DOCSLIB.ORG

Canalicular Infection Caused by Actinomyces

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canalicular Infection Caused by Actinomyces CANALICULAR INFECTION CAUSED BY ACTINOMYCES 1. HUSSAINJ, R. E. BONSHEKJ, K. LOUDON2, M. ARMSTRON02 and A. B. TULLOl Manchester SUMMARY PATIENTS AND METHODS We present 7 cases of canalicular involvement with Actin­ Of 7 patients presenting between 1988 and 1992, 2 were omyces collected over a 5-year period. All patients had male and 5 female (Table I); 4 were affected on the left involvement of one canaliculus, upper or lower, with lac­ side and 3 on the right; 4 had lower canalicular and 3 had rimal drainage patent to syringing. Curettings obtained upper canalicular involvement (Figs. 1,2). In all patients by incising the involved canaliculi yielded Actinomyces syringing of the lacrimal drainage system on the affected species (5 cases) and Arachnia propionica (2 cases), typi­ side proved patent before surgery. The diagnosis was con­ cally in association with a mixed bacterial growth. Our firmed by bacteriological examination of the concretions results show that these patients often remain undiag­ (Fig. 3). These were obtained by incising the canaliculi nosed for months or even years, and are treated in­ onto a probe with a blade, or by directly introducing one appropriately for their recurrent symptoms. Despite blade of a fine scissor and cutting the canaliculus. The sensitivity of Actinomyces to a broad spectrum of anti­ organisms were isolated by culturing the specimen anaer­ biotics, medical therapy alone does not eradicate the obically on 7.5% horse blood columbia agar plates disease, and surgical evacuation of all concretions is (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) for up to 5 days. Enrichment essential to achieve a cure. culture in Fastidious Anaerobic Broth (Lab M, Bury, UK) The generic name Actinomyces was first used by Harz in was also carried out. 1 1879 to describe organisms seen in lesions of cattle. They Identification of Actinomyces was by gram film (Fig. 4) occurred as masses that resembled fungal mycelia; these and biochemical profile using ATB 32 A (bioMerieux, mycelia were arranged in a radial pattern, hence the name Basingstoke, UK). The profiles obtained for Actinomyces Actinomyces (ray fungus). israelii, Actinomyces meyeri and Arachnia propionica all Infections of the eye with this organism have been gave excellent identification. Sensitivity testing was by described in the literature under a variety of names such as the disc diffusion method on blood agar plates incubated streptotrichosis, leptotrichosis and actinomycosis. Actino­ anaerobically. myces species are now recognised as gram-positive bacilli RESULTS which can occur singly, in pairs or in chains and are non­ Before surgery was performed, 6 of 7 patients were treated acid-fast, non-motile, obligate or facultative anaerobes. with various antibiotics (Table I). The antibiotics used, Characteristically they are seen as branching filaments on either topically or systemically, were generally effective gram staining. They are members of the bacterial flora of Actinomyces both man and animals and normally exist in a commensal against even when actinomycosis was not 2 relationship with their host, growing particularly on teeth considered in the differential diagnosis. Only in cases at a later date was specific treatment for Actinomyces started and other surfaces in the oral cavity including the tonsils. Chronic granulomatous infections involving various parts before surgery. Typically this produced a temporary improvement, after which symptoms recurred. of the body can occur and spread is usually by direct Actinomyces species were grown from 5 of our cases extension, producing sinus tracts and characteristic sul­ and Arachnia propionica (a related genus within the Acti­ phur granules. nomycetales) from the remaining 2 cases. All except one Various forms of ocular infection by Actinomyces have been described: conjunctivitis, canaliculitis, lacrimal sac of the surgical specimens we obtained yielded other Actinomyces 11). involvement, keratitis and endophthalmitis.2-7 We report 7 organisms in addition to species (Table cases of canaliculitis caused by these organisms, and DISCUSSION emphasise how easily the diagnosis may be overlooked. All our patients presented with a history