CAMPUS 1 OF JAN KOCHANOWSKI UNIVERSITY, CAMPUS OF KIELCE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – CREATION OF ACADEMIC PUBLIC SPACE IN KIELCE. PART 1

JANUSZ PACHOWSKI

Modern campus – problems and trends and trade supply base, but also public space. Com- mon elements are always the same: Rector’s Of [ ce, Campus location in compact center housing and Main Auditorium and multifunctional Forum. Here strict planning directives often make university library, surgery, clubs, banks or post of [ ce are often development impossible. They can constrain natu- located. Inseparable elements of campuses are also ral changes, worsen work and learning conditions indoor sport complexes and outdoor sport-recrea- and reduce competitiveness. Many historical univer- tional areas. However it is necessary to remember sities contend with these problems. If land reserve that city and university life should exist in full cor- for the development of didactic scienti [ c institution relation, to overlap and complete each other. It gives isn’t provided such institution becomes fragmented, the possibility of natural coexisting of two active decentralized and disorganized. City building den- units in the frames of different spaces. In this case sity doesn’t favor the development and building of positive social interactions and common develop- public space, thus dispersion of faculties hinders ment take place. their management and work coordination. The Finn- On the grounds of very differentiated univer- ish Technical University contended with such prob- sity programme and varied location conditions it lems. They decided to move its headquarters from is impossible to have repeatable spatial distribu- the center of Helsinki to the place called Otaniemi tion or universal model of campus. Each new sci- in Espoo (10 km from the city center). New loca- enti [ c didactic unit requires individual approach. tion was conditioned by the neighborhood of the Depending on the pro [ le of university, programme, companies dealing with modern technologies. The expected number of students as also location and university established close scienti [ c collaboration region needs, certain ideological scheme which with them. Very rich didactic administrative pro- should always have possibility of reorganization gramme was connected with living cultural recrea- or expansion is created. And for that reason land tional part creating friendly and creative conditions reserves near new-built campuses are so important. for students and teaching staff. The whole unit was Universities have to keep pace with dynamism of designed by the architect Alwaro Alto in the years changes and new needs which globalization carries. 1949–1966 (his project was chosen in the contest). Nowadays not only the fact whether an univer- Decision concerning the necessity of academic sity can ful [ ll market needs with its pro [ le but also campus building gives the possibility of anticipat- if it is able to correspond to the needs of a contem- ing many options of university development and porary student indicates university competiveness. liberalization of spatial distribution in a manner The majority of newly built campuses are elastic, which doesn’t constrict future possibilities. Prop- multifunctional, evolving units being receptive to erly located and planned campus is a very impor- technical and multimedia innovations. tant element of each university. It should be able to Creation of academic public space in the terri- meet many tasks and at the same time to ful [ ll the tory of campuses is very interesting and important needs of very active and demanding social group of problem. University campuses being city minia- students. Academic campus should contain not only tures have formed within their boundaries widely scienti [ c didactic and administrative, autonomy or available public areas. One could ask whether these hotel buildings, gastronomical, sanitary, cultural areas can be called public spaces? Sociologists and

1 Campus – lat. campus – [ eld, plain, nowadays academic University in Kielce. I will use Polish spelling – kampus in this housing development; Campus – Spelling form accepted by the paper for form’s sake.

