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Évaluation Des Impacts De L'illumination Du Pont Jacques-Cartier Sur L'avifaune Et L'entomofaune

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Évaluation Des Impacts De L'illumination Du Pont Jacques-Cartier Sur L'avifaune Et L'entomofaune Évaluation des impacts de l'illumination du pont Jacques-Cartier sur l'avifaune et l'entomofaune Mémoire Shivia Nankoo Maîtrise en génie des eaux - avec mémoire Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.) Québec, Canada © Shivia Nankoo, 2019 Évaluation des impacts de l’illumination du pont Jacques-Cartier sur l’avifaune et l’entomofaune Mémoire de maîtrise Shivia Nankoo Sous la direction de : Rosa Galvez-Cloutier, directrice de recherche Résumé Plusieurs lumières ont été installées sur le pont Jacques-Cartier le 17 mai 2017 afin de célébrer le 375ième anniversaire de la ville de Montréal et le 150ième anniversaire du Canada. Les lumières varient en couleur et intensité et sont illuminées toutes les nuits, pour une durée d’au moins 10 ans. L’Université Laval a répondu à l’appel d’offre lancée par l’organisation du pont afin de déterminer l’effet de ces lumières sur les animaux qui vivent à proximité du ou au pont, c’est-à-dire : l’hirondelle à front blanc (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), le faucon pèlerin (Falco peregrinus), l’engoulevent d’Amérique (Chordeiles minor), le martinet ramoneur (Chaetura pelagica) et l’entomofaune (les insectes). Les observations, effectuées en 2017 et 2018, consistaient à détecter la présence, l’abondance, les activités de nidification et le taux d’activité des espèces d’intérêt. Les résultats ont montré que l’engoulevent d’Amérique et le martinet ramoneur n’ont pas été détectés aux alentours du pont et que l’illumination semble ne pas avoir d’impact sur leur présence. Les observations sur le faucon pèlerin ont montré que l’espèce n’était présente au pont qu’en 2018. Bien que des activités de chasse ont eu lieu, aucune nidification n’a été observée. Les observations sur les hirondelles ont montré que l’illumination a eu peu d’impacts en 2017. En 2018, l’espèce est plus abondante à proximité du pont, surtout dans la zone illuminée, et est plus active le soir lorsque les lumières sont allumées. Bien qu’aucun impact n’ait été observé en 2017, les observations ont montré une abondance plus élevée à proximité de la zone illuminée du pont. Une chaine alimentaire semble connecter les insectes, les hirondelles et les faucons puisque qu’une augmentation de l’un entraine une augmentation de l’autre. Les implications de ces observations sont expliquées et des recommandations sont émises sur la continuation du suivi. ii Abstract Several lights were installed on the Jacques-Cartier Bridge on May 17, 2017 to celebrate the 375th anniversary of the city of Montreal and the 150th anniversary of Canada. Lights vary in color and intensity and are illuminated every night, for a period of at least 10 years. Université Laval applied for the tender issued by the bridge’s organisation to determine the effect of the illumination on species that live near or on the bridge, specifically the cliff swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), the common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor), the chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica) and the insect fauna. The observations, conducted in 2017 and 2018, consisted of detecting the presence, abundance, nesting behavior and activity rate of the species of interest. The results reported that the common nighthawk and the chimney swift were not detected near the bridge and therefore seem to be unaffected by the illumination. Observations of the peregrine falcon indicated that the species was only seen in 2018. Although the bridge was used as a hunting ground, no nesting occurred. The observations on the cliff swallow showed the bridge had no impact on the species in 2017. However, in 2018, the species was more abundant, especially in the illuminated zone, and was more active in the evening when the lights were on. Although observations of the insect fauna showed no impact from the bridge in 2017, abundance of insects in 2018 was higher near the illuminated part of the bridge. A food chain seems to connect the insects, the swallows and the falcons since it is possible that an increase in one causes an increase in the next. The implications of these observations are explained, and recommendations are made on further follow- up. iii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ............................................................................................................................................. iv Liste des figures .................................................................................................................................................. ix Liste des tableaux .............................................................................................................................................. xii Liste des sigles ................................................................................................................................................. xiii Liste des acronymes ......................................................................................................................................... xiv Liste des abréviations ........................................................................................................................................ xv Remerciements ................................................................................................................................................. xvi Avant-propos ................................................................................................................................................... xvii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Présentation des espèces à l’étude ................................................................................................................ 3 Le faucon pèlerin ........................................................................................................................................ 3 L’hirondelle à front blanc ............................................................................................................................ 5 L’entomofaune ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Problématique ................................................................................................................................................ 7 Objectifs de la recherche ................................................................................................................................ 8 L’avifaune ................................................................................................................................................... 8 L’entomofaune ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapitre 1 « The multiple consequences of urban light pollution on birds » ..................................................... 10 1.1 Résumé .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.5 The relation between birds and light ....................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1 Sensitivity to Light ........................................................................................................................... 12 iv 1.5.1.1 Visible light ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.5.1.2 Ultraviolet light ......................................................................................................................... 13 1.5.2 Attraction to Light ............................................................................................................................ 13 1.5.2.1 Food source ............................................................................................................................. 13 1.5.2.2 Nesting sites ............................................................................................................................ 13 1.5.2.3 Protection against predators .................................................................................................... 14 1.5.2.4 Orientation ............................................................................................................................... 14 1.5.3 Repulsion from Light ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.6 How studies were performed .................................................................................................................
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