of chronic irrita­ From: 'Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester; 2Manchester Royal tion and discharge or/and epiphora. Only 5 patients had a Infirmary, Manchester, UK. Correspondence to: Mr. A. B. Tullo, Consultant Ophthalmologist, canalicular swelling on presentation, the other 2 develop­ Royal Eye Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WH, UK. ing it during the course of their disease. The disease Eye (1993) 7,542-544 CANALICULAR ACTINOMYCES 543 Table I. Patients with Actinomyces canaliculitis No. of Time between 1st Patient no. Sex/age (yr) visits" Treatment prior to surgery" visit and op. (months) F/24 2 Ampicillin (oral) 4 2 F/56 6 Chloramphenicol (top.), septrin (oral), tetracycline 2 (oral + top.) 3 F/29 3 Chloramphenicol (top.) (listed for incision 8 and curettage of cyst) 4 M/63 10 Ampicillin (oral), chloramphenicol (top.), 33 tetracycline (oral + top.) 5 F/65 9 Ampicillin (oral), penicillin (top. + oral), 6 chloramphenicol (top.) 6 M/41 6 Genticin (top.) (Nicholas), Fucithalmic (top.) (Leo), 5 indomethacin (oral), penicillin (top.) 7 F/7l 3 Zinc and adrenaline (top.) 96 top., topical. "No. of visits = all clinic/casualty visits before surgery. "Treatment given in most cases without considering Actinomyces as the diagnosis. affected only one canaliculus in all our cases, but in the lit­ punctum of long duration and patency to syringing, Actin­ erature simultaneous involvement of both upper and lower omyces should be considered. Patients may or may not canaliculi has been reported. 3.8.9 present with a canalicular swelling. The duration of symptoms before these patients first Actinomyces are usually difficult to grow from routine presented to us averaged 13 months. All had a patent lac­ conjunctival eye swabss and therefore they are not ideal rimal drainage system on syringing. Despite the chroni­ specimens. Indeed, although in 4 of our cases a pre­ city of symptoms and typical patency of the lacrimal operative swab was taken with a specific request to culture drainage system to syringing,S,IO,11 the diagnosis of Actino­ for Actinomyces, in only 1 case was a positive identification myces canaliculitis was overlooked. We feel that in any possible (patient 5). Therefore, as much discharge as poss­ patient with epiphora, irritation, and discharge from the ible should be placed in a sterile pot and transported to the Fig. 1. Upper canalicular involvement with Actinomyces. Fig. 2. A pouting punctum and discharge, with patency to syringing, is typical of Actinomyces canaliculitis. Fig. 3. A canalicular concretion (approx. 9 x 5 mm). Fig. 4. Gram staining showing filamentous Actinomyces, x40. 544 I. HUSSAIN ET AL. Table II. Microbiological results Associated bacteria Actinomyces Antibiotic Patient no. grown with Actinomyces species sensitivity Eikenella corrodens. Haemophilus parainjfuenzae, A. israelii Not known Peptostreptococcus sp. 2 Peptostreptococcus sp., Haemophilus injfuenzae Not known Not known (�-Iactamase producer) 3 Peptostreptococcus sp. A. meyeri Penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin 4 Streptococcus mil/eri, Corynebacterium sp., Pep­ A. israe/ii Penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, tostreptococcus sp. chloramphenicol 5 Fusobacterium sp., E. corrodens, Corynebacterium Arachnia propionica Penicillin. erythromycin, tetracycline, sp., Peptostreptococcus sp. chloramphenicol 6 Fusobacterium nucleotum, Bacteroides corrodens Arachnia propionica Penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline 7 None A. israelii Penicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin microbiology department without delay, to ensure optimal direct inoculation by saliva12 or some other means, as Acti­ conditions for isolation of Actinomyces species. nomyces are not found as normal commensals19 of the lac­ Various forms of treatment have been recommended for rimal drainage system. this condition in the past. Medical therapy includes irri­ Key words: Actinomyces, Canaliculitis. gation of the involved canaliculus with penicillin,9,10 but REFERENCES this has not been found to be effective. Indeed this was 1. Harz CO. Actinomyces bovis: ein neuer Schimmel in den performed in patient 5 with little benefit. Simple mechan­ Geweben des Rindes. Dtsch Z Tier-Med 1879;5(suppl): ical expression of concretions or curetting them after dila­ 125-40. tation of punctum can be ineffective in removing all the 2. Ridley F, Smith C. Leptotrichosis conjunctivae. Br J Oph­ concretions, as some are fairly large. 