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Magnoliidae, Nymphaeidae Y Ranunculidae De Guinea Ecuatorial Y Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Neostenanthera Exell (Annonaceae)

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Magnoliidae, Nymphaeidae Y Ranunculidae De Guinea Ecuatorial Y Revisión Taxonómica Del Género Neostenanthera Exell (Annonaceae) UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Biología Vegetal I TESIS DOCTORAL Magnoliidae, Nymphaeidae y Ranunculidae de Guinea Ecuatorial y revisión taxonómica del género Neostenanthera Exell (Annonaceae) MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Maximiliano Fero Meñe Directores Carlos Aedo, Mauricio Velayos Francisco J. Cabezas Madrid, 2013 © Maximiliano Fero Meñe, 2012 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA VEGETAL I Magnoliidae, Nymphaeidae y Ranunculidae de Guinea Ecuatorial y revisión taxonómica del género Neostenanthera Exell (Annonaceae) Memoria presentada para optar al título de Doctor en Biología por: Maximiliano Fero Meñe VºBº Directores Dr. Carlos Aedo Dr. Mauricio Velayos Dr. Francisco J. Cabezas Madrid, 2012 “Möchö mömö è mülé” “Es único quien el bien te hace”, refrán popular Bubi (Moome, Boobe) AGRADECIMIENTOS Sin la aportación de muchísima gente, me hubiera sido muy difícil concluir este trabajo, por lo que deseo expresar mi sincero agradecimiento a todas aquellas personas que de algún modo han contribuido a que haya podido realizar esta tesis doctoral. En primer lugar doy las gracias a las instituciones que me han apoyado financieramente. A la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID) que me concedió una beca para realizar los estudios de licenciatura en Biología y otra predoctoral que he disfrutado en los últimos 4 años. La Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), institución en la que he desarrollado mi actividad profesional en los años previos al inicio de los estudios doctorales y a la que sigo vinculado. Va también mi agradecimiento a los financiadores y a todos los que hacen posible el proyecto Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial (CGL2006-01223/BOS; CGL2009- 07405), a través del cual he podido participar en varias expediciones de recolección y realizar las visitas a los herbarios LISC de Lisboa y WAG de Wageningen. No me hubiera sido posible llegar hasta aquí sin la formación recibida de mis profesores de la Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid durante los años de la licenciatura y del master, por lo que doy las gracias a todo personal docente, en especial del Departamento de Biología Vegetal I y a todos los que de alguna manera hacen posible que siga funcionando la facultad y la universidad. En el Real Jardín Botánico he realizado la fase de investigación de la tesis y no me he sentido excluido en ningún momento. Soy consciente de que esto no sería posible sin el aporte de mucha gente (Dirección, Administración, Herbario, Biblioteca, etc.). A todos los que hacen que este centro tan emblemático siga funcionando, muchas gracias. A mis directores de tesis: Carlos Aedo, Francisco J. Cabezas y Mauricio Velayos. Les debo a los tres su tiempo, dedicación y guía metodológica para llevar a buen término este trabajo. Con Carlos he realizado gran parte del estudio taxonómico y durante este tiempo he podido comprender muchas cosas que sin su orientación no hubiera logrado entender, gracias Carlos. Gracias a Mauricio me inicié en 2001 en los estudios sobre la flora, al realizar el catálogo de Piperaceae de Guinea Ecuatorial bajo su tutela y siempre me animó a continuar en esta línea de trabajo antes de comenzar el doctorado. Durante este tiempo, nunca me han faltado sus consejos para llevar a buen término este estudio. Francisco J. Cabezas (Paco), es más que director de tesis un hermano para mí. Todavía recuerdo cuando en la facultad, bromeábamos con hacer la flora de Guinea Ecuatorial en Bubi, hoy este sueño está más cerca. Mi sincero agradecimiento a mis tutores académicos: Margarita Costa durante los 2 primeros cursos de doctorado y Santiago Pajarón, en los últimos años, quienes me han dado su apoyo durante estos 4 años en todo momento y en todos los aspectos en los que he precisado de su ayuda o consejo. A María Andrea Carrasco le debo el haber conocido a Mauricio Velayos. 