fragmentario (solo una parte del dentario), este es muy importante por su tamai'io. Comparaciones realizadas entre este nuevo material y el que corresponde al holotipo, muestra que este es el especimen de teropodo mas grande en con­ trado hasta ahora. EI nuevo especimen de G. carotiniies un 8% mas grande que el holotipo. INTRODUCTION last few years, the discussion about what was the biggest theropod came back with the discovery of Theropod dinosaurs have been focus of many two amazing specimens in both Africa (SERE NO et kind of studies includ ing an atomi cal (MOLNAR, a /., 1996) and South America (CORIA & SALGADO, 1991), phylogenetic (GAUTHIER , 1986; HOLTZ , 1995). The South American form was proposed to 1994), behavioral and physiolog ical analyses (MOL­ be a new species Giganotosaurus carolinii CORIA & NAR & FARLOW, 1990). Perhaps, one of the most in­ SALGADO, 1995 which was claimed as th e biggest teresting aspects of th ese vertebrates is that they meat-eater dinosaur ever known, with a recently invol ve the biggest land-living predators in Meso­ proposed skull length of 180 cm (CORIA & SALGADO, zoic Earth history. In this regard, the first theropod 1996). That specimen is an almost complete skele­ known for modern science was Mega/osaurus ton found near EI Chocon town, at levels of Rio Li­ BUCKLAND , 1824, form erly recorded upon a frag­ may Formation, Candeleros Member (Albian­ ment of lower jaw and named because of its aston­ Cenomanian). ishing size. Half a century latter, the finding of Tyrannosaurus rex OSBORN, 1905, became th e first On a fieldtrip made in 1987 to the Cerro Los Can­ well known theropod, which al so was the largest car­ deleros locality, 35 km Southwest Plaza Huincul, on nivorous dinosaur in the world over almost 90 years. Neuquen Province (Fig. 1) was found an isolated More recently, new studies and findings all around dentary (MUCPv-95) of a big theropod which was the world have increased our knowledge of giant briefly described by CALVO (1989). The dentary is theropods with the description of different forms identical to that described by CORI A & SALG ADO such as Acrocanthosaurus STOVALL & LANGSTON, (1995) as part of the holotype of Giganotosaurus 1950; Deinocheirus OSM6LSKA& RONIEWICZ, 1970; carolinii (MUCPv-CH-1). Saurophagus RAY, 1941 , and Carcharodontosau­ In the present paper we describe in detail the rusSTRoMER, 1934 (SERENO et a/. , 1996). But in the dentary of the specimens MUCPv-Ch1 (holotype) 117 artigos/papers J. CAL va & R. CORIA 68'00 NEUQUEN PROVINCE , A ~ , ~ , /,/'/ " ~ ~~~~~~~~::~ / RIO NEGRO PROVINCE j 9'30 o 10 20 Km. 3 - - I Fig. 1 - Map of Argentina (1) and the Neuquen Province (2) detailing the area where the new specimen of Giganoto­ saurus carolin;; (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995), MUCPv-95, was collected (3). The arrow shows the place where MUCPv-95 was found. The X, 12 km SW to EI Choc6n locality, shows the place where G. carolin;; (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995) (holo­ type) was found. and MUCPv-95which represents a new specimen of Horizon and Locality: The site of this specimen the species Giganotosaurus carolinii but bigger than is located 35 km Southwest of Plaza Huincul, at the the holotype, and we compare with othergiantthero­ Cerro Los Candeleros locality. The rocks are char­ pods in order to establish size-relationships. acterized by being red sandstones of the Candele­ ros Member, Rio Limay Formation (Albian­ SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY Cenomanian) (Fig. 2). Order Saurischia Diagnosis: Anterior end of the dentary dorsov­ entrally expanded with flallened symphysial sur­ Suborder Theropoda MARSH, 1881 face, bearing a ventral process. Infraorder Tetanurae GAUTHIER, 1986 Family Carcharodontosauridae Description: The preserved portion of the den­ SERENO et a/., 1996 tary is 61 cm in length and lacks its posteriormost ex­ treme. There are 15 alveoli preserved, but it is possible that at least one or two more were present Genus Giganotosaurus (Fig. 3). All teeth are broken except those unworn. In CORIA & SALGADO, 1995 lateral view, the symphysis is the highest part of the dentary being 18 cm high (Fig. 46, 56, 66). The Giganotosaurus carolinii shortest part is at the level of the 8th alveolus, where CORIA & SALGADO, 1995 is 14 cm high. The ventral border is concave. The lat­ Fig. 3-6 eral side is slightly convex dorsoventrally with a lon­ gitudinal groove that supports the nutritious Material: MUCPv-95 (Museo de la Universidad foramina (Fig. 46). This groove is coincident in place Nacional del Comahue). A leftdentarywith some un­ with another one from the medial side. Anteriorly, the worn teeth. bone surface is rugose, bearing many foramina 118 NEW SPECIMEN OF GIGANOTOSAURUS CAROLINIl The medial side, well preserved, shows fused in­ ... .