10 thalmol 1952;36:328-9. 3. Theodore FH. Streptothrix as a cause of follicular con­ In our experience the most effective approach is to slit junctivitis and other obscure conjunctivitides. Am J Oph­ open the canaliculus and curette. out all the concretions thalmol 1950;33: 1225-30. carefully, followed by appropriate topical and/or systemic 4. Greeves RA. Streptothrix conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol antibiotic. Some authors recommend instilling aqueous 1952;36:653. 5. Ellis PP, Bausor SC, Fulmer JM. Streptothrix canaliculitis. penicillin or povidone iodine3,5,8 after this surgical pro­ Am J Ophthalmol 1961;52:36-43. cedure, but we have found this is not necessary. All our 6. Singh M, Kaur B. Actinomycetic corneal ulcer. Eye patients received some form of antibiotic generally effec­ 1989;3:460-2. tive against Actinomyces during the course of their 7. Roussel TJ, Olson ER, Rice T, Meisler D, Hall G, Miller D. Chronic postoperative endophthalmitis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Relationship Between KRAS Gene Mutation and Intestinal Flora in Tumor Tissues of Colorectal Cancer Patients
    1085 Original Article Page 1 of 9 The relationship between KRAS gene mutation and intestinal flora in tumor tissues of colorectal cancer patients Xinke Sui1#, Yan Chen1#, Baojun Liu2, Lianyong Li1, Xin Huang1, Min Wang1, Guodong Wang1, Xiaopei Gao1, Lu Zhang1, Xinwei Bao1, Dengfeng Yang3, Xiaoying Wang1, Changqing Zhong1 1Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China; 2Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China; 3Laboratory department, Mian County Hospital, Mian, China Contributions: (I) Conception and design: X Sui, Y Chen, C Zhong, X Wang; (II) Administrative support: L Li; (III) Provision of study materials or patients: B Liu, D Yang; (IV) Collection and assembly of data: X Gao, L Zhang, X Bao; (V) Data analysis and interpretation: X Sui, Y Chen, C Zhong, X Wang, X Huang, M Wang, G Wang; (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors; (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors. #These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: Changqing Zhong; Xiaoying Wang. Department of Gastroenterology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Background: Colorectal cancer is among the most prominent malignant tumors endangering human health, with affected populations exhibiting an increasingly younger trend. The Kirsten ras (KRAS) gene acts as a crucial regulator in this disease and influences multiple signaling pathways. In the present study, the KRAS gene mutation-induced alteration of intestinal flora in colorectal cancer patients was explored, and the intestinal microbes that may be affected by the KRAS gene were examined to provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.
    [Show full text]
  • In Cyanobacteria
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Molecular Probes to Evaluate the Synthesis and Production Potential of an Odorous Compound (2-methylisoborneol) in Cyanobacteria Keonhee Kim 1, Youngdae Yoon 1,2, Hyukjin Cho 3 and Soon-Jin Hwang 1,2,* 1 Human and Eco-Care Center, Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (Y.Y.) 2 Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea 3 Hangang River Regional Division, Department of Water Resources Management, K-Water, Gwacheon 13841, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-450-3748 Received: 30 January 2020; Accepted: 14 March 2020; Published: 16 March 2020 Abstract: The volatile metabolite, 2-Methylisoborneol (2-MIB) produced by cyanobacterial species, causes odor and taste problems in freshwater systems. However, simple identification of cyanobacteria that produce such off-flavors may be insufficient to establish the causal agent of off-flavor-related problems as the production-related genes are often strain-specific. Here, we designed a set of primers for detecting and quantifying 2-MIB-synthesizing cyanobacteria based on mibC gene sequences (encoding 2-MIB synthesis-catalyzing monoterpene cyclase) from various Oscillatoriales and Synechococcales cyanobacterial strains deposited in GenBank. Cyanobacterial cells and environmental DNA and RNA were collected from both the water column and sediment of a eutrophic stream (the Gong-ji Stream, Chuncheon, South Korea), which has a high 2-MIB concentration. Primer sets mibC196 and mibC300 showed universality to mibC in the Synechococcales and Oscillatoriales strains; the mibC132 primer showed high specificity for Pseudanabaena and Planktothricoides mibC.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral Microbiome in Four Female Centenarians
    Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5312; doi:10.3390/app10155312 S1 of S1 5 Supplementary Materials: Oral Microbiome in Four Female Centenarians Yoshiaki Nomura, Erika Kakuta, Ayako Okada, Ryoko Otsuka, Mieko Shimada, Yasuko Tomizawa, Chieko Taguchi, Kazumune Arikawa, Hideki Daikoku, Tamotsu Sato and Nobuhiro Hanada 1. Supplementary Information Figure S1. Heatmap of all species detected. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5312; doi:10.3390/app10155312 S2 of S1 5 Figure S2. Rarefaction curve. Figure S3. Core heatmap. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5312; doi:10.3390/app10155312 S3 of S1 5 Table S1: Alpha diversity indices of different groups. Sample Plaque Tongue p-value Valid reads 50398 ± 5648 52221 +/- 5433 0.658 OTUs 264 +/- 112 205 +/- 33 0.356 Ace 272 +/- 112 215 +/- 34 0.367 Chao1 266 +/- 111 209 +/- 33 0.363 Jack Knife 281 +/- 115 224 +/- 36 0.385 Shannon 3.18 +/- 0.33 2.45 +/- 0.44 0.039 Simpson 0.085 +/- 0.038 0.164 +/- 0.057 0.058 The alpha diversity indices of Ace, Chao1, Jack Knife, Shannon, and Simpson were calculated to analyze the diversity and richness of all the samples. By comparing samples of dental plaque and tongue, the indices of Ace, Chao1, Jack Knife, And Shannon were not significantly different (P > 0.05), proving that bacterial diversity and richness were similar in samples collected from dental plaque had higher than tongue. Data was normally distributed. P-values were calculated by t tests. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 5312; doi:10.3390/app10155312 S4 of S1 5 Table S2: Statistics of taxonomic assignment. Sample Sample ID Rank Similarity range No.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Network Percolation Quantifies Biosynthetic Capabilities
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Metabolic network percolation quantifies biosynthetic capabilities across the human oral microbiome David B Bernstein1,2, Floyd E Dewhirst3,4, Daniel Segre` 1,2,5,6,7* 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, United States; 2Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, United States; 3The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, United States; 4Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, United States; 5Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, United States; 6Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, United States; 7Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, United States Abstract The biosynthetic capabilities of microbes underlie their growth and interactions, playing a prominent role in microbial community structure. For large, diverse microbial communities, prediction of these capabilities is limited by uncertainty about metabolic functions and environmental conditions. To address this challenge, we propose a probabilistic method, inspired by percolation theory, to computationally quantify how robustly a genome-derived metabolic network produces a given set of metabolites under an ensemble of variable environments. We used this method to compile an atlas of predicted biosynthetic capabilities for 97 metabolites across 456 human oral microbes. This atlas captures taxonomically-related trends in biomass composition, and makes it possible to estimate inter-microbial metabolic distances that correlate with microbial co-occurrences. We also found a distinct cluster of fastidious/uncultivated taxa, including several Saccharibacteria (TM7) species, characterized by their abundant metabolic deficiencies. By embracing uncertainty, our approach can be broadly applied to understanding metabolic interactions in complex microbial ecosystems. *For correspondence: DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.39733.001 [email protected] Competing interests: The authors declare that no Introduction competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Actinomyces Infections: What Have We Learned?
