The Art of Hip Hop Origins

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Art of Hip Hop Origins The Art of Hip Hop Origins P. LaHay 8th December 2018 Abstract Hip hop is a genre of music that has caught the attention of many, and has become mainstream. Hip hop originated in the 1970’s, and has been growing ever since. The works of DJ Kool Herc, Afrika Bambaataa, and Grandmaster Flash are some of the key figures involved with the origins of Hip Hop, and how the work that they did helped create the Hip Hop culture. Contents Contents i List of Figures ii 1 Origins of Hip Hop 1 2 A Timeline of Hip Hop 2 References 6 i List of Figures 1 D. J. Kool ................................. 1 2 Dr. Dre .................................. 4 ii 1 Origins of Hip Hop The Bronx is considered to be the birthplace of Hip Hop. Cindy Campbell rented out the recreation room in her apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.Her 16 year-old brother Clive, also known by his stage name ‘DJ Kool Herc’ was the entertainment for the party, and specialized in mixing instrumental songs together. He would phrase lyrics to the crowd to get them to dance, while performing using a turntable.This night was considered the birthplace of Hip-Hop Culture. Figure 1: D. J. Kool (Väisänen 1999) - Kevin Donovan, known by his stage name Afrika Bambaataa was also from the Bronx. He was inspired by the Black liberation movement and DJ Kool 1 2. A Timeline of Hip Hop Herc, so he would host parties in the Bronx to keep teens safe from gang and street violence. Donovan also created the Universal Zulu Nation, which consisted of other artists, DJ’s and dance groups. - Joseph Saddler known as Grandmaster Flash, also started performing at parties in the neighbourhoods in the Bronx, and was also inspired by DJ Kool Herc. Grandmaster Flash is most notable for creating new DJ techniques while performing. One of the techniques Flash created was the backspin, involving quickly spinning the record in the opposite direction, in order to produce a fast rewind like sound. Grandmaster Flash also formed a group called the Furious 5 – notably one of the most influential rap groups for hip-hop. (Jeffries 2014, 706-715) 2 A Timeline of Hip Hop Here is a brief timeline of Hip Hop, including significant artists 1973 DJ Kool Herc is the Master of Ceremonies at his sister’s party. 1974 Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa are influenced by DJ Kool Herc and start performing at parties in the Bronx. 1976 Afrika Bambaataa faces off in a DJ battle at the Bronx River centre, imbedding DJ battling into the Hip Hop culture. 1979 The Sugarhill Gang release the song ”Rappers Delight”, becoming the first rap hit to the charts. 1980 Kurtis Blow becomes the first Hip Hop artist to sign a major record deal and performed on National television on the show Soul Train. His hit record “The Breaks” sells over One million copies, which was significant for hip-hop turning into a business. 1981 Run DMC and The Beastie Boys are created. Rapper Kool Moe Dee wins a rap battle against Busy Bee, which has remained to relevant toHip Hop today. 2 1983 Rapper Ice T explores a new style on rap in the West Coast of the United States, known as Gangsta Rap by creating singles “Killers” and “Body Rock”. 1984 Def Jam Records is created by Russel Simmons and Rick Rubin. This is significant because Def Jam Records is considered to be on of themost important record labels ever. Under Def Jam, records were released shortly after by rappers LL Cool J and T La Rock. 1985 Run DMC’s “King of Rock” becomes the first rap video aired on MTV. 1988 Mtv creates a mainstream media Tv show called “Yo! MTV Raps.” The rap group ”NWA” releases the album “Straight Outta Compton”, which was significant to the development of gangsta rap and gave a platform for other artists. 1990 Tupac Shakur joins Digital Underground as a dancer and roadie. NWA’s 2nd album sells just shy of 1 million hard copies in the first week, and reached the top spot on the billboards. 1993 After leaving NWA, Dr Dre joins Death Row Records and releases his debut album The Chronic. 1994 The Notorious B.I.G releases his debut album “Ready to Die” whichis was significant for the revival for the East Coast, because theWest Coast was dominating Hip Hop. 1995 Queen Latifah wins a Grammy for Best Rap Solo performance from her hit song Unity. Tupac signs with Death Row Records. 