83 planners have been making an attempt to de [ ne this conditions belongingness of a group to the place term for many years. On the grounds of its diver- through their activities. sity public space is very dif [ cult to be classi [ ed Social space has always been inside my range of and divided. When private property dominates new interests, and the type of this space which can be criterion which should be taken into consideration found in the university campuses is a special case trying to classify this question emerges. Widely for studies. According to my observations architects available public space is often de facto private especially emphasis social space arranging new property which is available on certain principles, university complexes. It is often the whole system not infrequently being temporarily constricted (i.e. of public squares with changeable functions and at night). arrangement which due to spatial and scenery con- Even though the de [ nition concluded Land Plan- nections form logical unity. People from „inside” ning and Development Act doesn’t classify public can perceive such system as a maze full of abstruse space in terms of property, nevertheless this cri- symbols and solutions though they are understanda- terion is very important. 2 The document de [ nes ble for students and teaching staff. public space as „ area of special signi [ cance for ful- The University of New South Wales – Australian [ lling inhabitant needs, improving their life quality public higher institution with headquarters in Syd- and favoring for relation establishment considering ney has very interesting solution of public space. its location and functional, space features, de [ ned It consists of eight campuses. The main campus in the study of determinants and directions of area UNSW is situated on 38-hectare slot in the bor- development of a borough”. Despite such de [ nition ough of Kensington on the east outskirts, only a few more common formulation is „half-public space” minutes away from the city center. Bar It is located which can be widely available private space as also in close neighborhood of main railway station and appropriated or „occupied” public space. other important road hub. Public spaces are com- In the sociological approach as also in legal posed in such way to form continued stretch. Along- or physical aspect the problem of public space is side it of [ cial places of general signi [ cance such as equally dif [ cult to be de [ ned mainly in view of footways or forum and smaller chamber spaces such subjective estimation of a recipient. And now we as squares in front of buildings or interdepartmen- approach the term of social space which isn’t cre- tal streets are situated . The Main Forum is created ated on the base of property or functions but on the through extension of important footway with differ- base of needs and aspirations of a certain group of entiated height level. Due to gradation the square is people using this space. Territoriality of such area very functional and interesting. Height difference is is determined on the base of certain metaphysi- advantage and the part of spatial composition, not cal aspect which is connected with individual and an obstacle to be conquered. This solution became social identity. As for me social space is com- an inspiration for my later projects where I tried mon space which can be used for free but at the to use natural land relief in the best possible way same time it is necessary to abide by certain rules. (Fig. 1, 2, 3). It is dif [ cult or sometimes even impossible to Many universities in which headquarters delimitate its boundaries because it exists in frames were primarily located in the city centers struggled of ontological order. Community which in \ uences with dilemma which was connected with the neces- uprising of this space is a dominating group and at sity of development. Area possibilities for develop- the same time its constant recipient. Campus is an ment of existing buildings or university moving to ideal sample of such space. Students and workers new spatial unlimited locations were investigated. spending many years at the university organize the Depending on both location and [ nancial conditions space around them in such a way to correspond their we can observe different models and ideas which basic and higher needs. They want to feel well and have been realized in Poland in recent decades. securely in their environment. Large responsibility The campuses in Torun and Poznan are academic lies with architects because, knowingly or unknow- complexes constructed in Polish urban planning and ingly, they in \ uence creation of social space which postwar architecture which deserve special atten-