    antibiotics Editorial Microbiological and Clinical Aspects of Actinomyces Infections: What Have We Learned? Edit Urbán 1,2 and Márió Gajdács 3,4,* 1 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12., 7624 Pécs, Hungary 3 Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös utca 6., 6720 Szeged, Hungary 4 Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +36-62-341-330 Obligate anaerobic bacteria are important members of the normal human microbiota, present in high numbers on mucosal surfaces (e.g., the oral cavity, female genital tract, and colon), outnumbering other bacteria 10–1000-fold [1]. Anaerobic bacteria have been implicated in a wide range of infectious processes from almost all anatomical sites, by bacteria from both exogenous (e.g., toxin-mediated pathologies by Clostridia) and endoge- nous (displacement of the bacterial flora to other anatomical regions) sources [2]. These pathogens may be important etiological agents in life-threatening, invasive infections [3,4]. The cultivation and identification of strict anaerobes is labor-intensive and requires ex- pertise and special laboratory conditions and equipment; therefore, for many years, only several anaerobes were considered clinically relevant [5]. With the emergence and spread Citation: Urbán, E.; Gajdács, M. of modern identification technologies—such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), matrix- Microbiological and Clinical Aspects assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), of Actinomyces Infections: What Have and 16S RNA gene sequencing—in clinical microbiology laboratories, the pathogenic role We Learned? Antibiotics 2021, 10, 151.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumpy Jaw" in Cattle
    THE NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ACTINOMYCETES1 SELMAN A. WAKSMAN AND ARTHUR T. HENRICI' New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University, and the Department of Bacteriology, University of Minnesota Received for publication April 10, 1943 Since the publication by one of us (Waksman, 1940) of a system of classifica- tion of actinomycetes, considerable criticism was expressed in regard to the designation and position of the anaerobic pathogenic species, the cause of com- mon actinomycosis in man and "lumpy jaw" in cattle. This type of organism was placed in the genus Cohnistreptothrix Pinoy, the generic name Actinomyces being reserved for the aerobic species forming aerial mycelium-bearing spores. This could be justified on the ground that the organism seen by Harz was so poorly described and illustrated that it is unrecognizable by present day stand- ards, and that therefore a new name could well be applied to the organism of actinomycosis in cattle; that further the name Actinomyces was the first one ap- plied to cultivated, aerobic, spore-forming species which can be recognized by present day standards. This has been the attitude of a number of recent medical mycologists, especially the Italian workers (Ciferri and RedaeUi, 1929; Baldacci, 1939). Critics of Waksman's classification have, however, maintained that while Harz' description of his organism is perhaps vague, there is no question concern- ing the nature of the disease he studied, and that the chances are overwhelmingly in favor of his having actually observed the anaerobic pathogenic filamentous organism first described by Israel. Further, under the Botanical Code, the name Actinomyces must be applied either to the organism of "lumpy jaw" or not used at all.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinomycetes: a Never-Ending Source of Bioactive Compounds—An Overview on Antibiotics Production
    antibiotics Review Actinomycetes: A Never-Ending Source of Bioactive Compounds—An Overview on Antibiotics Production Davide De Simeis and Stefano Serra * Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (C.N.R.), Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-2399-3076 Abstract: The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 provided us with access to a new class of compounds useful at fighting bacterial infections: antibiotics. Ever since, a number of studies were carried out to find new molecules with the same activity. Microorganisms belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, the Actinomycetes, were the most important sources of antibiotics. Bioactive compounds isolated from this order were also an important inspiration reservoir for pharmaceutical chemists who realized the synthesis of new molecules with antibiotic activity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is currently one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development. The world urgently needs to adopt measures to reduce this risk by finding new antibiotics and changing the way they are used. In this review, we describe the primary role of Actinomycetes in the history of antibiotics. Antibiotics produced by these microorganisms, their bioactivities, and how their chemical structures have inspired generations of scientists working in the synthesis of new drugs are described thoroughly. Keywords: antibiotics; Actinomycetes; antibiotic resistance; natural products; chemical tailoring; chemical synthesis Citation: De Simeis, D.; Serra, S. Actinomycetes: A Never-Ending Source of Bioactive Compounds—An Overview on Antibiotics Production. 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Conserved Gene and Its Use to Generate Species-Specific, Genus-Specific, Family- Specific, Group-Specific and Universal Nucleic Acid Probes for Microorganisms