~ =..- terdental plates (Fig. 4A; 5A). Below them, a similar e= .. EO ....,if" groove to that described from the lateral side, marks ~ El 0 ::E ... the inferior limit of the interdental plate row, where every tooth has one nutritional foramen. The man­ dibular symphysis is not well preserved in MUCPv- B .. u'" .IlI 95, but it is in the holotype. There, a fiat articular sur­ 0 os face can be observed, showing a rather subrectan­ 'C .. os -< j gular shape. The Meckelian channel is parallel to the 0 -- "0- .. ventral border (Fig. 4B, 5B). In its anterior portion it U ";;os curves abruptly to the anteroventral border, where 'Ce-o .. an anteroventral concavity is developed (Fig. 6A). ~ ·;s-u This depression is present in MUCPv95 but not in == MUCPv-Ch1. In dorsal view the dentary shows a .. wide curvature to the internal plane. This begins be­ ..... - tween the 9th and the 1a th alveolus and in regular cr= -=g:;0 ...= shape reaches the symphysis region. This charac­ ;z; --0 ter, together with the reduced simphysis, suggest -5 •51 .. that both mandibles would build a wide mouth. Atthe =cr ~ ~= th ..... t: current preparation stage, from the 15 alveolus, ;z; .....0 only three have functional teeth (4, 8 and 9), one is in 0 advanced eruption (7) and four are on an early stage "0 of eruption (1,5,10 and 12). Mostofthe alveoli seem -..os to be of similar shape and size. Except for the first ....,.~ one, which is the smallest one (2.5 cm anteroposte­ -- riorly), the other ones are aproximatelly 3.5 cm long. -;; This feature indicates as very likely no major differ­ .... <.> os .9.. ences among dental size and shape all along the ~ ::c I/) lower jaws. The laterally compressed functional -- GI teeth are oval in cross-section being constricted in ~ the middle, which allows distinguishing of both ~ 0 crown and root. They have the typical theropod fea­ tures with serrated anterior and posterior borders. "0-:: .. The erupted teeth are exposed only on their tips, but U they are similar in shape to the functional ones pre­ served in the holotype. Giganotosaurus carolinii CORIA & SALGADO, AS Fig. 2 - Scheme of the Neuquen Group sequence to THE LARGEST THEROPOD EVER FOUND show the stratigraphic position of the Specimen (MUCPv- 95). The comparisons of the specimen MUCPv-95 are restricted because of its limited condition; how­ placed along three main lines, upper, middle and ever there are no doubts about the fact that it corre­ lower lines. Both upper and lower ones are continu­ sponds to the species Giganotosaurus carolinii. The ous along the whole dentary. The same condition is morphology of the whole bone overlaps with no dif­ observed in the holotype specimen. ferences with that known from the holotype MUCPv­ Ch-1 . The presence of a squared anterior end, with a Fig. 3 - Giganotosaurus caro/inii (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995) (MUCPv-95) dentary in dorsal views. 119 J. CAL va & R. CORIA lOcm -"::'~>r: : .' '.' .. .. ." ' . .. .. B Fig. 5 - Giganotosaurus carolinii (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995) (MUCPv-95) dentary. A - Medial view. B - Lateral view. Scale bar 10 em. 120 NEW SPECIMEN OF GIGANOTOSAURUS CAROLINIl B Fig. 6 - Giganotosaurus carolinii (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995) (MUCPv-95) anterior portion of the dentary. A - Medial view. B - Lateral view. Scale bar 10 em. o 100 em ~--------~------I ~~~ C1 C2 Fig. 7 - Skull·s comparisons among the biggest known theropods. A - Tyrannosaurus rex OSBORN 1905. B - Carcha­ rodontosaurus saharicus (SERENO et al., 1996). C - Giganotosaurus caro/inii (CORIA & SALGADO, 1995); C, - holotype, MUCPv-Ch1; C, - MUCPv-95. Dentary preserved marked in black. 121 J. CAL va & R. CORIA flat symphysial surface, and an anteroventral pro­ MOLNAR, R.E. & FARLOW, J.O. (1990) - Carnosaur paleobiology, in WEISHAMPEL, D.B.; DODSON, P. & OSMOLSKA, H. (Eds.), cess, mentioned by CALVO, 1989 for MUCPv-95, are The Dinosauria, Univ. California Press, Berkeley, pp. 210- shared by both specimens, and this is a combination 224.
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