Cultural identity? The Middle Neolithic Pitted Ware complex in southern Scandinavia

Jennbert, Kristina

Published in: Neolithic Diversities : Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden

2015

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Citation for published version (APA): Jennbert, K. (2015). Cultural identity? The Middle Neolithic Pitted Ware complex in southern Scandinavia. In K. Brink, S. Hydén, K. Jennbert, L. Larsson, & D. Oalusson (Eds.), Neolithic Diversities : Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden (pp. 66-74). Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University.

Total number of authors: 1

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Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 Lund, Sweden Lund, a conference in a conference in Perspectives from from Perspectives NEOLITHIC Edited by Kristian Brink Susan Hydén Kristina Jennbert Lars Larsson Deborah Olausson DIVERSITIES

NEOLITHIC DIVERSITIES Lund University ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA LUNDENSIA ACTA tion of agriculture were crucial fac- crucial were agriculture of tion of tors for the continued existence humankind on earth. to grow plants and domesticate animals. The rise and dissemina- passages from one human state to state to one human passages from a global perspective, From another. of the last feature the characteristic years is that people ten thousand and world, the of parts erent diff in points in erent time, started at diff In the study of the distant human distant human study of the In the and periods events past, certain decisive represent to come have e members of the conference “What’s New in the Neolithic”, May . Photo by Kristina Jennbert. ACTA ARCHAEOLOGICA LUNDENSIA SERIES IN °, No. 

Neolithic Diversities Perspectives from a conference in Lund, Sweden

Editors: Kristian Brink, Susan Hydén, Kristina Jennbert, Lars Larsson & Deborah Olausson Published with grants from e Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities and Stiftelsen Elisabeth Rausings minnesfond.

Cover photo: e dolmen at Hofterup, western Scania. Photo by Kristina Jennbert 

© Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, and the authors  Layout: Stilbildarna i Mölle/Frederic Täckström Printed by: Elanders Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo  Distribution: HT-skriftserier, www.ht.lu.se/skriftserier. Email: [email protected] ISBN  --  -- ISSN - Contents

Preface 

.     ,      Paleodemography of maritime hunter-gatherers and the quest for forager baseline demography  Torbjörn Ahlström Neolithic depositional practices at Dösemarken – a discussion of categorization  Åsa Berggren New insights into early farming practice and diet from stable isotope analysis of crop assemblages  Amy Bogaard Growth and decline?  Population dynamics of Funnel Beaker societies in the th millennium BC Martin Hinz e cultural encounters of neolithization processes  A discussion of dierent ways to understand plurality Anders Högberg Creolization processes in the later south Scandinavian Neolithic  An approach to cultural heterogeneity Rune Iversen Cultural identity?  e Middle Neolithic Pitted Ware complex in southern Scandinavia Kristina Jennbert Agency, creolization and the transformation of tradition in the constitution of the earliest Neolithic in southern Scandinavia  Mats Larsson Animal husbandry and social identities during the Neolithic in southern Sweden  Ola Magnell e Neolithic house as a procurement, production and consumption unit  e case of the Late Neolithic at Çatalhöyük Arkadiusz Marciniak Burial in the Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe Culture: questioning the myth of homogeneity  Deborah Olausson A tale of the tall  A short report on stature in Late Neolithic–Early Bronze Age southern Scandinavia Anna Tornberg .      Frydenlund – Early Neolithic settlement and “barkaer” structures in the Sarup area  Niels H. Andersen Megaliths and timber structures in northeast Scania, Sweden  Anders Edring e Hamremoen enclosure in southeastern Norway  An exotic glimpse into the process of Neolithization Håkon Glørstad and Steinar Solheim Occupy time!  e construction of design and monuments in Tiefstich central Europe Johannes Müller Transforming place and architecture through cremation  Cremation traditions at the third millennium BC monument complex at Forteviot, central Scotland Gordon Noble and Kenneth Brophy e proper way of dwelling at the Early Neolithic gathering site of Almhov in Scania, Sweden  Elisabeth Rudebeck and Stella Macheridis e diversity of settings  Ritual and social aspects of tradition and innovation in megalithic landscapes Almut Schülke News from Frälsegården  Aspects of Neolithic burial practices Karl-Göran Sjögren .      An ABC of lithic arrowheads  A case study from southeastern France Kevan Edinborough, Enrico R. Crema, Tim Kerig and Stephen Shennan e scent of sandstone – exploring a TRB material  Susan Hydén Fragmentation during the Neolithic  Transformation and enchainment from a south Swedish perspective Lars Larsson Michelsberg and Oxie in contact next to the Baltic Sea  Doris Mischka, Georg Roth and Katrin Struckmeyer Preface

