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Espèces Fruitières D'amérique Tropical E

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Espèces Fruitières D'amérique Tropical E . 62 - I~ruils - vol . 27, n 1, 197 2 ESPÈCES FRUITIÈRES DAMÉRIQUE TROPICAL E par A . FOUQU E Nous débutons dans la revue FRUITS la publication dune série darticles portant sur les principales espèces à fruit s comestibles que lon rencontre dans les zones intertropicales et subtropicales du Nouveau Monde . La présentation réalisée sous forme de notes descriptives, illustrées, concises, rédigées sur le plan suivant : - dénominations en diverses langues , • origine grégraphique , - description botanique, - exigences écologiques , - culture, production, utilisation . Les espèces sont groupées par familles, sans que lordre adopté dans cette suite soit en relation avec la phylogénse . Nous débuterons cette série par les Annonacées . We are starting in the journal FRUITS the publication of a series of articles dealing with the principal species of edi- ble fruit found in the intertropical and subtropical zones of the New World . The articles, in the form of descriptives notes, illustrated and concises, conform to the following pattern : - names in various languages , - geographic origin , - botanical description, - ecological requirements , - cultivation, production and utilisation . The species are grouped by families, but the order adopted in this series is not in accordance with phylogeny . We shall begin this series with the Annonaceae . Comenzamos en la revista FRUITS la publication de una serie articulos dedicados a las principales especies de fru- tos comestibles que se encuentran en las zonas intertropicales y subtropicales del uuevo tnundo . La presentation, realizada bajo la forma de notas descriptivas, illustradas, concisas, estan redactadas siguiendo el plan siguiente : - denominaciones en diversas lenguas , - origen geografico , description botanica , - exigencias ecologicas , - cultivo, produccion, utilizaciones . Las especies estan agrupadas por familias, sin que el order adoplado esté en relacion con la foligénesis . Comenza- remos esta serie por las anonaceas . ABBREVIATIONS : AI : Allemagne, Aml : Amérique latine, Ams : Amérique du Sud, An : Angleterre, Ant : Antilles, Arg : Argentine, Bré : Brésil, Chi : Chili, Col : Colombie, Cr : Costa Rica, Cu : Cuba, Dém : Demérara, Es : Espagne, Equ : Equateur, Fr : France, Gf : Guyan e française, Gua : Guatémala, Hon : Honduras, Mex : Mexique, Nic : Nicaragua, Pan : Panama, Per : Pérou, Po : Portugal, Pr : Porto- Rico, Sal : Salvador, Uru : Uruguay, Vén : Vénézuéla . Fruits - vol . 27, n° 1, ] 972 - 6 3 FAMILLE DES ANNONACEE S GENRE ANNONA ORIGINE MULTIPLICATION Ce genre comprend une centaine despèces darbres et dar- bustes presque toutes originaires dAmérique tropicale . Le plus souvent, les anones sont multipliées par graines, mai s les variations entre les plants obtenus sont grandes . Il est DESCRIPTIO N donc préférable décussonner ou de greffer sur des porte - greffe de la même espèce ou dune autre espèce . A. reticulat a Le genre est caractérisé par des feuilles alternes, simples , L ., par exemple, donne un arbre plus vigoureux sur A. muri- entières, fermes ou coriaces, caduques ou persistantes, ave c cata L., que sur sa propre espèce . Par contre, A. reticulata L. stipules . Les fleurs sont superaxillaires, souvent opposées au x donne un bon porte-greffe pour les autres espèces lorsque le s feuilles, solitaires ou en grappes, bisexuées, souvent de cou - conditions du sol sont défavorables . A. glabra L . peut être leur brune ou jaune fauve. Le calice est ordinairement tubu- utilisé chaque fois que les conditions de drainage sont mau- laire et en trois parties . La corolle est composée de 6 pétales vaises . en deux séries,la série intérieure étant quelquefois représenté e par des écailles ou même manquante (A . cherimola MILL . , Des boutures de bois aoûté, prélevées pendant la périod e A. reticulata L.) . Le fruit est un gros syncarpe charnu,formé de dormance, peuvent ratiner en 4 ou 5 semaines dans d u par la fusion de plusieurs carpelles, chacun avec sa propr e sable ou du compost . graine . Dans quelques cas, il arrive que les carpelles dont le s oeufs nont pas été fécondés arrêtent leur croissance . Cett e CULTUR E atrophie donne lieu à des déformations du fruit composé . En général, les distances de plantation sont de 5 à 6 m, le s Lorsque les carpelles se développent, ils se soudent entre eux ; arbres pouvant être menés rapidement en forme buissonnant e à lextrémité, les divisions sont difficiles à déterminer (A . par une taille légère . cherimola MILL., A. glatira L.) ou, quelquefois, ils restent Les pratiques culturales sont celles faites pour les autres un peu séparés (A. squamosa L .). arbres fruitiers : sarclages ou fauchages, mises dengrais et , selon les conditions de milieu, drainage et irrigation, enfi n EXIGENCES lutte contre les parasites . Les exigences climatiques des diverses espèces sont parfoi s complètement différentes . PRODUCTION A. cherimola MILL et A. diversifolia