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Ein Leoparden-Fund, Panthera Pardus (L., 1758), Aus Dem Jungpleistozanen Rixdorfer Horizont Von Berlin Und Die Verbreitung Des Leoparden Im Pleistozan Europas

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Ein Leoparden-Fund, Panthera Pardus (L., 1758), Aus Dem Jungpleistozanen Rixdorfer Horizont Von Berlin Und Die Verbreitung Des Leoparden Im Pleistozan Europas Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 3 (2000) 221-227 10. 11.2000 Ein Leoparden-Fund, Panthera pardus (L., 1758), aus dem jungpleistozanen Rixdorfer Horizont von Berlin und die Verbreitung des Leoparden im Pleistozan Europas Karlheinz Fiseher' Mit 3 Abbildungen und 1 Tabelle Zusammenfassung Erstmals wurde das Vorkommen des Leoparden (Puntkera pardus) im Rixdorfer Horizont (Fruh-Weichsel, Jungpleistozan) von Berlin-Brandenburg durch ein Humerus-Fragment von Niederlehme bei Konigs Wusterhausen nachgewiesen. Es ist das bisher nordlichste Vorkommen des Leoparden in Mitteleuropa. Schliisselworter: Panthera, Humerus, Jungpleistozan, Berlin, Deutschland. Abstract The finding of leopard, Pantkera pardus (L., 1758), from the late Pleistocene horizon of Rixdorf in Berlin and the occurrence of leopards in the Pleistocene of Europe are described and discussed. For the first time the occurrence of the leopard (Pantkeru pardus) in the horizon of Rixdorf (Early Weichsel, Late Pleisto- cene) of Berlin-Brandenburg is proven. The find is represented by a fragment of a humerus from Niederlehme near Konigs Wusterhausen. This is the most northern occurrence of the leopard in Middle Europe until now. Key words: Panthera, humerus, late Pleistocene, Berlin, Germany. Einleitung Schmelzgewassern aus oberflachennahen, unter- schiedlich alten Ablagerungen ausgespiilt und von Wenig aufierhalb der Berliner Stadtgrenze im Kiessanden erneut eingebettet. Nachgewiesen Siidosten liegt nahe bei Konigs Wusterhausen der sind bisher in Niederlehme 19 Saugetierarten: kleine Ort Niederlehme. Seit mehr als hundert Rodentia: Castor fiber. Carnivora: Panthera spe- Jahren werden hier Sande abgebaut, glazio- laea - Crocuta crocuta spelaea - Canis lupus - fluviatile weichselzeitliche Schmelzwassersande Alopex lagopus - Ursus arctos/spelaeus - GL~O und -kiese, die im Liegenden und meist auch im gulo. Proboscidea: Mammuthus primigenius. Peri- Hangenden von Geschiebemergel begrenzt sind ssodactyla: Coelodonta antiquitatis - Dicerorhin- und sich zwischen der siidlichen Eisrandlage von us kirchbergensis - Equus c$ przewalskii - Brandenburg und der nordlichen von Frankfurt Equus (Hemionus) hemionus. Artiodactyla: Cer- (Oder) ausbreiten. Das Hochflachengebiet um vus elaphus - Dama dama - Alces alces - Mega- Niederlehme liegt im Siiden des Berliner Ur- loceros giganteus - Rangifer tarandus - Bison stromtals. Uber dem liegenden Geschiebemergel priscus - Ovibos moschatus. sind steinige Kiessande (1-2 m) als Fundschicht Es sind teils warmzeitliche (Dicerorhinus kirch- der Rixdorfer Saugetierfauna abgelagert, dariiber bergensis), teils nordlich kaltzeitliche Formen folgen dann etwa 20m Sande. Der untere Ge- (Alopex, Gulo, Mammuthus, Coelodonta, Rangi- schiebemergel ist nach Cepek (1975, 1986) fer, Ovibos) und solche, die einer einheimischen elsterzeitlich, der obere wird als W 1-Grund- gemafiigten, vom Siiden zugewanderten Fauna an- morane (Brandenburger Stadium) angesprochen. gehoren (z. B. Castor, Cervus, Dama, Alces, Mega- Die Zahne und Knochen wurden von den loceros). Nicht durch Sammlungsmaterial aus Institut fur Palaontologie, Museum fur Naturkunde, InvalidenstraRe 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Erhalten November 1999, angenommen Mai 2000 222 Fischer. K.