1996 On September 7th, Tupac is shot and killed in Las Vegas in his car, causing controversy of Hip Hop of whether it promotes violence or if it just a reflection of their realities. Jay Z releases his debut album “Reasonable Doubt.” 1997 The Notorious B.I.G is murdered March 9th, 1997. Missy Elliott releases her first Hip-hop album “Supa Dupa Fly”, which removed barriers inthe industry for other female producers. 1998 Jay Z’s breakthrough came from the release of “Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)”, sampling the chorus from the play “Annie”. 3 2. A Timeline of Hip Hop Figure 2: Dr. Dre (Commondr3ads 2011) 1999 After signing with Dr Dre’s Aftermath Entertainment, Eminem releases his Debut album “The Slim Shady LP which sold 4 million copies. Dr Dre releases the album 2001, including features from Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, and Nate Dogg. 2000 Eminem releases The Marshall Mathers LP, earning him 2 Grammys. 2003 50 Cent releases album Get rich or Die Tryin’, which became one of the fastest selling albums in history. 2004 Kanye West releases his first album “The College Dropout” and is voted Album of the Year by Rolling Stone Magazine. 2007 Grand Master Flash becomes the first hip-hop artist inducted into the Hall of Fame. 4 (Batey; 2011) (Jeffries 2014, 706-715) (Misachi; 2017) 5 References References Commondr3ads. 2011. English: Dr. Dre at the Beats Store Grand Opening November 2011., November 2. Accessed December 6, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Dr._Dre_in_2011.jpg#/media/File:Dr._Dre_in_2011.jpg . Permission to use, modify, or share from Google Advanced Image Search. Jeffries, M. P. 2014. ‘Hip-Hop Urbanism Old and New: Debates and Developments.’ International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38, no. 2 (March): 706–715. issn: 03091317, accessed December 6, 2018. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12106 . http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/1468-2427.12106 . Väisänen, M. 1999. English: DJ Kool Herc with James Brown Single, Two Important Men. Accessed December 6, 2018. h t t p s : //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dj_Kool_Herc-03.jpg . Permission to use, share, and modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. 6.
Recommended publications
  • Record Store Day 2020 (GSA) - 18.04.2020 | (Stand: 05.03.2020)
    Record Store Day 2020 (GSA) - 18.04.2020 | (Stand: 05.03.2020) Vertrieb Interpret Titel Info Format Inhalt Label Genre Artikelnummer UPC/EAN AT+CH (ja/nein/über wen?) Exclusive Record Store Day version pressed on 7" picture disc! Top song on Billboard's 375Media Ace Of Base The Sign 7" 1 !K7 Pop SI 174427 730003726071 D 1994 Year End Chart. [ENG]Pink heavyweight 180 gram audiophile double vinyl LP. Not previously released on vinyl. 'Nam Myo Ho Ren Ge Kyo' was first released on CD only in 2007 by Ace Fu SPACE AGE 375MEDIA ACID MOTHERS TEMPLE NAM MYO HO REN GE KYO (RSD PINK VINYL) LP 2 PSYDEL 139791 5023693106519 AT: 375 / CH: Irascible Records and now re-mastered by John Rivers at Woodbine Street Studio especially for RECORDINGS vinyl Out of print on vinyl since 1984, FIRST official vinyl reissue since 1984 -Chet Baker (1929 - 1988) was an American jazz trumpeter, actor and vocalist that needs little introduction. This reissue was remastered by Peter Brussee (Herman Brood) and is featuring the original album cover shot by Hans Harzheim (Pharoah Sanders, Coltrane & TIDAL WAVES 375MEDIA BAKER, CHET MR. B LP 1 JAZZ 139267 0752505992549 AT: 375 / CH: Irascible Sun Ra). Also included are the original liner notes from jazz writer Wim Van Eyle and MUSIC two bonus tracks that were not on the original vinyl release. This reissue comes as a deluxe 180g vinyl edition with obi strip_released exclusively for Record Store Day (UK & Europe) 2020. * Record Store Day 2020 Exclusive Release.* Features new artwork* LP pressed on pink vinyl & housed in a gatefold jacket Limited to 500 copies//Last Tango in Paris" is a 1972 film directed by Bernardo Bertolucci, saxplayer Gato Barbieri' did realize the soundtrack.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Hip Hop Dead?