2 Spatial Planning and Development Act on March 27 th , 2003 (Law Gazette dated May 10 th , 2003), art. 2, p. 6.

84 tion. There were several attempts to join the parts which plays an important role in the arrangement. of campus of University in Torun creating one Setting-up of the Campus of the University in Torun compact didactic scienti [ c complex like in Ameri- was one of the [ rst comprehensive solutions in can Universities. Postwar reality was a reason why Poland with a complete programme which is neces- subsequent realization dates were postponed and the sary for university functioning. 4 possibility of campus location was changed. Finally Next academic campus worth attention is Cam- the area was chosen on the northwest outskirts of pus Morasco of the University in the city. The end of the [ rst stage where all nec- Poznan. It was also situated outside the boundaries essary buildings were within the scope of it was of the center, in the north part of the city. It was appointed for 1973 It was connected with celebra- decided that numerous scattered in the downtown tions of the 500th anniversary of Nicolaus Coper- buildings belonging to the university would con- nicus’ birthday. This project was undertaken by the centrate in one academic campus which would join architects from University of Technology the majority of scienti [ c environment of all Poznan under the management of doc. Ryszard Karlowicz. universities. The idea which arose between 1960th The team consisted of: Konrad Kucza-Kuczynski and 1970th has never been completely realized and (Main Forum), Marek Rozanski (Rector’s Of [ ce the process of its development and changes still and Auditorium), Witold Benedek (library), Jozef lasts. Initial scale of multifunctional layout pre- Lucki (later he was replaced by Andrzej Jaworski, supposed planned on a grand scale campus which Chemistry Institute), Bogdan Poplawski (Faculty of would be situated on the 400-hectare slot connected Biology and Earth Sciences), Wincenty Szober (stu- with the center by quick city railway. The contest dent houses, assistant hotels, canteen) and Zenon adjudicated 1974 was won by the architects: Marian Buczkowski (surgery). The main premise elements Fikus and Jerzy Gurawski. Financial problems and were two perpendicularly criss-cross axes which variable ideas of subsequent rectors were the reason formed a backbone of the academic campus. Public why only a small number of faculties was moved and half-public spaces were located alongside them. to the territory of the campus, and the university On the basis of them all scienti [ c didactic objects authorities remained in the previous headquarters which were characterized by homogenous architec- situated in the center of Poznan. Subject of new ture and living buildings of differentiated form and faculty building appeared after Polish admission to character were planned (Fig. 4). European Union and the possibility of co- [ nance Campus programme presupposed a number of of new investments from EU funds again. Despite didactic administrative, living buildings as also multi-stage building this complex forms a compact library, hostels, canteen, gymnasiums, surgery and whole of homogenous character which is partially student club. The system of non-didactic buildings connected with the fact that most of buildings were was characterized by larger freedom of planning and designed by the architect Jerzy Gurawski who was form diversity at the same time keeping the char- a coauthor of the main conception 5 (Fig. 5, 6). acter of the whole conception. The most important The examples of modern campuses which have functions – rector’s of [ ce, library and main audito- been arising over the last decade can be: the Bial- rium – were situated at the junction of axes while ystok University Campus designed by the architect the Main Forum has the character of social space Marek Budzynski together with the team and the facing smaller chamber half-public urban interiors Campus of the 600th anniversary of Renovation of dedicated to students. 3 realized on the basis of the As the years go by \ exible layout was completed coordinating plan for the Campus III of the Jagi- and developed adding missing functions and new ellonian University together with Technology Park cultural objects. The whole of clear spatial arrange- which was designed by the Institute of Landscape ment was supplemented with footways and greenery Architecture and Computer Center of Cracow Uni-

3 M. Pszczolkowski, Campus of the Nicolaus Kopernicus Uni- 4 M. Pszczolkowski, Architecture of Uni- versity in Torun 1967–1973 ; “Quarterly of Architecture and versity, Publishing House of Nicolaus Copernicus University, Urban Planning”, 2010, 1-2, p. 39-52. 2009. 5 B. Miskiewicz, University of Poznan. Facts, Thoughts, Mem- ories , UAM Poznan 1983.

