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Removal of Dyes from Contaminated Water Using Low Cost Adsorbents Thesis

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Removal of Dyes from Contaminated Water Using Low Cost Adsorbents Thesis REMOVAL OF DYES FROM CONTAMINATED WATER USING LOW COST ADSORBENTS THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY BY SADIA SHAKOOR UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR ABU NASAR DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY ZAKIR HUSSAIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2016 DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH-202002 (U.P.) INDIA Dr. Abu Nasar Telephones Off. : (0571) 2700920-23 Ext: 3002 Ph.D University Fax : (0571) 2700528 Associate Professor E-mail : [email protected] Mob. : +91-9415842475 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Removal of dyes from contaminated water using low cost adsorbents” is the original contribution of Ms. Sadia Shakoor carried out under my supervision and is suitable for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. This work has neither been submitted nor is being submitted for any other degree. Dr. Abu Nasar (Supervisor) I Annexure I CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I, Sadia Shakoor, Department of Applied Chemistry certify that the work embodied in this Ph.D thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. Abu Nasar at Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. The matter embodied in this Ph.D thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree. I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not wilfully lifted up some other’s work, plan, text, data, result etc. reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, thesis etc., or available at web-sites and included them in this thesis and cited as my own work. Dated: (Sadia Shakoor) Annexure II CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISOR This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Signature of the Supervisor Name & designation: Dr. Abu Nasar, Associate Professor Department: Applied Chemistry (Signature of the Chairman of the Department with seal) II DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED CHEMISTRY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH-202002 (U.P.) INDIA CHAIRMAN Telephones Off. : (0571) 2700920-23 Extn. : 3000, 3001 University Fax : (0571) 2700528 COURSE/ COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/ PRE-SUBMISSION SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. Sadia Shakoor, Department of Applied Chemistry has satisfactorily completed the coursework/comprehensive examination and pre-submission seminar requirement which is part of her Ph.D programme. Date: Signature of the Chairman of the Department III Annexure III COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE Title of the Thesis: Removal of dyes from contaminated water using low cost adsorbents Candidate’s Name: Sadia Shakoor COPYRIGHT TRANSFER The undersigned hereby assigns to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph.D degree. (Signature of the candidate) IV Dedicated to my parents Mr. Abdul Shakoor and Mrs. Saeeda Shakoor V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All the praises be to Allah for His immense blessings that He bestowed upon me and gave me the strength and determination to complete my work successfully. I express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Abu Nasar, Department of Applied Chemistry, for his guidance, suggestions, support and continuous encouragement throughout my PhD work. I also express my gratitude to Dr. Rifaqat Ali Khan Rao, Chairman, Department of Applied Chemistry, for providing the necessary facilities to carry out the experimental work. I sincerely express my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Ali Mohammad, for his valuable suggestion, cooperation and constant encouragement during the entire course of study. It gives me pleasure to extend my sincere thanks to all the members of Teaching and Non-teaching staff of the Department of Applied Chemistry for their cooperation and help. I would like to thank all my seniors and lab colleagues Dr. Nazia Iqbal, Mrs. Samiksha, Mr. Kashif Raees and Mr. Mohd Shaban Ansari for their help and support during study. Finally, I reserve my affectionate appreciation to my beloved parents (Mr. Abdul Shakoor and Mrs. Saeeda Shakoor), brothers VI (Mohd Shuaib and Mohd. Swaleh), sister-in-law (Rehana Sheikh) and fiancé (Dr. M. Shahnawaz Khan) for their blessings, support and encouragement throughout my work. They have been a constant source of inspiration and motivation for me and have always spurred me towards