    (19) TZZ ¥ T (11) EP 2 322 667 A2 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT APPLICATION (43) Date of publication: (51) Int Cl.: 18.05.2011 Bulletin 2011/20 C12Q 1/68 (2006.01) C07K 14/00 (2006.01) C12N 15/63 (2006.01) C12N 5/10 (2006.01) (21) Application number: 10181529.8 (22) Date of filing: 28.09.2000 (84) Designated Contracting States: • Ouellette, Marc AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU Sillery, Québec G1S 3S1 (CA) MC NL PT SE • Picard, François J. Cap-Rouge, Québec G1Y 1A1 (CA) (30) Priority: 28.09.1999 CA 2283458 • Roy, Paul H. 19.05.2000 CA 2307010 Loretteville, Québec G2A 2X8 (CA) (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in (74) Representative: Pohlman, Sandra M. accordance with Art. 76 EPC: df-mp 00965686.9 / 1 246 935 Fünf Höfe Theatinerstrasse 16 (71) Applicant: Geneohm Sciences Canada, Inc. 80333 München (DE) Quebec City, Québec G1V 2K8 (CA) Remarks: (72) Inventors: •ThecompletedocumentincludingReferenceTables • Bergeron, Michel G. and the Sequence Listing can be downloaded from Québec, Québec G2K 1T8 (CA) the EPO website • Boissinot, Maurice •Claims filed after the date of filing of the application St-Augustin-de-Desmaures / after the date of receipt of the divisional application Québec G3A 2N2 (CA) (Rule 68(4) EPC). • Huletsky, Ann •This application was filed on 29-09-2009 as a Sillery, Québec G1S 4J3 (CA) divisional application to the application mentioned • Ménard, Christian under INID code 62. St-Lambert-de-Lévis Québec G0S 2W0 (CA) (54) Highly conserved gene and its use to generate species-specific, genus-specific, family- specific, group-specific and universal nucleic acid probes for microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Secondary Metabolite Biosynthetic Potential in Soil Varies with Phylum, Depth, And
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/818815; this version posted October 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Bacterial secondary metabolite biosynthetic potential in soil varies with phylum, depth, and 2 vegetation type 3 4 Allison M. Sharrar1, Alexander Crits-Christoph2, Raphaël Méheust1,3, Spencer Diamond1, Evan 5 P. Starr2, and Jillian F. Banfield1,3* 6 7 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 8 9 1Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 10 2Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 11 3Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/818815; this version posted October 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 24 Abstract 25 Bacteria isolated from soils are major sources of specialized metabolites, including antibiotics and 26 other compounds with clinical value that likely shape interactions among microbial community 27 members and impact biogeochemical cycles. Yet, isolated lineages represent a small fraction of 28 all soil bacterial diversity. It remains unclear how the production of specialized metabolites varies 29 across the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial species in soils, and whether the genetic potential for 30 production of these metabolites differs with soil type.
    [Show full text]
  • Host-Associated Bacterial Taxa from Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, GN02, Synergistetes, SR1, TM7, and WPS-2 Phyla/Candidate Divisions
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Directory of Open Access Journals ournal of ralr æ icrobiologyi ORIGINAL ARTICLE Host-associated bacterial taxa from Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, GN02, Synergistetes, SR1, TM7, and WPS-2 Phyla/candidate divisions Anuj Camanocha1 and Floyd E. Dewhirst1,2* 1Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; 2Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA Background and objective: In addition to the well-known phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Spirochaetes, Fusobacteria, Tenericutes, and Chylamydiae, the oral microbiomes of mammals contain species from the lesser-known phyla or candidate divisions, including Synergistetes, TM7, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, GN02, SR1, and WPS-2. The objectives of this study were to create phyla-selective 16S rDNA PCR primer pairs, create selective 16S rDNA clone libraries, identify novel oral taxa, and update canine and human oral microbiome