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Galling Arthropods and Their Associates Ecology and Evolution K K. Ozaki, J. Yukawa, T. Ohgushi, RW. Price (Eds.) Galling Arthropods and Their Associates Ecology and Evolution K. Ozaki, J. Yukawa, T. Ohgushi, P. W. Price (Eds.) Galling Arthropods and Their Associates Ecology and Evolution With 68 Figures Springer Kenichi Ozaki, Ph.D. Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan Junichi Yukawa, D.Agr. Former Director Kyushu University Museum 1-5-12 Matsuzaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-0035, Japan Takayuki Ohgushi, Ph.D. Professor Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University 2 Hirano, Otsu 520-2113, Japan Peter W. Price, Ph.D. Regents' Professor Emeritus Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640, USA Library of Congress Control Number: 2006921176 ISBN-10 4-431-32184-5 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-4-431-32184-2 Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.conn © Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2006 Printed in Japan Typesetting: Camera-ready by the editors and authors Printing and binding: Nikkei Printing Inc., Japan Printed on acid-free paper Preface This book is the result of an international symposium on gall-inducing arthropods, which was held September 5-9, 2005, in Kyoto, Japan. It was organized as the 4th international symposium on gall-inducing insects and as the symposium of the In­ ternational Union of Forestry Research Organizations (lUFRO) working group, 7.03.02, Gall-Inducing Insects. The book addresses recent developments in the ecology, evolution, systematics, physiology, and biodiversity of gall-inducing arthropods, with individual contri­ butions ranging in scope from detailed descriptions to profoundly synthetic stud­ ies. One underlying theme of the book is the various impacts of gall induction that indirectly affect insect communities on the host plant. The other important contri­ bution is the highly intricate and dynamic interactions between galling arthropods and their uniquely specialized host plants. Included also are chapters that discuss biodiversity and distribution patterns of gall-inducing arthropods, and biological control of invasive gall-inducing arthropods and of invasive trees. We believe that this book makes an important contribution to the knowledge of galling arthropods and their associates and to the development of robust, general principles of the ecology and evolution of these organisms. We gratefully acknowledge the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations Japan (lUFRO-J), and the 21st Century COE Programs, Kyoto University (Formation of a Strategic Base for the Multidisciplinary Study of Biodiversity, and Innovative Food and Environmental Studies Pioneered by Entomomimetic Sciences), for generous financial support. We also acknowledge the following colleagues who reviewed chapters of the book: Robert Anderson, Joseph Bailey, Randy Bangert, Daniel Burckhardt, Jonathan Brown, Tim Craig, Luc De Bruyn, Paul Dykstra, Phil Fay, Ray Gagne, Keith Harris, Moshe Inbar, Masato Ito, Kaoru Maeto, Masahiro Nakamura, Dan Quiring, Heikki Roininen, Ei'ichi Shibata, Joseph Shorthouse, Graham Stone, Ken Tabuchi, Koichi Tanaka, and Gina Wimp. Masato Ito and Ken Tabuchi took on the role of editing each chapter for consistency in style. Nami Uechi provided pictures for the cover. The editors also wish to thank all the par­ ticipants of the symposium, whose penetrating and spirited contributions helped make this scientific exchange highly worthwhile. Kenichi Ozaki Junichi Yukawa Takayuki Ohgushi Peter W. Price Sapporo, Japan, January 2006 Contents Preface V Contributors XI 1. Biodiversity and Community Structure 1. Latitudinal and Altitudinal Patterns in Species Richness and Mortality Factors of the Galling Sawflies on Salix Species in Japan Heikki Roininen, Takayuki Ohgushi, Alexei Zinovjev, Risto Virtanen, Veli Vikberg, Kotaro Matsushita, Masahiro Nakamura, Peter W. Price, and Timo O. Veteli 3 2. Species Richness of Eriophyid Mites on Finnish Trees and Shrubs Pekka Niemela, Heikki Roininen, Henri Vanhanen, and Timo O. Veteli 21 3. Diversity, Biology, and Nutritional Adaptation of Psyllids and their Galls in Taiwan Man-Miao Yang, Ling-Hsiu Liao, Mei-Fiang Lou, Wei-Chung Chen, Shih Shu Huang, Gene-Sheng Tung, Yu-Chu Weng, and Chia-Chi Shen 33 4. Trophic Shift in <5^^N and ^*^C through Galling Arthropod Communities: Estimates from Quercus turbinella and Salix exigua Christopher T. Yames and William J. Boecklen 43 5. Temporal Variation in the Structure of a Gall Wasp Assemblage along a Genetic Cline of Quercus