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Lunar Surface Reference Missions: a Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities

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Lunar Surface Reference Missions: a Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities NASA/TP—2003–210793 Lunar Surface Reference Missions: A Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities Michael B. Duke Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Stephen J. Hoffman Science Applications International Corporation Houston, Texas Kelly Snook Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas July 2003 The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. the advancement of aeronautics and space Collected papers from scientific and science. The NASA Scientific and Technical technical conferences, symposia, Information (STI) Program Office plays a key seminars, or other meetings sponsored or part in helping NASA maintain this important co-sponsored by NASA. role. • SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA programs, projects, and missions, NASA’s scientific and technical information. The often concerned with subjects having NASA STI Program Office provides access to the substantial public interest. NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. • TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English- The Program Office is also NASA’s institutional language translations of foreign scientific mechanism for disseminating the results of its and technical material pertinent to research and development activities. These results NASA’s mission. are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services that complement the STI Program Office’s diverse offerings include • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of creating custom thesauri, building customized completed research or a major significant databases, organizing and publishing research phase of research that present the results of results ... even providing videos. NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes For more information about the NASA STI compilations of significant scientific and Program Office, see the following: technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA • Access the NASA STI Program Home counterpart of peer-reviewed formal Page at http://www.sti.nasa.gov professional papers, but having less stringent limitations on manuscript length • E-mail your question via the Internet to and extent of graphic presentations. [email protected] • TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. • Fax your question to the NASA STI Help Scientific and technical findings that are Desk at (301) 621-0134 preliminary or of specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, working papers, and • Telephone the NASA STI Help Desk at bibliographies that contain minimal (301) 621-0390 annotation. Does not contain extensive analysis. • Write to: NASA STI Help Desk • CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and NASA Center for AeroSpace Information technical findings by NASA-sponsored 7121 Standard Drive contractors and grantees. Hanover, MD 21076-1320 NASA/TP—2003–210793 Lunar Surface Reference Missions: A Description of Human and Robotic Surface Activities Michael B. Duke Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado Stephen J. Hoffman Science Applications International Corporation Houston, Texas Kelly Snook Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 July 2003 Acknowledgments This work was supported by the NASA Johnson Space Center, under Grant NAG9-1447 to the Colorado School of Mines. The Lunar and Planetary Institute also provided support in the form of a no-cost visiting scientist appointment to the senior author. Reviews by Tom Sullivan, Nancy Ann Budden, Doug O’Handley and John Frassanito are appreciated. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7121 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Springfield, VA 22161 301-621-0390 703-605-6000 This report is also available in electronic form at http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 2.0 Objectives of Lunar Missions ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Scientific Exploration of the Moon .......................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Origin of Earth-Moon System ................................................................................. 4 2.1.2 History of the Moon as a Planetary Body ................................................................ 5 2.1.3 Early Impact Processes in the Solar System ............................................................ 8 2.1.4 Recent Impact Flux ................................................................................................. 8 2.1.5 The Lunar Atmosphere, Volatile Movements and Volatile Deposits ...................... 9 2.1.6 History of the Sun ................................................................................................. 10 2.1.7 Functions Required ................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Establish the Suitability of the Moon for Astronomical Observations and other studies ....... 10 2.2.1 Environmental Considerations for Large Telescopes and Interferometers ............ 11 2.2.2 Operational Demonstrations of Lunar Observatories ............................................ 11 2.2.3 Large Telescope Technology Demonstration ........................................................ 12 2.2.4 Assess Other Opportunities for Science on or from the Moon .............................. 12 2.2.5 Functions Required ................................................................................................ 13 2.3 Conduct Tests of Technologies and Operations Leading Toward Long-Term Human Stays on the Moon ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Habitat Design and Development .......................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Closed Life Support Systems ................................................................................ 14 2.3.3 Medical Sciences (Adaptation) Research .............................................................. 14 2.3.4 EVA Test Bed ....................................................................................................... 16 2.3.5 Navigational Systems ............................................................................................ 17 2.3.6 Electrical System Development and Test .............................................................. 17 2.3.7 Radiation Shielding Using Natural Materials ........................................................ 17 2.3.8 Regolith Excavation and Movement Technology ................................................. 18 2.3.9 Surface Mobility Systems (Robotic and Piloted) .................................................. 19 2.3.10 Dust Mitigation Techniques ................................................................................ 19 2.3.11 Parts Fabrication Demonstration Facility ............................................................ 20 2.3.12 Ergonomics Research .......................................................................................... 20 2.3.13 Resource Utilization Studies ............................................................................... 20 2.3.14 Lunar Art and Literature ...................................................................................... 21 2.3.15 Construction Technologies Demonstrations ........................................................ 21 2.3.16 Environmental Degradation Abatement Tests ..................................................... 22 2.3.17 Regolith Chemical Properties Studies ................................................................. 22 2.3.18 Launch and Landing Facilities ............................................................................ 22 2.3.19 Maintenance, Repair and Operations ................................................................... 23 2.3.20 Functions Required .............................................................................................. 23 2.4 Conduct Tests of Technologies and Operations That May Be Used in the Exploration of Mars and Beyond ............................................................................................................................ 23 2.4.1 Power System Development .................................................................................. 24 2.4.2 Closed Life Support Systems ................................................................................ 24 2.4.3 Surface Mobility Systems ..................................................................................... 24 2.4.4 Extravehiclular Activity ........................................................................................ 25 2.4.5 Logistics, Maintenance and Repair Facilities ........................................................ 25 iii Page 2.4.6 Dust Mitigation Techniques .................................................................................. 25 2.4.7 ISRU Technologies ..............................................................................................
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