excellence. SADIA SHAKOOR VII CONTENTS Page No. SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE I CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION AND CERTIFICATE FROM II SUPREVISOR COURSE/ COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/ PRE-SUBMISSION III SEMINAR COMPLETION CERTIFICATE COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE IV DEDICATION V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VI CONTENTS VIII ABSTRACT XIV LIST OF TABLES XIX LIST OF FIGURES XXII Chapter 1 General introduction 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Forms of Environmental pollution 2 1.2.1. Air pollution 2 1.2.2. Water pollution 4 1.2.3. Soil pollution 4 1.2.4. Noise pollution 4 1.3. Water pollution 5 1.3.1. Sources of water pollution 5 1.3.2. Classification of water pollutants 6 1.4. Wastewater treatment 13 1.4.1. Preliminary treatment 13 1.4.2. Primary treatment 13 1.4.3. Secondary treatment 14 VIII 1.4.4. Tertiary treatment 15 1.5. Dyes 17 1.5.1. Classification of dyes 17 1.5.2. Dyes as a source of colour contaminant in water 22 1.5.3. Harmful effects of dyes 22 1.5.4. Methylene blue 23 1.5.4.1. Uses of Methylene blue 23 1.5.4.2. Harmful effects of methylene blue 24 1.5.5. Crystal violet 24 1.5.5.1. Uses of crystal violet 25 1.5.5.2. Harmful effects of crystal violet 25 1.6. Techniques available for removal of dyes from wastewater 25 1.6.1. Biological treatment 26 1.6.2. Chemical treatment 26 1.6.3. Physical treatment 26 1.7. Adsorption 27 1.7.1. Types of adsorption 27 1.7.2. Factors affecting adsorption 28 1.8. Selection of adsorbent 29 1.9. Citrus limetta 35 1.9.1. Plant description 36 1.9.2. Uses 37 1.10. Punica granatum 37 1.10.1. Plant description 38 1.10.2. Uses 39 1.11. Cucumis sativus 39 1.11.1. Plant description 40 1.11.2. Uses 41 1.12. Terminalia arjuna 41 1.12.1. Plant description 41 1.12.2. Uses 42 1.13. Statement of the problem 44 References 46 IX Chapter 2 Materials and methods 2.1. Chemicals and reagents 56 2.2. Raw materials for adsorbent 56 2.3. Preparation of adsorbent 56 2.4. Characterization of adsorbents 57 2.4.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy 57 2.4.2. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometry 57 2.5. Batch adsorption studies 57 2.5.1. Effect of adsorbent dosage 58 2.5.2. Effect of contact time and initial dye concentration 58 2.5.3. Effect of pH 59 2.5.4. Point of zero charge 59 2.5.5. Effect of particle size 60 2.6. Adsorption isotherms 60 2.6.1. Langmuir adsorption isotherm 60 2.6.2. Freundlich adsorption isotherm 61 2.6.3. Temkin adsorption isotherm 62 2.6.4. Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm 62 2.7. Adsorption kinetics 63 2.7.1. Pseudo-first order kinetic model 63 2.7.2. Pseudo-second order kinetic model 63 2.7.3. Intraparticle diffusion model 63 2.7.4. Elovich model 64 2.8. Thermodynamic studies 64 2.9. Desorption 65 References 66 X Chapter 3 Utilisation of Citrus limetta peel for the removal of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes from aqueous solution 3.1. Introduction 68 3.2. Experimental 70 3.3. Results and discussion 71 3.3.1. Material characterisation 71 3.3.2. Effect of contact time and initial dye concentration 77 3.3.3. Effect of adsorbent dosage 80 3.3.4. Effect of pH 83 3.3.5. Point of zero charge 85 3.3.6. Effect of particle size 86 3.3.7. Adsorption isotherms 87 3.3.8. Adsorption kinetics 92 3.3.9. Adsorption thermodynamics 97 3.3.10. Desorption 101 3.4. Conclusions 102 References 103 Chapter 4 Utilisation of Punica granatum peels for the removal of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes from aqueous solution 4.1. Introduction 110 4.2. Experimental 111 4.3. Results and discussion 112 4.3.1. Material characterisation 112 4.3.2. Effect of contact time and initial dye concentration 118 4.3.3. Effect of adsorbent dosage 121 4.3.4. Effect of pH 124 XI 4.3.5. Point of zero charge 127 4.3.6. Effect of particle size 128 4.3.7. Adsorption isotherms 129 4.3.8. Adsorption kinetics 133 4.3.9. Adsorption thermodynamics 139 4.3.10. Desorption 143 4.4. Conclusions 144 References 145 Chapter 5 Utilisation of Cucumis sativus peels for the removal of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes from aqueous solution 5.1. Introduction 151 5.2. Experimental 152 5.3. Results and discussion 153 5.3.1. Material characterisation 153 5.3.2. Effect of contact time and initial dye concentration 159 5.3.3. Effect of adsorbent dosage 162 5.3.4. Effect of pH 165 5.3.5. Point of zero charge 167 5.3.6. Effect of particle size 168 5.3.7. Adsorption isotherms 169 5.3.8. Adsorption kinetics 174 5.3.9. Adsorption thermodynamics 179 5.3.10. Desorption 183 5.4.
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