In the study of the distant human past, cer- tional conference in Lund in May  entitled tain events and periods have come to repre- “What’s New in the Neolithic”. Invitations to sent decisive passages from one human state this conference were sent to two dozen prom- to another. From a global perspective, the inent Neolithic scholars from northern and characteristic feature of the last ten thousand central Europe. years is that people in dierent parts of the e conference was a great success, with world, and at dierent points in time, started presentations and discussions of dierent to grow plants and domesticate animals. e aspects of innovative research on the Neo- rise and dissemination of agriculture were lithic. e members of the Neolithic group crucial factors for the continued existence of took an active part in the discussions following humankind on earth. e incipient agricul- the presentations. ture is often regarded as the very beginning It was decided before the conference that the of human culture, as it has traditionally been papers would be published. e members of perceived in western historiography, that is, the Neolithic group also had the opportunity to as control over nature and the “cultivation” contribute current research to this publication. of intellectual abilities. After the conference an editorial group As a result of the increasing national and was set up, consisting of Dr Kristian Brink, international interest in the northern Europe- PhD student Susan Hydén, Professor Kristina an Neolithic (– BC), combined with Jenn bert, Professor Lars Larsson and Professor large-scale archaeological excavations which Deborah Olausson. helped to nuance and modify the picture of A grant was received from Riksbankens Jubi- the period, senior researchers and research stu- leumsfond for the meetings and excursions of dents formed a Neolithic group in . e the Neolithic group –. We would Department of Archaeology and Ancient His- like to thank e Royal Swedish Academy tory at Lund University served as the base, but of Letters, History and Antiquities and Berit the group also included collaborators from Wallenbergs Stiftelse for grants which enabled Linnaeus University and Södertörn University, us to hold the conference “What’s New in the and from the Southern Contract Archaeolo- Neolithic”. Grants from e Royal Swedish gy Division of the National Heritage Board Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities, in Lund and Sydsvensk Arkeologi in Malmö and Stiftelsen Elisabeth Rausings Minnesfond and Kristianstad. nanced the layout and printing of this pub- Meetings and excursions in the following lication. two years resulted in the holding of an interna-

  .     ,      Cultural identity? e Middle Neolithic Pitted Ware complex in southern Scandinavia Kristina Jennbert

Abstract e aim of this short article is to question the archaeological classication of the Neolithic archaeolog- ical cultures, and to raise questions about how to understand the fragmentary material culture in terms of social agency and cultural expression. e settlement of Jonstorp in southern Sweden as a case of the south Scandinavian Pitted Ware complex presents theoretical and methodological implications for the study of economic systems in emerging complex societies. We have problems understanding the time in question. e problems might be in the archaeological material and our classications, in our methods and our ability to understand the past. However, the narrative of the Neolithization and the introduc- tion of animal breeding and cereal production in southern Scandinavia describes a chaotic period with the construction of monuments and enclosures, technological innovations and colonizing the landscape. Does the material culture at the Pitted Ware sites reect encounters between regional cultural identities? Can we talk about clashing cultural identities in altered regional economic systems in Scania, southern Scandinavia and in the rest of Europe? My contribution to the debate involves anthropological theories of economic systems, sociological theories of cultural representation, conict and identity, and above all a critical perspective on archaeological classication.

Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, LUX, Lund University, Box , SE-  Lund, Sweden. [email protected]

Introduction ambitious for us to nd answers? Of course,  €   what happened dur- the actual source material gives us limitations. ing the Neolithic? Can we ask questions about Nevertheless, in the following I will discuss cultural identities? Can we talk about clashing the Pitted Ware complex in the Kullen area in cultural identities in altered regional economic northwestern Scania and draw some conclusions systems in Scania, southern Scandinavia and the about researching the Neolithic. One tempting rest of Europe? Did people meet peacefully or question is whether the material culture at the did they end up in violent conict? e aim of Pitted Ware sites reects a regional cultural iden- this short article is to question the archaeologi- tity. e settlement Jonstorp in southern Sweden cal classication of the Neolithic archaeological as a case of the south Scandinavian Pitted Ware cultures, and to raise questions about how to complex will present theoretical and methodo- understand the fragmentary material culture in logical implications for the study of economic terms of social agency and as cultural expression. systems in emerging complex societies. ere is no doubt that we have to work with a very fragmented material record, as the e archaeological classication amount of material that has perished is volumi- nous. We work with oral cultures, today silent. Our shortcomings might also lie in our clas- Perhaps our questions are too naïve, and too sications, in our methods and our ability to

   Fig. . e location of Kullaberg in northwestern Scania, south Sweden. Illustration: Maria Wihlborg . understand the past. But it is a deontological right, which chronologically overlaps the divi- responsibility to scrutinize our terminology, sion between MNA and MNB (Malmer ; and the tyranny of our classications, and to Jennbert , ), but also as a part of the realize that the past as modern constructions Funnel Beaker culture (Edenmo et al. ). reects mentality and values in our own time. us, dierent interpretations have evolved A debate has taken place over many decades about the MN archaeological complexes and about the classication of archaeological mate- subsistence strategies. rial related to the Middle Neolithic (MN): the Funnel Beaker culture (farming), the Battle Axe culture (herding), and the Pitted Ware culture e Kullen area and Pitted Ware (hunter gathering) (e.g. Becker ; Malmer sites in eastern middle Sweden ). e material culture in the Scandinavi- A quick look at the distribution of the Pit- an Middle Neolithic (MNA), at the transition ted Ware sites in the Kullen area shows quite between MNA I and MNA V, has been inter- another geographical setting than the Fun- preted as belonging to developments within the nel Beaker sites and Battle Axe sites further Funnel Beaker culture (Edenmo et al. , south in western Scania. In the Kullen area p. ; Iversen , ). e Battle Axe a large number of Late Mesolithic Ertebølle culture follows in MNB. e Pitted Ware is and Middle Neolithic Pitted Ware sites are interpreted as a cultural expression in its own situated on the southern shores of Skälder-