crispula (Fagaceae) Masato Ito 55 6. Effects of Floods on the Survival and Species Component of Rhopalomyia Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Artemisia princeps (Asteraceae) Growing in a Dry Riverbed in Japan Tomoko Ganaha, Nami Uechi, Machiko Nohara, Junichi Yukawa, and Yukihiro Shimatani 67 7. Guild Structure of Gall Midges on Fagus crenata in Relation to Snow Gradient: Present Status and Prediction of Future Status as a Result of Global Warming Naoto Kamata, Shinsuke Sato, and Jiro Kodani 79 VII VIII 2. Biological Control and Galling Arthropods 8. Early Parasitoid Recruitment in Invading Cynipid Galls Karsten Schonrogge, Seiichi Moriya, George Melika, Zoe Randle, Tracey Begg, Alexandre Aebi, and Graham N. Stone 91 9. Parasitoid Recruitment to the Globally Invasive Chestnut Gall Wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Alexandre Aebi, Karsten Schonrogge, George Melika, Alberto Alma, Giovanni Bosio, Ambra Quacchia, Luca Picciau, Yoshihisa Abe, Seiichi Moriya, Kaori Yara, Gabrijel Seljak, and Graham N. Stone 103 10. Cynipid Gall Wasps in Declining Black Oak in New York: Relationships with Prior Tree History and Crown Dieback Carolyn C. Pike, Daniel J. Robison, and Lawrence P. Abrahamson 123 11. Gall-forming Cecidomyiidae from Acacias: Can New Parasitoid Assemblages be Predicted? Robin J. Adair and Ottilie C. Neser 133 12. Recent Outbreaks of the Maize Orange Leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata Inducing Gall-like Structures on Maize in Japan Masaya Matsumura, Makoto Tokuda, andNobuyuki Endo 149 3. Galling Arthropods - Plant Interactions 13. Different Oviposition Strategies in Two Closely Related Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): Aggregation versus Risk Spreading Ken Tabuchi and Hiroshi Amano 161 14. A Protective Mechanism in the Host Plant, y4i/cii^a, against Oviposition by the Fruit Gall M\dg(^^ Asphondylia aucubae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Kensuke Imai 169 15. Genetic Variation in the Timing of Larval Mortality and Plant Tissue Responses Associated with Tree Resistance against Galling Adelgids Kenichi Ozaki and Yasuaki Sakamoto 177 IX 16. Variable Effects of Plant Module Size on Abundance and Performance of Galling Insects Dan Quiring, Leah Flaherty, Rob Johns, and Andrew Morrison 189 17. Biology and Life History of the Bamboo Gall Maker, Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) Ei'ichi Shibata 199 18. Effects of Host-tree Traits on the Species Composition and Density of Galling Insects on Two Oak Species, Quercus crispula and Quercus serrata (Fagaceae) Noriyuki Ikai and Naoki Hijii 209 4. Indirect Effects of Galling Arthropods 19. Positive Indirect Effects of Biotic- and Abiotic-mediated Changes in Plant Traits on Herbivory Masahiro Nakamura 219 20. Deer Browsing on Dwarf Bamboo Affects the Interspecies Relationships among the Parasitoids Associated with a Gall Midge Akira Ueda, Teruaki Hino, and Ken Tabuchi 229 21. Influence of the Population Dynamics of a Gall-inducing Cecidomyiid and Its Parasitoids on the Abundance of a Successor, Lasioptera yadokariae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Junichi Yukawa, Shigekazu Haitsuka, Katsuhiko Miyaji, and Takahiro Kamikado 241 5. Evolution and Taxonomy 22. Evolution of Wing Pigmentation Patterns in a Tephritid Gallmaker: Divergence and Hybridization Jonathan M. Brown and Idelle Cooper 253 23. The Evolution of Gall Traits in the Fordinae (Homoptera) Moshelnbar 265 24. Life History Patterns and Host Ranges of the Genus Asphondylia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Nami Uechi and Junichi Yukawa 275 X 25. Taxonomic Status of the Genus Trichagalma (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with Description of the Bisexual Generation YoshihisaAbe 287 26. Phylogenetic Position of the Genus Wagnerinus Korotyaev (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Associated with Galls Induced by Asphondylia baca Monzen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Toshihide Kato, Hiraku Yoshitake, and Motomi Ito 297 Key Word Index 307 Contributors Yoshihisa Abe, Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Agricul­ ture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan Lawrence P. Abrahamson, State University of New York's College of Environ­ mental Science and Forestry, 241 Illick Hall, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Robin J. Adair, Department of Primary Industries, Primary Industries Research Victoria, PO Box 48, Frankston 3199, Australia Alexandre Aebi, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The Kings Buildings,
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