    IS HIP HOP DEAD? IS HIP HOP DEAD? THE PAST,PRESENT, AND FUTURE OF AMERICA’S MOST WANTED MUSIC Mickey Hess Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hess, Mickey, 1975- Is hip hop dead? : the past, present, and future of America’s most wanted music / Mickey Hess. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-275-99461-7 (alk. paper) 1. Rap (Music)—History and criticism. I. Title. ML3531H47 2007 782.421649—dc22 2007020658 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright C 2007 by Mickey Hess All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007020658 ISBN-13: 978-0-275-99461-7 ISBN-10: 0-275-99461-9 First published in 2007 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii INTRODUCTION 1 1THE RAP CAREER 13 2THE RAP LIFE 43 3THE RAP PERSONA 69 4SAMPLING AND STEALING 89 5WHITE RAPPERS 109 6HIP HOP,WHITENESS, AND PARODY 135 CONCLUSION 159 NOTES 167 BIBLIOGRAPHY 179 INDEX 187 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The support of a Rider University Summer Fellowship helped me com- plete this book. I want to thank my colleagues in the Rider University English Department for their support of my work.
    [Show full text]
  • Wall" COUNTRY Jessica Breaks Top 20
    FEBRUARY 25, 2000 ISSUE 2293 THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN RADIO $PCAIN$1ill "Deliriously wonderful! Twangy Can Country Slow Dance? guitars, rhythmic thump, vocal personality, and a classic of a MUSIC country song. This just might be my favorite single released so far in TOP 40 2000. A star is born!" Faith Causes - /2a6 7C CUen«m Heavy Breathing RHYTHM CROSSOVER Thong Song Exthplodes "flowersi on the wall" COUNTRY Jessica Breaks Top 20 NEWS Tony, Elton "Stunning" In SF Sirius, XM In Joint Venture from the Gets Of '99 Ad $$$ Radio 8.2% forthcoming Mercury Records CO Er Cassette Home of thee Seminar in Radio 44>NASHVILLE swimming in champagne c 2000 Mercury Records From the Publishers of Music Week, MBI and fono visit www.mercurynashville.coin A Miller Freeman Publication praRisaed ericheatherly.com . Fslairayea'drj !da eddy TCoderfss Co,:aae, www.americanradiohistory.com ark. -.ills Kathy .attea Neffi Coty Jafflie I'Neal Eric Heatherly LkA T Terri Clark M Ei,3CLIAY 1-) i ill you experence the future 111. YYlI<COMar 03000 MaRury Records, a Universal Musk Colnpar y www.americanradiohistory.com Tony, Elton Kick Off "Super Thursday" "That was one super Thursdar, That's how one radio programming vi- üesuiueu mu /C13 ,11 ill n lull Llay I GAVIN Seminar 2000, which led off with Tony Bennett delivering a stellar SRO performance at noon at the Hyatt Regency, and Elton John cappine ! -L-ow th' unt"l Riveting with a phennrrrr. just up the h I! -et Fáirmort "Congratulations on yet another successful GAVIN seminar. The panels were riveting, the Internet day was cutting edge, the acts were solid and Bennett Stuns Sir Elton Delivers wonderful.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 | 2017 Volume 8 (2017) Issue 4 ISSN 2190-3387
    4 | 2017 Volume 8 (2017) Issue 4 ISSN 2190-3387 Editorial: A Christmas Gift by Séverine Dusollier Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data – Between Propertisation and Access Law and Electronic Commerce Information Technology, Intellectual Property, Journal of by Josef Drexl From Cyberpunk to Regulation – Digitised Memories as Personal and Sensitive Data within the EU Data Protection Law by Krzysztof Garstka Copyright, Doctrine and Evidence-Based Reform by Stef van Gompel Non-Commercial Quotation and Freedom of Panorama: Useful and Lawful? by Eleonora Rosati Where is the Harm in a Privacy Violation? Calculating the Damages Afforded in Privacy Cases by the European Court of Human Rights by Bart van der Sloot Editors: Thomas Dreier Axel Metzger Gerald Spindler Lucie Guibault Miquel Peguera www.jipitec.eu Séverine Dusollier Chris Reed Karin Sein Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Electronic Commerce Law Table Of Contents Volume 8 Issue 4 December 2017 www.jipitec.eu [email protected] A joint publication of: Articles Prof. Dr. Thomas Dreier, M. C. J., KIT - Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Zentrum für Angewandte Rechtswissenschaft (ZAR), Vincenz-Prießnitz-Str. 3, Editorial: A Christmas Gift 76131 Karlsruhe Germany by Séverine Dusollier 255 Prof. Dr. Axel Metzger, LL. M., Humboldt-Universität zu Designing Competitive Markets for Industrial Data – Between Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Propertisation and Access 10099 Berlin by Josef Drexl 257 Prof. Dr. Gerald Spindler, Dipl.-Ökonom, Georg-August- From Cyberpunk to Regulation – Digitised Memories as Personal Universität Göttingen, and Sensitive Data within the EU Data Protection Law Platz der Göttinger Sieben 6, by Krzysztof Garstka 293 37073 Göttingen Copyright, Doctrine and Evidence-Based Reform Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, by Stef van Gompel 304 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Georg-August-Universität Non-Commercial Quotation and Freedom of Panorama: Göttingen are corporations under Useful and Lawful? public law, and represented by their respective presidents.