      viken. is region in southern Sweden was location must surely have inuenced emerging a post-glacial island during the Neolithic, cultural identities. isolated from the mainland by a wide strait between the present-day Höganäs and Jons- torp (Fig. ). e archaeological sites of the Economic systems Neolithic period have mainly been registered Early in archaeological research, the distinction by surface collection, and by a few excavations between the Neolithic archaeological groups near Kullaberg. Sites of dierent ages very traditionally was explained by economic factors, often share the same location, according to dened in terms of either agrarian or foraging results from the restricted excavations and the economic systems. e polarity between the survey collections (Lidén  , ; Althin dierent systems of subsistence goes back to the ; Malmer , , p. ; Jennbert earliest Scandinavian archaeologists (e.g. Nils- , ). son   – ; Becker ; Malmer ). e formation of the Pitted Ware complex However, it is too simplistic to argue, as in the is closely connected to coastal areas in south- ongoing debate, that dierent material com- ern Scania as in eastern Middle Sweden (e.g. plexes represent dierent subsistence systems. Carlsson  , p. ; Gill ). e Pitted e categorization of “farmers” versus “hunt- Ware culture seems to occur around the Bal- er-gatherers” inhibits rather than increases an tic Sea, and in eastern middle Sweden already understanding of social agency in the Neo- in Early Neolithic (EN I and EN II), and lithic. Unfortunately, the twentieth-century consists of a fairly well dened material cul- categories and the archaeological chronologi- ture (Åkerlund ; Stenbäck ; Larsson cal system have created narrow categorizations ; Papmehl-Dufay ). However, the that generate more problems than constructive concept of Pitted Ware culture is complicat- ideas in nding answers about social agency ed to use in western Scandinavia, and often and cultural identities. In contrast, anthropo- connected to the Funnel Beaker tradition logical and sociological research on economic (Larsson & Olsson ; Strinnholm ; systems that consider social agency expand Iversen ). the analytical concepts. If the understanding e Neolithic Pitted Ware sites in Scania of subsistence strategies is supplemented with are mostly located on the seashore, mainly on concepts such as production, consumption and the northwestern coast (Lidén  ; Malmer distribution of goods and services, (e.g. Sahlins ; Jennbert ), the northeastern coast ; Woodburn  ,  ; Godelier  ; (Wyszomirska  ) and the southeastern coast ; Pryor ), new interpretations may (Strömberg  ). Sites are also found in the be formulated. central part of the province, along the shores e Neolithic was a period of major transfor- of the large lake Ringsjön (Althin , p. ). mation of the landscape. e landscape ecology, With the island location in the Kullen area, with the dierent ecological niches, allowed and with the main activities taking place on the for all kinds of economic routines, including beaches, the Jonstorp sites undoubtedly char- farming, shing, herding, hunting and the acterize a maritime economic system. e sea use of resources such as int, clay and perish- opens up the potential for navigation, coloniza- able material. e Jonstorp sites give us some tion, and trade. e sea should be understood clues about economy, but a restrictive emphasis as allowing movement and connections rather on subsistence strategies does not consider all than a barrier for dividing social space. e aspects of the economic system on the shores.

   Economic exploitation incorporates both agen- Material culture is not a passive reection cy and structure, and these factors must guide of social reality, but an active component for our interpretations of the sites. Did people visit people to dene themselves in relation to others. the sites in order to get supplies for growing Materiality in itself is as much an active social terrestrial plants, or just to slaughter the catch force as an expression of skill in handicraft and of seals? Or were social factors involved? At technology. As materiality can signal either the Jonstorp sites the archaeological evidence identity and ownership, knowledge and qual- gives some hints as to the economic exploita- ity, but also the behaviour, characteristics, and tion of the landscape and seascape. Fishing and appearance of individuals, so material culture seal hunting, cultivation of wheat and emmer, are to be understood as a social force and vital gathering of wild plants and anthropogenic in the construction of cultural identity (Jones indicators of plant and animal tissues, bones, ; Boivin  ; Olsen ; Hodder ). urine, faeces and ashes were found in the cul- In his research Maurice Godelier shows that ture layers. neither kinship relations nor economic relations e sites in the Kullen area were not isolated are su­cient to forge a new society. Instead he and separated from the mainland. e archae- argues that political-religious relations weld ological material does not exhibit remoteness, together kin groups into a society with the rather connectivity, integration and contact authority of a territory, its inhabitants, and its with the mainland (Lidén  ; Carle  ; resources (Godelier ). e artefacts could Malmer , ; Jennbert , ). In in that case function as cultural representations conclusion, the Pitted Ware complex on the in political services. shore at Jonstorp, and in other coastal areas Neolithic pottery and tools could be exam- in Scandinavia, reects a maritime economic ples of this. A compilation of typologically system with knowledge of seafaring and skilled classied Neolithic tools in Scania and their handicraft. Judging by the character of the association with contextual placement in the material culture, the people were also in inter- dierent Neolithic complexes develops the action, whether peaceful or violent, with people issues further (Table ). e nd associations in the adjacent monumental landscape. support the idea that objects circulated during the Neolithic, and closed social groups did not exist. At the Jonstorp sites the following pat- Cultural representation and identity terns can be observed: What about the cultural representation and identity expressed by the material culture found • Associations with Funnel Beaker con- on the Jonstorp sites? Are pottery, int and texts: Pit-ornamented vessel, clay-disc, stone tools, the maritime economic system, thick-butted int A/B- axe, thin-bladed and seashores associated with a special cultural axe, double-edge axe identity? It is not just subsistence strategies that • Associations with Battle Axe contexts: should be understood but also the meaning of in-bladed axe, thick-butted int-axe the material culture. Nowadays, material culture with concave cutting edge, thick-bladed is understood as a conscious expression chal- int axes lenging and remodelling social roles. Material • Cylindrical blade cores, and tanged blade culture can be understood as a set of things arrowhead at Jonstorp are associated with with meanings in a set of practices between the middle Neolithic; arrowheads A-C with members of a society (Hall , p. XVIII). MNA, type D with Battle Axe