85 versity of Technology in 1998. Both layouts are Universities (academic institutions) in Kielce under construction. – history, present situation Construction of THE Cracow campus has been comprised in Long-term Programme to be realized The history of the universities in Kielce began in in 2001–2015 and it is built mainly from the funds 60th years of XX s. owing to a general economic of the government budget. Spatial arrangement of activity of the country. In 1966 the Higher Engineer the Campus III of the Jagiellonian University is School arose as a [ rst . It was transformed into the based on two vistas which at the same time become Kielce University of Technology. In 1969 on the the main axes of public spaces of the layout. The basis of the Teaching Center the Higher Teaching buildings of some faculties are situated in the built School was created. It was lately transformed into quarters. Close neighborhood of Cracow Special the Jan Kochanowski Higher Pedagogical School. Economic Zone and Technology Park makes this Initially it consisted of three faculties: Human, solution unique and innovative. Planned didactic sci- Mathematics and Natural Sciences and Pedagogi- enti [ c collaboration is an innovative idea in this part cal. In the next years new faculties, specialties and of Europe. The campus is planned in the green areas new headquarters appeared which were scattered all of west wedge in the neighborhood of Technology around the city. Actively developing School gained So this conception is based on the natural spatial the status of academy by Polish Parliament resolu- advantages and view facing areas where recreation tion. Owing to this fact it changed its name into the functions are situated. The whole layout is situated Jan Kochnanowski Swietokrzyska Academy. Next on the 130-hectare slot. Besides a didactic-scienti [ c years involved gaining of new didactic authoriza- part the programme presupposes the complex of tions by the university, enlargement and reorgani- sport-recreational and domestic buildings. Now the zation of inner structures, [ tting of the education campus struggles with [ nancial problems connected programme to EU requirements and improvement with maintenance of constructed buildings. 6 of didactic scienti [ c conditions. In 2008 efforts of The construction of the Campus in Bialystok was the Academy were appreciated and it was trans- initiated in October 2011. It considers building of formed into the University of Human and Natu- two compact building groups of homogenous char- ral Sciences (common university) and in 2011 it acter which will occupy half of the 30-hectare slot. gained the status of classical university, transform- The rest of the slot will be occupied by the park. The ing its name into Jan Kochanowski University buildings are located around public spaces – squares in Kielce. which were created at intersections of communica- Kielce is relatively young scienti [ c center with tion layout (Fig. 7). initially poor academic structure. Since the second The areas are planned to be covered with veg- half of the 20th century it has been constantly devel- etation which will provide better integration of oping. Nowadays in the city there are 12 universi- buildings with surrounding greenery. The project ties. Jan Kochanowski University is most important considers [ ve buildings. Four of them are situated among them. 1639 people (including 909 academic around the Square of Science Synthesis. The pro- teachers) work there and over 16 thousand students 8 gramme is enriched with a number of cultural and study 34 specialties at the university. The neces- recreational functions and it also presupposes con- sity of development of didactic scienti [ c supply struction of new buildings in future. Ultimately the buildings was caused by constantly growing struc- university plans to move all faculties to a new aca- tures and students’ interest in the university. Since demic campus. Now they are scattered throughout March 2009 the university joined long-term proj- the city. The [ rst stage of investment co- [ nanced ect „ Enlargement of Research Base of Specialized from the Programme of Western Poland Develop- Laboratories of Public Universities in Swietokrzyski ment is planned to be [ nished in 2015 7 (Fig. 8). Region”. Strategic element of this programme is an

6 A. Böhm, Local Spatial Development Plan of the III Cam- 7 Portal of European Funds, (http://www.funduszeeuropejskie. pus of the Jagiellonian University , “Technical Magazine” 1-A, gov.pl). Cracow University of Technology Publishing House 2008, 8 November 30.11.2012. Information taken from the website of p. 69-76. the Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, (source: www.ujk. edu.pl).