5 A Patricia Barberá, por ser tan buena compañera y amiga. Con sus consejos y apoyo, la tarea se hizo más llevadera en algunos momentos. Gracias a Manuel de la Estrella, quien me ha orientado en algunos aspectos del trabajo. Agradezco a José Luis Fernández, Ramón Morales y Félix Muñoz, por su ayuda en diferentes aspectos del trabajo. Durante mi viaje a Wageningen tuve la suerte de conocer y recibir el apoyo de Marc Sosef, Jan Wieringa, Theo Damen y Lars Chatrou (Wageningen University, Biosystematic group). A todos ellos les debo el éxito de mi trabajo en Holanda. Me gustaría dar las gracias al personal del herbario MA: Concha, Charo, Patri, Valentín, Miguel Angel, Mercedes, Moruena, Diana y Marta x2. En la biblioteca del RJB siempre tuve la asistencia de Lola, María José, Charo, Elena, Graciano y Eugenia. Gracias a ellos pude disponer del material bibliográfico necesario para hacer el estudio. A Fátima le debo el escaneo de los pliegos y Yolanda la microscopía electrónica, gracias a ellas hemos logrado disponer de imágenes para ilustrar el catálogo y la revisión taxonómica. La realización de trabajos florísticos y taxonómicos, exige la disponibilidad de pliegos de herbario. Este material no llega solo y es fruto del esfuerzo y del trabajo de personas dedicadas a recolectar y poner a disposición del resto de la comunidad botánica y científica en general dicho material. De un modo especial me gustaría dar las gracias a todos los que se han molestado en realizar expediciones botánicas a Guinea Ecuatorial a pesar de las múltiples dificultades. Kosi, Fernando, Alberto, Alejandro, Katia, Marina, Marta, Luz, Leopoldo, Joel, Gema, Alicia, Inés, Juan C., Guille, Rubén, Laura, Juan B., Elena L., Elena P., Eulá y a todos con los que más he compartido momentos buenos y malos, gracias. De la Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial donde he trabajado en los últimos años, he recibido el apoyo del Rector Don Carlos Nsé Nsuga, Juan Loeri, José Manuel Esara, Claudio Posa (†), etc. Estoy agradecido a los compañeros becarios de la AECID con los que he compartido vivencias durante estos años. A todos nos ha unido un deseo común de superarnos y contribuir al desarrollo de nuestros pueblos. Finalmente agradezco a toda mi familia el apoyo que me han dado a lo largo de este tiempo en el que hemos tenido que permanecer alejados. A mis padres, Serapio (†) y Teodora, mis hermanos, Exuperio, Consolación, Graciano, Digna, Antonio, Eufemia y Serapia. A mi mujer Anuska, le agradezco de corazón por su comprensión y cercanía aún estando lejos y a mis queridísimas hijas, Manuela-Rivetaso y Mª Cristina- Wachalero. 6 ÍNDICE I. INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................11 I.1. Preámbulo...........................................................................................................11 I.2. Síntesis biogeográfica de Guinea Ecuatorial......................................................13 I.2.1. Medio Físico .............................................................................................13 I.2.1.1. Situación, límites y división administrativa.................................13 I.2.1.2. Geología y Relieve.......................................................................13 I.2.1.3. Suelos...........................................................................................16 I.2.1.4. Clima............................................................................................23 I.2.1.5. Hidrografía...................................................................................24 I.2.2. Vegetación ................................................................................................25 I.2.3. Fitogeografía.............................................................................................37 I.3. Antecedentes botánicos en Guinea Ecuatorial....................................................45 I.3.1. Exploraciones botánicas ...........................................................................45 I.3.2. Proyecto Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial ......................................................47 II. OBJETIVOS Y ESTRUCTURACIÓN DE LA TESIS ..........................................................51 III. CATÁLOGO FLORÍSTICO Y REVISIÓN TAXONÓMICA III.1. PARTE I: CATÁLOGO FLORÍSTICO DE MAGNOLIIDAE, NYMPHAEIDAE Y RANUNCULIDAE DE GUINEA ECUATORIAL ................................................................55 III.1.1. Introducción ...........................................................................................55 III.1.2. Material y Métodos ................................................................................55 Material estudiado....................................................................................55 Métodos....................................................................................................55 Identificación ..............................................................................55 Ordenación del catálogo .............................................................60 III.1.3. Resultados ..............................................................................................62 Subclase Magnoliidae Annonaceae.................................................................................65 Myristicaceae ............................................................................157 Aristolochiaceae........................................................................167 Piperaceae .................................................................................177
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