      Table . Associations of a selection of artefacts and contexts in Middle Neolithic Scania related to Funnel Beaker, Pitted Ware with special presence at Jonstorp sites and Battle Axe contexts (Carlie  ; Ström- berg  ; Karsten ; Malmer ). EN (Early Neolithic), MN (Middle Neolithic).

Battle Axe Artefact – relative dating Funnel Beaker context Pitted Ware context context Funnel Beaker beaker (EN–MNA) Dwelling, megalith Funnel Beaker, big pit-decorated storage Dwelling, enclosure, wetland vessel (MNA IV–V) Pit-ornamented vessel (MNA) Dwelling, enclosure, wetland Dwelling, Jonstorp Clay disc (EN, MNA) Dwelling Dwelling, Jonstorp Thin-butted flint axe (EN, MNA I–II) Dwelling, wetland, earth grave Thick-butted flint A-axe (MNA III–V) Dwelling, single find, wetland Dwelling, Jonstorp Thick-butted flint B-axe (MNB) Dwelling, Jonstorp Single find, wetland Pointed-butted flint axe with concave cut- Dwelling, single find, wetland ting edge (MNA IV–V) Thin-bladed axe (MNA IV–V, MNB) Dwelling, single find, wetland Dwelling, Jonstorp Earth grave Narrow chisel (EN–MNA, MNB) Dwelling, grave Earth grave Thick-butted flint-axe with concave cutting Dwelling, Jonstorp Single find, edge (MNB) wetland Thick-bladed adzes (MNB) Earth grave Thick-bladed flint axes (MNB) Dwelling, Jonstorp Earth grave Polygonal battle axe (EN) Dwelling, megalith, Single find Stone mace head (EN) Single find Double-edge axe (EN: MNA) Dwelling, megalith Dwelling, Jonstorp Flint halberd (EN, MN) Dwelling, hoard Flat copper axe (EN, MN) Single find, wetland Single find, wetland Battle axe (MNB) Single find, wetland, earth graves Cylindrical blade cores (MN) Dwelling Dwelling, Jonstorp Tanged blade arrowhead (MNA, MNB) Dwelling, megalith, enclosure Dwelling, Jonstorp Dwelling

Hypothetically, the Pitted Ware complex of food crusts were aected by freshwater res- in Jonstorp signals another kind of materi- ervoir eects. e remaining 14C datings point ality than the contemporary or slightly older to a time sequence between , and , Funnel Beaker complex, and the later Battle cal. BC (Fig. ), e.g. between MNA and MNB Axe complex. A blending of dierent things or (Müller ). Of course, it is impossible to qualities characterizes the material culture on say anything about contemporaneity in the the island. However, the dating of the Jonstorp material culture. Judging by the stratigraphy of sites is problematic, as the Ua series 14C datings the excavated units (Jennbert ), however,