86 enlargement of the academic campus which is situ- different ground level (slope on the south side is 8% ated in a northwest part of the city on Swietokrzyska in some places ) and lack of decision concerning street. First of all the choice of new headquarters investment in the belt dividing two slots. involved the possibility of enlargement of the uni- The land on the north side of the academic cam- versity and area availability. Previous buildings pus is excluded from the building because of a large belonging to the university were located mainly land gradient (up to 12%) and greenery arrange- in compact downtown settlement which precluded ment which is an extension of Dygasinski Park. further development. Decentralization and hindered Higher up, at top of the hill the houses of the prom- university development where the reason why it inent citizens of Kielce are built. On the west side was decided to move the majority of the faculties there the complex of of [ ce buildings is located and of administrative buildings to new location. Due hotel-congress building is developed. Both of them to these operations enjoyment of didactic scienti [ c belong to Skanska (previous Exbud, nowadays proposition will be easier and less time-absorbing. It – private). Behind the Solidarnosc Avenue there the also gives the possibility of social and recreational housing estates which have been built since 1960th space development and simpli [ es interdepartmental are situated. On the west side there is undeveloped dialogue causing increased interaction, opinion and meadow- [ eld area. On the south side along the sec- innovative idea exchange between the specialists ond street – Swietokrzyska – there are service-com- from different branches (this idea lied, inter alia, merce and stock buildings (partially deserted) behind the Free University of Berlin and MIT in (Fig. 9). Boston). Near the campus of the Jan Kochanowski Uni- It should be borne in mind that economic reasons versity there is situated Kielce University of Tech- of future use also favoured territorial centralization. nology – the oldest university in Kielce. Its campus Besides better organization and work coordination is located in the 22-hectare slot which is situated time saving of students and teachers is also provided in the city center. Both universities collaborate in thereby directly translating into work productivity. the [ eld of didactics and science. Together they Taking into consideration bad technical condition gained EU funds from the Operational Programme of some departmental buildings and the necessity ‘’Innovative Economy” which were dedicated to of their repair the decision on an academic campus the building of the specialized laboratories. There building is vindicated. The university development is also the idea of creating the University Center has been subscribed by UE means. The subsidy has through amalgamation of both areas with Kielce been also provided by the Ministry of Education. Technology Park. It would arise in a deserted and It made the beginning of the whole project real- postindustrial area which is situated on the oppo- ization possible. The university gained prestige site side of Swietokrzyska street. It would give the thanks to strong lobbing of the politicians in aid of possibility of creating a number of public spaces Kielce region and creation of separate voivodeship which could be connected with historical center. there. Numerous grants for scienti [ c researches Such solution would make arrangement of an helped to build a strong teaching staff. Consistent undercapitalized and neglected part of the city pos- activities of consecutive rectors in aid of the devel- sible and [ t to European trend of re-urbanization. opment programme caused modern advanced posi- Extensive functional spatial revitalization would tion of the campus and many new activities assisting increase the value of this part of the city and raise its development. it to a rank of friendly and receptive to investment New location at the junction of Solidarnosc Ave- borough . nue (previous Lipcowy Manifest Street) and Swi- etokrzyska Street is few minute public transport Campus of the University in Kielce drive away from the center (ap. 2.5 km). The slots A and B are situated in the neighborhood of unde- Purchase of a 13 hectare-large slot in the neigh- veloped lands which are well communicated with borhood of already existing Faculty of Mathematics the whole region. They are separated with undevel- and Natural Sciences which has been functioning in oped green belt being private property. Excessive this place since 1990s sealed the decision concern- price makes it impossible for the University to buy ing the campus building at the junction of Solidar- it. Some of the most serious spatial challenges are: nosc Avenue and Swietokrzyska Street.