    [Show full text]
  • M-Phazes | Primary Wave Music
    M- PHAZES facebook.com/mphazes instagram.com/mphazes soundcloud.com/mphazes open.spotify.com/playlist/6IKV6azwCL8GfqVZFsdDfn M-Phazes is an Aussie-born producer based in LA. He has produced records for Logic, Demi Lovato, Madonna, Eminem, Kehlani, Zara Larsson, Remi Wolf, Kiiara, Noah Cyrus, and Cautious Clay. He produced and wrote Eminem’s “Bad Guy” off 2015’s Grammy Winner for Best Rap Album of the Year “ The Marshall Mathers LP 2.” He produced and wrote “Sober” by Demi Lovato, “playinwitme” by KYLE ft. Kehlani, “Adore” by Amy Shark, “I Got So High That I Found Jesus” by Noah Cyrus, and “Painkiller” by Ruel ft Denzel Curry. M-Phazes is into developing artists and collaborates heavy with other producers. He developed and produced Kimbra, KYLE, Amy Shark, and Ruel before they broke. He put his energy into Ruel beginning at age 13 and guided him to RCA. M-Phazes produced Amy Shark’s successful songs including “Love Songs Aint for Us” cowritten by Ed Sheeran. He worked extensively with KYLE before he broke and remains one of his main producers. In 2017, Phazes was nominated for Producer of the Year at the APRA Awards alongside Flume. In 2018 he won 5 ARIA awards including Producer of the Year. His recent releases are with Remi Wolf, VanJess, and Kiiara. Cautious Clay, Keith Urban, Travis Barker, Nas, Pusha T, Anne-Marie, Kehlani, Alison Wonderland, Lupe Fiasco, Alessia Cara, Joey Bada$$, Wiz Khalifa, Teyana Taylor, Pink Sweat$, and Wale have all featured on tracks M-Phazes produced. ARTIST: TITLE: ALBUM: LABEL: CREDIT: YEAR: Come Over VanJess Homegrown (Deluxe) Keep Cool/RCA P,W 2021 Remi Wolf Sexy Villain Single Island P,W 2021 Yung Bae ft.
    [Show full text]
  • The Futurism of Hip Hop: Space, Electro and Science Fiction in Rap
    Open Cultural Studies 2018; 2: 122–135 Research Article Adam de Paor-Evans* The Futurism of Hip Hop: Space, Electro and Science Fiction in Rap https://doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0012 Received January 27, 2018; accepted June 2, 2018 Abstract: In the early 1980s, an important facet of hip hop culture developed a style of music known as electro-rap, much of which carries narratives linked to science fiction, fantasy and references to arcade games and comic books. The aim of this article is to build a critical inquiry into the cultural and socio- political presence of these ideas as drivers for the productions of electro-rap, and subsequently through artists from Newcleus to Strange U seeks to interrogate the value of science fiction from the 1980s to the 2000s, evaluating the validity of science fiction’s place in the future of hip hop. Theoretically underpinned by the emerging theories associated with Afrofuturism and Paul Virilio’s dromosphere and picnolepsy concepts, the article reconsiders time and spatial context as a palimpsest whereby the saturation of digitalisation becomes both accelerator and obstacle and proposes a thirdspace-dromology. In conclusion, the article repositions contemporary hip hop and unearths the realities of science fiction and closes by offering specific directions for both the future within and the future of hip hop culture and its potential impact on future society. Keywords: dromosphere, dromology, Afrofuturism, electro-rap, thirdspace, fantasy, Newcleus, Strange U Introduction During the mid-1970s, the language of New York City’s pioneering hip hop practitioners brought them fame amongst their peers, yet the methods of its musical production brought heavy criticism from established musicians.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Hip Hop 1980’S
    The Evolution of Hip Hop 1980’s Sugar Hill Gang Rapper’s Delight Kurtis Blow The Breaks Sugar Hill Gang Apache (Jump On It) Herbie Hancock Rockit West Street Mob Let’s Dance (Make Your Body Move) Whodini Magic’s Wand Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force Renegades of Funk Royal Cash Radio Active Rockmaster Scott & the Dynamic 3 Request Line West Street Mob Break Dance Mann Parish Boogie Down Bronx Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force Looking For the Perfect Beat Newcleus Jam On It Strafe Set It Off COD In The Bottle Jonzun Crew Pack Jam (Look Out For The OVC) LA Dream Team Rockberry Jam Freestyle Don’t Stop The Rock Rockmaster Scott & the Dynamic 3 The Roof Is