-H.. Ein Leopardenfund aus dem Jungpleistozan von Berlin Niederlehme belegt sind die Arten Equus (Asi- Katzen (Felidae) und Mardern (Mustelidae) aus- nus) hydruntinus und Elephas antiquus. Fossilre- gebildet ist. Der groBte infrage kommende ste wurden in Niederlehme Ende des vorigen Mustelide ist Giilo (VielfraB), er scheidet aber Jahrhunderts besonders von Geologen der Preu- wegen des zu kleinen Oberarmknochens von Bischen Geologischen Landesanstalt. von Pfarrer vornherein aus. Nach den GroBenproportionen Domnick (Niederlehme) und spater bis 1962 von kommt nur ein Leopard in die engere Wahl; der Dietrich (Geologisch-Palaontologisches Institut Lowe ist betrachtlich grol3er; der Luchs (Lynx und Museum im Museum fur Naturkunde) aufge- lynx) ist kleiner (Abb. lC, 2C) , nur die grol3ten sammelt. AltermaBig stufte Dietrich (1932, 1968) Luchs-Exemplare konnen unter Umstanden Leo- die Rixdorfer Fauna in ein Friihweichsel-Intersta- pardengrone erreichen (Tab. 1). Am Humerus dial ein, welches vor dem Brandenburger VorstoB des Luchses, zugrunde liegt ein rezentes Exem- gewesen sein konnte. WAhrend dieser interstadia- plar aus dem Kaukasus (ZM. 58132, Abb. lC, len Zeitphase wurde die einheimische gemaBigte 2C). fallt auf, dass das Foramen starker in die Fauna mit einer arktischen Faunenkomponente Lange gezogen ist, weiter distal reicht als beim zusammengefuhrt. Ob wirklich ein Interstadial Leoparden und dass die Breite der Trochlea im oder nur ein glaziofluviatiler Aufarbeitungshori- Verhaltnis zur distalen Humerus-Breite beim zont der letzten Kaltzeit vorliegt, kann noch nicht Luchs geringer ist. Der Luchs-Humerus aus dem endgultig entschieden werden (Heinrich 1992). eemzeitlichen Travertin von Weimar (IQW 19721 Die Lokalitat Niederlehme wurde inzwischen als 13455; Wei. 515) wird von Hemmer (1984) Parastratotypus des ,,Rixdorfer Horizontes“ be- einem sehr starken mannlichen Tier zugeschrie- stimmt. weil die ursprungliche Typuslokalitat Rix- ben. Nach den Zeichnungen hat das Foramen su- dorf seit langem nicht mehr zuganglich ist. Rix- dorf ist heute ein Teil des Stadtgebietes von Berlin-Neukolln. Aus der ehemaligen Kiesgrube wurde der Korner-Park. benannt nach dem dama- ligen Besitzer. Eine Gedenktafel weist heute auf die Fundgrube hin. Beschreibung Den 19 Faunenelementen von Niederlehme kann jetzt ein weiteres hinzugefugt werden. Vor eini- gen Jahren brachte uns ein Privatsammler ein rechtes distales Humerus-Fragment, welches ohne eingehende Untersuchung wegen nicht zur Hand gewesener Vergleichsmaterialien und we- gen der GroBe als starker Wolf (Crrtiis lupus) vorbehaltlich in die Sammlung aufgenommen wurde. Nach nunmehr naherer vergleichender Betrachtung ist das Stuck als Leopard anzuspre- chen: Panihera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) M ater i a1: MB.Ma.39256 des Gruppenkataloges im Institut fur Palaontologie. Museum fur Naturkunde der Humboldt- Universitat 7u Bcrlin. Humerus dester. distale Halfte (Abb. 1 A. 2A). Schaft und Gelenkende sind gut erhalten. Die Abb. 1. Humerus