87 In the same year, the Studio of conditionality and Campus Development. Along the streets there some trends of spatial arrangement in Kielce city 9 has parking groups have been planned according to the been founded where the bought campus area has segments of new building. been planned for „commercial and service functions The conception of pedestrian streets is based on of higher signi [ cance” and large-size building. This the main stretch in the north-south direction which document points the necessity of connection of new has been built in accordance with the Conception public spaces with landscape terrains which are sit- of Campus Development inside the quarter. Perpen- uated on the north side of the planned buildings as dicularly to it two cross stretches have been built also keeping of natural slope. connecting east and west frontage of the quarter. Totally the university alloted a 21 hectare-large At the beginning of the south stretch with parking area of 21 ha for an academic campus. This area exits in the east part of the slot there is a square was symbolically divided into parts A and B. The in front of the Conference Center. In the parking lots are separated by undeveloped private meadow and existing building area it faces Exbud buildings. greenery belt (Fig. 10). Cross north stretch brought out through the arcade Decision concerning construction of new cam- under the east wing of designed building closes the pus of the academy on partially undeveloped land planned public spaces in the form of the square in in the east borough of Kielce has been s taken on front of the main entrance of new building. In future the basis of the urban evaluations prepared by the this stretch has a chance to become the main axis of architect Alicja Bojarowicz. This conception also the University Campus. Planning terraced footways included the area situated between already bought (stairs, chutes) natural south slope enriched with lots and those which were planned to be bought resistant dikes, bank and tree lines has been used in future. (Fig. 11). The main hall is a central element of the didactic Campus – part A (building G) 2004 – 2012 building. This is a place which concentrates social life of the university. There is one hall for all insti- Aspirations of Swietokrzyska Academy to gain tutes. Due to this solution the integration of students the university title involved the necessity of enlarge- and merging of scienti [ c and social life are possi- ment of scienti [ c, didactic and social space. These ble. From the central part communication risers in changes have been initiated in 2004 and the [ rst particular units and two changing room supporting stage of intensive development being almost com- all institutes are also accessible (Fig. 12). pletely [ nanced from UE funds is planned to be Designed buildings refer to existing Faculty of [ nished in 2013. The competition for the Campus Mathematics and Natural Sciences with height and A edited in April 2004 by the department of Union spatial arrangement being its extension. They are of Polish Architects in Kielce was won by the studio also connected with it with a corridor. Single-sto- PPiP – Project Studio Janusz Pachowski. rey pavilion inside the square is kept together with The conception of spatial arrangement has been surrounding space separated by the row of trees. worked out on the basis of instructions resulting In accordance with competition guidelines the from the Conception of development of the Swie- campus A consists of: Institute of Chemistry (east tokrzyska Academy campus. New buildings have wing), Institute of Environment Protection, Man- been planned in the form of peripheral building agement and Planning (west wing), Modern Tech- situated along regulation line. It has been created nology Center and common institutional Scienti [ c the urban quarter facing Swietokrzyska street with Research Institute. building descending in the north frontage in order Didactic building is a multifunctional complex to keep view of the hills. The Interior which arose with similar modular chemistry laboratories with between higher buildings faces the south side of backup purposed for a large quantity of users. Seg- Kielce center creating social space of the univer- mental arrangement of the object consisting of [ ve sity dedicated to recreation. External streets are led multi-storey units is planned accordingly. Each of according to the instructions of the Conception of them consists of:

9 Act No 580/2000 by City Council in Kielce dated October 26 th , 2000 together with changes.

88 – Vertical traf [ c system (staircase and lift); design with a large number of windows and the dark – Installation gap all along the height of the build- block of the [ rst \ oor where audiovisual room is ing along the corridor providing the possibility located is in contrast to sober facades of the Faculty of constant modi [ cation and maintenance of all of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (Fig. 13). risers; High-level modern complex of the Swietokrzyska – Ventilation rooms (air conditioning rooms) are Academy campus (including existing and planned on the roof and on the [ rst \ oor. buildings in the next stages) has been constructed. It There are large student laboratories in one riser corresponds the needs of the city and the region as (with fume hoods and the complete installation also academy aspirations. Architecture modularity service) and master’ laboratories in all [ ve units, makes the stage realization of the investment pos- on each \ oor. Due to this solution the number of sible. ventilation horizontal cables is maximally reduced. On the basis of the competition conception in Five buildings are “clipped” all along the length and December 2004 the building project was worked out width with one installation gap (well). in order to receive building permit. Detailed design It was agreed that on the same side of the facade was divided into two stages: the [ rst one was handed where laboratories are located other work-rooms of over in September 2005 and the second one – in June doctoral candidates are situated. On the opposite 2006. In the stage of detailed projects and during side there are researches’ rooms and seminar rooms. the construction the studio had to solve a number of Lack of functional restrictions dictated by building technical problems. The [ rst challenge proved to be arrangement also makes organizational changes of the territory dedicated to the investment as also land the institutes, different object division etc. possible relief and geological structure. Works were started in future. Didactic buildings consist of two wings with leveling of terrain and demolishing of needless joined in the middle part with storey block II and buildings. In connection with the foundation on the III. Due to this descending complex ventilation and rock it was necessary to design shallow diggings not the possibility of landscape view is achieved. The only for the foundations but also for infrastructure. rooms of the faculty authorities and faculty council Terrain slope necessitated additional landslide pro- are situated in the middle wing on the third \ oor. On tective solutions (stoops, resistant dikes and chutes) this \ oor the view of the main hall is provided from as also evaluation of [ re lane location. Its bank the mezzanine. can’t exceed 5%. Large lyceum of the Institute of Chemistry with Division of the didactic building into [ ve units mezzanine- gallery level lobby can play the role of involved concentration of installation systems, ver- the auditorium of citywide signi [ cance. Due to the tical and horizontal slots. The units had to provide equipment types installed in the buildings and the \ exible exploitation manner, laboratory independ- [ eld of their activities two special units of the com- ence, their presumptive compatibility (it took place plex, that is Scienti [ c Research Institute (common because there were some little changes in the struc- institutional) and Modern Technology Center, are ture of the Institute of Chemistry). located on the ground \ oor of the building of the Technical rooms were situated in the attic of the Institute of Chemistry with the possibility of sep- building. Engine rooms, ventilation rooms and other arate inside access. Lyceums can be used also by rooms were grouped and planned on the highest other faculties and institutes located in this building. \ oor. With so different functions which auditoria, The building is planned in monolithic reinforced laboratories and lyceums as also other structures concrete construction in a plate-columnar arrange- of planned and existing building perform it was ment. Basic building block in a diagonal arrange- devoted much attention to optimal harmony of sto- ment is 6 m long and in an elongated arrangement reys and easy accessibility of all rooms (Fig. 14). is 5,4 m and 7 m long. On the wall elevations rus- Building works of the auditoria located between ticated stucco is proposed with elements of curtain high faculty wings were divided into two stages. wall elevations and small elements with cladding Initially (July 2006 – July 2008) only the biggest from laminated boards HPL. In the wall elevation auditorium with the main hall was [ nished mak- the division into [ ve inner spatial blocks is empha- ing amalgamation of [ ve-storey buildings possible. sized. The building of Museum of the Earth will Unconstructed four auditoria on the north side were bound the square in the central part. Light modular replaced with solid wall closing the hall area (you