databases. Design: 16S rRNA gene sequences for members of the lesser-known phyla were downloaded from GenBank and Greengenes databases and aligned with sequences in our RNA databases. Primers with potential phylum level selectivity were designed heuristically with the goal of producing nearly full-length 16S rDNA amplicons. The specificity of primer pairs was examined by making clone libraries from PCR amplicons and determining phyla identity by BLASTN analysis. Results: Phylum-selective primer pairs were identified that allowed construction of clone libraries with 96Á100% specificity for each of the lesser-known phyla. From these clone libraries, seven human and two canine novel oral taxa were identified and added to their respective taxonomic databases.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinomycosis in Histopathology - Review of Literature
    L. Veenakumari, C. Sridevi. Actinomycosis in histopathology - Review of literature. IAIM, 2017; 4(9): 195-206. Review Article Actinomycosis in histopathology - Review of literature L. Veenakumari1*, C. Sridevi2 1Professor, 2Assistant Professor Department of Pathology, Mallareddy Medical College for Women, Suraram, Quthbullapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India *Corresponding author email:[email protected] International Archives of Integrated Medicine, Vol. 4, Issue 9, September, 2017. Copy right © 2017, IAIM, All Rights Reserved. Available online athttp://iaimjournal.com/ ISSN: 2394-0026 (P)ISSN: 2394-0034 (O) Received on: 22-08-2017 Accepted on:28-08-2017 Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None declared. How to cite this article: L. Veenakumari, C. Sridevi. Actinomycosis in histopathology - Review of literature. IAIM, 2017; 4(9): 195-206. Abstract Actinomycosis is a chronic, suppurative granulomatous inflammation caused by Actinomyces israelli which is a gram positive organism that is a normal commensal in humans. Multiple clinical features of actinomycosis have been described, as various anatomical sites can be affected. It most commonly affects the head and neck (50%). In any site, actinomycosis frequently mimics malignancy, tuberculosis or nocardiosis. Physicians must be aware of clinical presentations but also that actinomycosis mimicking malignancy. In most cases, diagnosis is often possible after surgical exploration. Following the confirmation of diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy with high doses of Penicillin G or Amoxicillin is required. This article is intended to review the clinical presentations, histopathology and complications of actinomycosis in various sites of the body. Key words Actinomycosis, Actinomyces, Sulphur granules, Histopathology, Filamentous bacteria. Introduction Actinomyces is a filamentous gram positive Actinomyces,”ray fungus” (Greek actin-ray, bacteria of genus Actinobacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia, a Ocrit (Hct) of 0.26, and a Thrombocyte Count of 95 X 109/L
    DISPATCHES Actinomyces Case Reports Patient 1 odontolyticus In March 1999, a 62-year-old white woman who had worked as a chemotherapy nurse from 1973 to 1979 sought Bacteremia treatment at Eisenhower Medical Center after having pain in her left knee for 2 weeks. Magnetic resonance imaging Lawrence A. Cone,*† Millie M. Leung,† indicated a left lateral meniscus tear. A routine preopera- and Joel Hirschberg*† tive complete blood count (CBC) showed a leukocyte We describe two immunosuppressed female patients count of 6.8 x 109/L, hemoglobin (Hb) of 82 g/L, hemat- with fever and Actinomyces odontolyticus bacteremia, a ocrit (Hct) of 0.26, and a thrombocyte count of 95 x 109/L. combination documented once previously in an immuno- Examination of the peripheral smear demonstrated fre- competent male patient. The patients were treated with quent blasts with no discernible Auer rods. Flow cytomet- β doxycycline and clindamycin; these drugs, with -lactams, ric analysis of a bone marrow biopsied sample showed are effective treatment for A. odontolyticus infections. involvement with > 30% blasts that were positive for CD13, CD33, CD34, CD117, CD19, and TdT-negative. ctinomycosis is a disease of antiquity, having most The markers and morphologic characteristics were consis- Alikely infected the jaw of a fossil rhinoceros (1) and tent with acute myelocytic leukemia, monocytes with aber- the ribs of a man discovered in southeastern Ontario, rant expression of CD19, a B-cell marker. Cytogenetics Canada, who by radiocarbon dating lived 230 A.D. + 55 showed a normal 46,XX female chromosome complement. (2). In 1877, Bollinger and Harz (3) named the genus Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using poly- Actinomyces when they described the etiologic agent of merase chain reaction (PCR) techniques showed no evi- bovine actinomycosis (Alumpy jaw@) and called it dence for monosomy, trisomy 8, or partial deletions of the Actinomyces bovis.
    [Show full text]