dexter, Kranialansicht. A, Punthera pardus aus dem Jungpleistozan von Niederlehme, Deutschland. B. Farbe ist ein sehr heller Braunton. Besonders Rczentes Exemplar von ”Persien”. C, Lynx lynx aus dem charakteristisch fur das Fragment ist das an der Kaukasus medialen Seite uber dem Gelenk liegende spalt- Fig. 1. Cranial views of humerus dexter of certain felids. A. Pnnhm pnrdiis from the upper Pleistocene of Niederlehme. fcjrmige Foramen supracondylicum (= entepi- Germanv. B. Recent specimen of “Persia”. C, I,ynx lynx condylicum). welches unter den Carnivoren bei from the Caucasus Mitt. Mus. Nat.kd. Berl., Geowiss. Reihe 3 (2000) 223 pracondylicum nur von der Seite gesehen einen nicht aufiergewohnlich. Die Geschichte des Leo- verlangerten Spalt. Auch die grol3ten Humeri parden in Europa beginnt spatestens im obersten des Luchses scheinen also nicht die GroBe derje- Pliozan (oberes Villafranchium) von Sud- und nigen des Leoparden zu erreichen. Verglichen Westeuropa (z. B. Olivola, Valdarno, Tegelen), mit dem Humerus eines mannlichen Leoparden hier kommt eine Pantherkatze, Panthern gomhns- aus “Persien” (Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin, zoegensis (Kretzoi 1938), vor, die Merkmale des Institut fur Systematische Zoologie, ZM.16394, Jaguars und der primitiven Lowen zeigt und als Abb. lB, 2B) Iasst sich feststellen, dass weder Stammform von Jaguar, Leopard und Lowe morphologisch noch metrisch, bis auf auf3erst ge- betrachtet wird (Hemmer 1971a, Hemmer & ringfugige individuelle Ungleichheiten, irgend- Schutt 1969). Diese Panther-Form sol1 bis ins welche Abweichungen zu verzeichnen sind. Die obere Biharium (Cromer/ Elster) reichen (z. B. Humeri des wiirmzeitlichen Leoparden von in Gombaszoeg, Voigtstedt, Sussenborn), wobei Vraona in Griechenland (Panthera pardus vrao- allerdings jungere, nicht genau determinierbare nensis Nagel, 1999) zeigen Mittelwerte, die ge- Funde zum Leoparden (Panthera pardus) geho- ringfiigig iiber den MaBen des Fundstuckes ren konnten. Eine Unterscheidung beider For- liegen. men ist schwierig und wohl nicht in jedem Fall moglich. Kotsakis & Palombo (1979) gehen des- halb soweit, dass sie Panthera gombnszoegensis Die Verbreitung des Leoparden zu einem Synonym von Panthera pardus er- im Pleistozan Europas klaren. Nach Hemmer (1971b) lebten in Gom- baszoeg, Stranska Skala und Mosbach l? gom- Nach unseren bisherigen Kenntnissen ist das baszoegensis und P pardus moglicherweise Vorkommen pleistozaner Leoparden in Europa nebeneinander. Im Toringium (Mittel- - Jung- pleistozan) ist I? gombaszoegensis verschwunden, wahrend der Leopard aus dem Holstein (‘Felis lunellensis’ von Lunel-Viel, Hemmer 1972) bis ans Ende der Weichsel-Kaltzeit vorkommt. Ne- ben dem neuen Fund aus Niederlehme sind auch die Materialien aus der Baumannshohle von Ru- beland/Harz (Schutt 1968, 1969b) fruhweichsel- zeitlich. Der Leopard von Rubeland und etliche andere Funde, z. B. aus der Zoolithenhohle von Burgaillenreuth (Oberfranken), wurden fruher als Felis antiqua Cuvier, 1835 bezeichnet. Riibe- land war bisher der nordlichste Fundpunkt in Mitteleuropa, nunmehr ist es also Berlin-Nieder- lehme/ Brandenburg. Der nordlichste Fundpunkt Europas liegt in Mittelengland, in Creswell/ Der- by (Schmid 1940), noch etwas uber der Breite von Berlin. Das Alter der Hohlenfundschicht ist nach Stuart (1974)
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