SAFF . prospèrent dans Les plants greffés et les plants issus de graines entrent e n les régions hautes (entre 1200 et 2000 m daltitude), relative - rapport vers 3 ou 4 ans dans la généralité des cas . Ils peuven t ment sèches et froides, telles que les pentes et les hauts pla- donc être plantés, temporairement, en interlignes dautre s teaux des Andes de Colombie au Pérou . A. diversifolia peut cultures arbustives se développant plus lentement et plantée s cependant, pousser à des altitudes plus basses et est appel é à des écartements plus importants . pour cette raison «chérirnole des terres basses» . A . muricata L . est lespèce la plus sensible aux froids . A. reticulata L. e t UTILISATIO N A. squamosa L . ne supportent pas les gelées et les périodes prolongées de froid . Il est préférable de récolter les fruits lorsquils sont encor e fermes, mais que la couleur commence à tourner . Les fruit s Toutes les espèces danones sont peu exigeantes sur la qua - sont fragiles et doivent être manipulés avec soins . Cueilli s lité des sols, exception faite pour le drainage . La plupart de s trop verts, ils peuvent ramollir, mais leur qualité est moindre . arbres sont peu profondément enracinés et ne demanden t A maturité, ils sont riches en sucre . A. cherimola MILL ., A . donc pas de sols profonds . A . muricata L. possède des racine s diversifolia SAFF ., A. reticulata L., A. squamosa L . peuven t x qui descendent plus profondément et se développe mieu être mangés crus, de préférence glacés ou leur pulpe peut êtr e dans un sol profond et bien drainé . A. glabra L. se développe , pressée et le jus recueilli pour être mélangé à de la glace, de l a au contraire, dans les lieux marécageux . crème glacée, du lait, etc ... A . muricata L. est plus particu- La réaction du sol peut être acide, neutre ou légèremen t lièrement préparé dune de ces dernières manières . alcaline, ruais la majorité des anones préfèrent les sols à réac- tion légèrement acide, voire acide (pli entre 5,5 et 6,5) . 64 - Fruits - vol . 27, no 1, 197 2 ANNONA CIIERIMOLA MILL. (photo 1) . Annona pubescens SALISB . Annona tripetala AIT . Fr : Chérimo yer, Chérimoyer, Corossol du Pérou . An : Cherimoya AI : Cherimolia, Cherimoyabaum, Peruanischer fraschenbau m Es : Anon (Gua), Chirimoya (Es, Ami), Chirimoya del Peru (Es), Chirimorrinon (Vén ) Po : Anona do Chile (Bré), Chirimolia . ORIGIN E Plateaux et vallées interandines entre 1600 et 2200 m dal- titude, Equateur, Pérou, Chili . DESCRIPTIO N Petit arbre ou arbre à port dressé ou un peu retombant, d e 4 à 1 0 m de haut, à rameaux pubescents grisâtres . Feuilles ovales ou ovales-lancéolées, décurrentes, de taill e variable, en général de 7 à 18 cm de long et de 4 à 10 cm d e large (L/1 = 1,6 à 1,7 en général), ternes et presque glabres dessus, tomenteuses et à nervures saillantes dessous. Fleurs odorantes, de couleur blanc-verdâtre ou jaunâtre , denviron 2,5 cm de long, naissant à laisselle des feuilles , solitaires ou par 2-3 sur de courts pédoncules (8-12 mm) , tomenteuses à lextérieur, pétales extérieures allongés (1,5 - Photo 1 - Annona cherirnola MILL . 2,5 cm), pétales intérieurs petits, semblables à des écailles . Fruit de forme variable, généralement cordiforme ou coni - que, de 7 à 14 cm ou plus de long et pesant de 100 g à 2 kg , peau mince, vert pâle, dapparence variable (voir variétés) , - Tuberculée (cherimoya And) une des formes les plus com- pulpe blanc crème, molle, contenant de nombreuses graine s rnunes, fruit cordiforme portant de petites protubérances e n ovales, brun foncé à noir, denviron 1 cm de long . forme de verrues près du sommet arrondi de chaque aréole . EXIGENCES - Mamelonnée (cherimoya de tetillas Ams) . - à piquants (cherimoya de puas, annona picuda (Arnl) frui t Bien que dun habitat situé près de léquateur, nest pa s oblong-conique, peau comparativement plus épaisse, semé e tropical par ses exigences . Les fruits sont meilleurs lorsqu e de protubérances prolongées par une pointe . La pulpe est aci- la plante est cultivée sous des climats frais et relativemen t de et les graines plus nombreuses que dans les autres formes . secs. Sous des climats chauds et humides, elle fructifie rare - ment et donne alors des fruits de qualité inférieure . CULTUR E Pousse mieux en terres argilo-sableuses, mais peut saccom - Les arbres issus de graines ou greffés sur la même espèc e moder de bien dautres si elles sont suffisamment fertiles et demandent un écartement de 8 à 10 m, ceux greffés su r bien drainées . A. squamosa ou A. reticulata de 6 à 7 m . Peu de taille, excep- té celle des gourmands très nombreux . Produit à base de cui - MULTIPLICATIO N vre contre lanthracnose et à base dester phosphorique con- ' La plupart des plants issus de graines produisent des fruit s tre les thrips et les mouches . de qualité inférieure, les variétés sélectionnées doivent êtr e greffées (greffe en fente ou greffe anglaise) sur des porte - PRODUCTIO N greffe âgés de 2 ans de la même espèce ou bien sur A. s qua- De graines, lentrée en production a lieu vers 4-5 ans, pou r mosa L .
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