   Fig. . Calibrated 14C datings from Jonstorp M and M sites. we can assume that several of the objects could the blending of material culture is to consider have been used during one generation or two. social movements, and the encounter of the So, can we talk about artefacts as cultur- southern Funnel Beaker complexes in combi- al representations and identity at the Pitted nation with the Swedish eastern Pitted Ware Ware sites at Jonstorp? We may suppose that complexes. the maritime economic system was a delayed erefore, I choose to classify the Jonstorp return system. In a delayed return system bind- archaeological material as Pitted Ware, because ing commitments and dependencies between of the character of the material culture, espe- people are vital (Woodburn  ). e nds cially the pottery, the economic system, and indicate activities such as reuse of polished int the landscape settings. us, the Jonstorp sites axes (Leˆer ), as well as pottery craft, int express a certain regional cultural identity. Fol- and stone manufacture. Without local int lowing the complexity of the Jonstorp site, I access, the int axes were certainly a desirable understand other Pitted Ware sites with the raw material, for example, for tanged arrow- same complexities in western and southern heads, whose function could have been either Scandinavia as being expressions of blend- as tools for catching seal, or a weapon against ed creolization. e phenomena of blending other people (Jennbert ). might be the consequence of social agency, Work axes in the Pitted Ware are charac- even conicts as clubs, mace-heads, polished terized by the same set of int axes as in the stone- axes are found on the Jonstorp site as on Funnel Beaker and the Battle Axe complexes other Neolithic sites. (Carlie  ; Malmer , p. ). Although there are similarities in material expressions in the middle Neolithic complexes, my interpre- Social conicts tation of the material culture and the setting e traditional archaeological classication of the Jonstorp sites leans towards a blended of dierent Neolithic archaeological cultural creolization. One possibility for understanding groups makes it more di­cult to understand

      social agency and cultural expression. e scien- tal resources was negotiable through the social tic need to sort and classify in unmixed nds agreements (Jennbert ). As I continue try- is understandable, but it has limited the scope ing to understand what these dierent archae- for understanding dynamic social encountering. ological groups stand for in terms of cultural Of course, social encountering has all kinds of representation, conict, and social identity, it dynamics. To simplify in this short article, social seems obvious that there were multiple circum- agency might include peaceful interaction as stances indicating growing social conicts and well as violent conicts. clashing cultural identities in the late MNA. Certainly, there were commitments in the encountering between people in dierent parts of the province, but in what ways? It seems as if Conclusion the warrior ideal was a growing social category When social aspects are integrated into the during the Neolithic, probably already during system of archaeological classication, the the Mesolithic. Artefacts such as clubs, daggers understanding of the fragmentary material of bone and antler, and arrowheads, the buri- culture is broadened and extended. e Neo- als, and the body traumas show the presence of lithic archaeological cultures emerge as complex war and violence during the Neolithic (Sarauw social units, not as isolated units of self-nour- ; Ahlström & Molnar ; Schulting & ishing and evolving social units. Understand- Fibiger ). Likewise, weapons of int, stone, ing the fragmentary material culture in terms and antler were in use, found on dwellings, in of social agency and cultural expression raises graves, and deposited as single nds and in new questions. hoards on dry land or in wetlands. It looks as if e settlement Jonstorp as a case of the social practices included competition between south Scandinavian Pitted Ware complex serve dierent social groups. as a suitable candidate to explore theoretical In addition, several Funnel Beaker places and methodological implications for the study were constructed by building megaliths and of economic systems in emerging complex enclosures (Larsson  ; Andersson ; societies. e Pitted Ware sites were situated in Brink ; Müller ). In Scania the river a maritime non-monumental landscape along valleys inland from the coastal regions con- the coasts. e Funnel Beaker and the Battle tained megaliths, enclosures, and settlement Axe sites were located along river valleys with sites (Strömberg  ). e Pitted Ware sites the construction of megaliths, cemeteries and are not located in the river valleys, but associat- enclosures. Even if there were similarities in ed with the coasts, and the shores of Ringsjön, the material cultures, dierences, especially in although there is a certain discrepancy in the pottery ornamentation, also indicate diverse geographical use of Scania; the most important social units and identities. e dissimilarity point is that the boundary between the Fun- in the landscape use and geographical settings nel Beaker complex and the Pitted Ware is far of south Scandinavian Neolithic assemblag- from sharp (Strömberg  , p.  ; Malmer es indicates dierent economic systems and , p. ). social identities. Probably, In the emerging My assumption is that the dierent social social complexity, several Neolithic regional groups during the Neolithic were involved in lifestyles were represented in the landscape. specic spatial routines and traditions. My As a result, the encountering between groups previous hypothesis was that the access to the of people led to competition between groups ecological mosaic with its physical and men- of people.

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