On Fire Divine Sounds What People Do For Money Run DMC It’s Like That UTFO Beats & Rhymes Hashim Al-Naafiysh (The Soul) Cybotron Clear Kano Holly Dolly Afrika Bambaataa & Soulsonic Force Planet Rock Planet Patrol Play At Your Own Risk Ice-T Reckless Pretty Tony Fix It In The Mix Egyptian Lover Egypt Egypt Twilight 22 Electric Kingdom Twilight 22 Siberian Nights Grandmaster Melle Mel Survival (The Message II) Quadrant Six Body Mechanic World Class Wreckin Cru Surgery Arthur Baker Breaker’s Revenge Planet Patrol I Didn’t Know You Loved Me Fat Boys Fat Boys Jonzun Crew Space Cowboy Grandmaster Flash & the Furious 5 The Message Run DMC Sucker MC’s Davy DMX One For The Treble Doug E Fresh & Slick Rick Lodi Dodi Dr Jeckyl & Mr Hyde Genius Rap Run DMC King Of Rock Whodini Freaks Come Out At Night Dana Dane Cinderfella Dana Dane Schooly D PSK… What Does It Mean? Boogie Boys Fly Girl UTFO Roxanne
    [Show full text]
  • Xzibit, My Writes (Feat
    Xzibit, My Writes (feat. de la Soul, Tha Alkaholics) (dove) Yo - who hold guns and rock ice bigger than life; Got bitches throwin they drawers on stage - that ain't me! I raise kids, push whips, piss an mc Love money like I love my moms Love my nigga com sense when he bang dents all up in they wallets Wall to wall bullshit I got hardwood floors Set sail for tour ever since eighty-nine So y'all are fuckin the same hoes who used to be mine (tash) And I've been waitin three summers to rhyme longside my people Rico, de la, inject you with the lethal Dose of hop-hippin if you thought catash was slippin Then put that drink down, you drunk off what you sippin Catash put the dip in dip dive socialize Fuck around with me and next you'll find yo' crib burglarized (xzibit) Yo you better recognize and try to analyze this Hand over fist - how can a man act like a bitch? Change and switch, snitch on his crew Yo get rid of the niggaz before the same thing happen to you (pos) And they'll leave your ass sticky like glue Blood leakin out, girls freakin out, motherfuckin cops tweakin out Got you on your knees like a freak, jugglin deez nuts Smugglin these cuts from s.c., you best be- -lieve there's no web or leave a net We done swallowed 40 bottles of threat, yo Chorus: all together What you know about my writes? (my writes) What you know about what's weak, what's tight? And what you know about an off night? (uhh) What you know about niggaz frontin for the light? And what you know about them gun fights? (gun fights) Got a nigga duckin while them girls show
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 1 Page 8 FINAL.Indd
    PAGE 8 Entertainment ‘Compton’ brings rapper Dr. Dre full circle Compton: A he got in the studio. Elliot Bauman Soundtrack by Dr. Before I noticed anything PRINT EDITOR-IN- Dre. Wow, the day sonically from this project though, CHIEF has finally come. before I even pressed play I was in awe Dre has released by the crazy features list. Dr. Dre is so a new album. For good about taking both superstars and the first time since I was two years old, underground artists and producers and Andre Young from Compton, California melding their talents to make some has produced and released a full-length great music. This is a recurring theme LP. stemming from the respect anyone in As alluded to, Compton is rapper/ the rap game must pay Dr. Dre. Names producer Dr. Dre’s first commercial like Snoop Dogg, XZibit and some release since the widely acclaimed of Compton’s own like The Game, release of his album “2001” in 1999. Kendrick Lamar, Anderson .Paak and, of Contrary to popular belief, it is not course, N.W.A. partner Ice Cube. The list a soundtrack for the movie “Straight is insane but all the credit goes to Dre Outta Compton,” although the two do for figuring out how to manage all of make nice companions. The album is a the egos and truly get the best qualities separate project dealing with Dr. Dre’s from everyone. The result is some of early life in Compton while alluding to the best feature work I’ve heard in 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Eminem 1 Eminem
