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"Inclusion of Disability and Gender in Disaster Management and Response" By Prof. Dr.Asha Hans & Ms.Reena Mohanty Vice President & Programme Manager Shanta Memorial Rehabilitation Centre P II Jaydev Vihar, (Behind Kalinga Hospital) Bhubaneswar – 751023 [email protected] Being a woman with a disability it can be a paradoxical experience for all. In the past, women with disabilities knew their place in society—out of sight and out of mind. As society has progressed and disability advocates have made strides, women with disabilities are no longer automatically locked away in institutions or legally denied the typical joys of life, such as marriage or child bearing. The passage of laws with Disabilities Act 1995 decisions have advanced the possibilities for us to live in the community and do what our non-disabled counterparts do. Yet, these freedoms bring unique challenges to women with disabilities have not benefited because of their ignorance about it. Women sexuality as controlled by the men therefore the community living was totally denied to the disabled women. It was assumed that disabled women cannot perform the day to day chores of a normal women which has been proved later on totally baseless. Women with disabilities from their isolation to claim their position in the societal main stream. However, the situation is in developing countries is quite different but there is a constant effort on the part of the disabled women with the help of the various civil society organizations to overcome the short comings. In a men’s dominated society like in India women’s sexuality is totally controlled by patriarchy as well as the state and therefore the situation of women in general is not good so it can be easily understood that, the situation of disabled women is very vulnerable. In disaster situation the condition have been worsen. It is seen that, no special preference is given to a disabled women. They have to struggle for getting relief or help for their existence during disaster. No one comes forward to help them except their family or friends which is very few. But side by side it was also seen that, some disabled women after disaster have become head of families a one step further to the empowerment of the women. Some women become self reliant with the help of government as well as NGOs after disaster which is also enhanced their position in the family as well as in the society. But all these piecemeal achievements are not enough. There still exist a barrier between the normal women and the disabled women which can be broken by joining them 1 together. Disabled women should be aware of their abilities, keep confident. They should not be dependent or indifferent. Raise awareness among themselves and take their parts (as much as they can) in advocacy their role in developing their abilities, their needs, rights and duties in the families and society. Women constitute about ½ of the total population, remain neglected over a pretty long period in our social system. Women’s contribution to the country’s economic development is praise worthy. Most of the National economic activities are carried out by women and she works from dawn to dusk. Still then women remained dependent on men for subsistence and security since time immemorial. They did not have voice in decision making in the family. Till recently they were denied social existence and voting rights all over the world. India, with a population of 989 million, is the world’s second most populous country. Of that number, 120 million are women who live in poverty. India has 16 percent of the world’s population, but only 2.4 percent of its land, resulting in great pressures on its natural resources. Over 70 percent of India’s population currently derives their livelihood from land resources, which includes 84 percent of the economically active women. India is one of the few countries where males significantly outnumber females, and this imbalance has increased overtime. India’s maternal mortality rates in rural areas are among the world’s highest. From global perspective, Indian accounts for 19 percent of all live births and 27 percent of all maternal deaths. Disastrous events in India through the ages and its consequences on women have forced to introduce gender perspective in the context of disaster. Constituting 50% of the population, it is necessary to consider women’s experiences and role in different sectors but the gender discrimination in all the spheres of life is a hindrance in women’s development. Women are disproportionately affected by natural disasters as a result of prevailing gender difference in the society though the fact is that women play a vital part in disaster mitigation and response efforts. In spite of all the added workload and stress that the women undergo, the public portrayal of women affected by disasters is that of a helpless and weak victim. There is extremely poor understanding and acknowledgement of the difficult roles they play. This results in the women continuing to be neglected in the public space and being banished to the background as usual. Natural disaster is sudden disruption to normal life involving more people and more area by natural forces. Cyclone is one such natural disaster that continues to inflict grievous miseries in large part of the globe in terms of loss of human and bovine lives and damages to property causing a serious threat to livelihood. The differential impact of disaster on women is being considered now days due to growing awareness in the international community. Full development can only be achieved when women and the resources that they represent are fully integrated in development process and when women are empowered to improve the economic, social and political conditions of developing countries within a framework of sustainable 2 development. It is also due to an understanding that men and women reveal vulnerabilities peculiar to their sex when confronted by disaster situation. In the face of this reality, it is essential to keep a clear gender focus so as to be able to support women who are facing a disaster and to reinforce their natural capacity to overcome these situations. The process of women’s empowerment will be carried forward if the disabled women in disasters are suitably, properly, meaningfully addressed and their participation in decision-making during relief and rehabilitation is fostered. No society can develop unless women play their significant role. Gender, Disability and Disasters Women and girls with disabilities are estimated to represent up to 20 percent of the world’s female population. They are usually excluded from disaster management and mitigation. We begin with the assumption that among the problems faced by disabled women is that they have not yet been fully integrated into either the disability movement or the women's movement. Disabled women are commonly devalued for two basic reasons: The emphasis on physical appearance found in every society, and The importance placed on strength to carry out household duties as well as work outside the home. Why Gender with the Inclusion of Disability Concept of Gender Definitions – Gender refers to the expectations that people have from some one because they are male or female. It is the socially constructed relationship between men and women. Thus Gender refers to the socio – cultural definitions of man and woman and the way society assigns social roles. Gender refers to the differences between women and men within the same household and between cultures that are socially and culturally constructed and change over time. Sex is the physical and biological differences between men and women. It is universal and static. Thus sex is the genetically determined biological characteristic. Difference between Sex and Gender Sex Gender 3 Natural Socio cultural ( man made) Biological differences in physical Masculine and Feminine qualities in roles, qualities behaviour Sex is constant everywhere Gender is variable. It changes from time to time, culture to culture Sex cannot be changed ( barring sex Gender attributes can be changed. change operations ) Why Talk and Know About Gender Studying gender would enable us to understand the gender inequalities that exist in our society. Women are nearly half of the human population but are placed unequally with men in every respect starting from right to freedom, to education, to health, reproduction, nutrition etc. Ironically the gender roles vary so much between cultures that they cannot be explained by sex differences alone. The two relevant questions that could arise here are – Should there be differences between men and women ? If yes should these differences be the basis for inequalities between men and women, especially when these inequalities have led to oppression, subjugation and subordination of women. Manifestations of Gendered Discriminations Son preference - Birth of a son is celebrated whereas the birth of a daughter is not. Discrimination against girls in food distribution- Sons are showered with love, respect and given better and more food, while the girls eat the last with lesser share. This limitation on post-neo natality food intake creates malnutrition in the girl child, which in most cases results in disability. Married women are taught to eat the last especially after the husband and all the other male members have eaten. Better health care for boys and less for girls again increasing disability among girl children. Lack of educational facilities – The girls have to struggle and fight for availing educational facilities while boys are given the choice of accessing better education. Mobility – Girls have restricted freedom of mobility and the boys have no bars to movement. While security of the girls is given as the reason for preventing the girls to go out, the restriction is on the girls and not on the culprits (men).
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