    Eminem 1 Eminem Eminem Eminem performing live at the DJ Hero Party in Los Angeles, June 1, 2009 Background information Birth name Marshall Bruce Mathers III Born October 17, 1972 Saint Joseph, Missouri, U.S. Origin Warren, Michigan, U.S. Genres Hip hop Occupations Rapper Record producer Actor Songwriter Years active 1995–present Labels Interscope, Aftermath Associated acts Dr. Dre, D12, Royce da 5'9", 50 Cent, Obie Trice Website [www.eminem.com www.eminem.com] Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972),[1] better known by his stage name Eminem, is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. Eminem quickly gained popularity in 1999 with his major-label debut album, The Slim Shady LP, which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. The following album, The Marshall Mathers LP, became the fastest-selling solo album in United States history.[2] It brought Eminem increased popularity, including his own record label, Shady Records, and brought his group project, D12, to mainstream recognition. The Marshall Mathers LP and his third album, The Eminem Show, also won Grammy Awards, making Eminem the first artist to win Best Rap Album for three consecutive LPs. He then won the award again in 2010 for his album Relapse and in 2011 for his album Recovery, giving him a total of 13 Grammys in his career. In 2003, he won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lose Yourself" from the film, 8 Mile, in which he also played the lead. "Lose Yourself" would go on to become the longest running No. 1 hip hop single.[3] Eminem then went on hiatus after touring in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Salomon Smith Barney RBC Dain Rauscher Inc
    NEW ISSUE - BOOK ENTRY ONLY $69,475,000 $5,000,000 California State University, Fresno Association, Inc. California State University, Fresno Association, Inc. Auxiliary Organization Event Center Revenue Bonds, Auxiliary Organization Event Center Subordinate Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2002 Subordinate Series 2002 Dated: January 15, 2002 Due: July 1, as shown on inside front cover The CaliforniaState University, Fresno Association, Inc. Auxiliary Organization Event Center Revenue Bonds, Senior Series 2002 and the California State University, Fresno Association, Inc. Auxiliary Organization Event Center Subordinate Revenue Bonds, Subordinate Series 2002 will be issued pursuant to an Indenture dated as of January 15, 2002 by and between the California State University, Fresno Association, Inc., a California nonprofit public benefit corporation, and U.S. Bank, N.A., as trustee. The Series 2002 Bonds will mature on the dates and in the amounts listed on the inside front cover page. The Series 2002 Bonds will bear interest at the rates listed on the inside front cover page, payable on July 1, 2002 and on each January 1 and July 1 thereafter. Proceeds of the Series 2002 Bonds will be used to (i) finance the construction of a multi-purpose event center on the campus of the California State University, Fresno, to be known as "Save Mart Center," (ii) fund capitalized interest on the Series 2002 Bonds, (iii) fund reserve accounts and (iv) pay the costs of issuing the Series 2002 Bonds. The Series 2002 Bonds are limited obligations of the Corporation secured by the Event Center Project Revenues, and the Corporation's interest in a Ground Lease, the Bulldog Foundation MOU, the Student Seating Purchase Agreement and certain Project Documents, as described herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Williams, Justin A. (2010) Musical Borrowing in Hip-Hop Music: Theoretical Frameworks and Case Studies
    Williams, Justin A. (2010) Musical borrowing in hip-hop music: theoretical frameworks and case studies. PhD thesis, University of Nottingham. Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11081/1/JustinWilliams_PhDfinal.pdf Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. · Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. · To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in Nottingham ePrints has been checked for eligibility before being made available. · Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not- for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. · Quotations or similar reproductions must be sufficiently acknowledged. Please see our full end user licence at: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions: The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information, please contact [email protected] MUSICAL BORROWING IN HIP-HOP MUSIC: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND CASE STUDIES Justin A.
    [Show full text]