89 can see it on the following photos). It became an levels of the joined buildings the corridors were important retaining 5 meter-high wall (level differ- planned with several percent’ chutes. Steel construc- ence between \ ooring and ground level on the north tion was partially screened with plaster boards for side). In the second stage (April 2010 – April 2012) [ re protection reasons. The skyway was realized in the wall closing previous arrangement was disman- the second stage of the investment (Fig. 16). tled and on the north side other auditoria were built The creation of the social space had very impor- completing missing functions and the form of inner tant meaning in the designed campus. It consists of public space. the main hall joining all faculties and inner space Besides undeniable esthetic values and functional – forum scenically and functionally connected with advantages the glass roof involved the necessity of the hall. The priority was to design these two areas precise technical solutions and ful [ llment of [ re in a one-line manner so they would complete and protection requirements. Small distance from the in \ uence each other. higher buildings involved the usage of the solutions The areas which join these spaces are arcades providing [ re resistance – E130. which refer to university traditions through their Due to the use of the roo \ ights the main hall monumentality. Due to use of the transparent bulk- gained constant access to the daily light creating heads the direct view connection with the square a suitable climate in the interior and „indirect” and the city panorama is provided. The main hall light to the of [ ce rooms on the [ rst \ oor (windows – lobby – functions as a connection between the REI60). Transparency and luminance of this space inner area of the university and public spaces. It also caused highlighting of architectonic solutions and serves as transition zone and the main functional used materials. However the full effect was achieved element of the building. Its arrangement and design after the second building stage when the north audi- harmonize with the materials used in the square in toria were built on imparting a depth to the interior front of the building. Monumental form and esthet- through spatial amalgamations (corridors, balconies). ics inform about proper way of behaving intuitively Just after the [ nishing of the [ rst stage this space organizing social division. It is also information has become the main interior – social space for stu- source as a possible exhibition space and speci [ c dents and workers of the whole university (Fig. 15). public space with its typical communication. The In regard of view connections along the north facade Coffee bars, lobby, furniture and greenery divide the gallery was planned joining east and west wing and segregate the space. The materials used in the being at the same time the main lobby of the auditorium. main hall and inner zone are also chosen in a spe- Academic bar was located under the mezzanine. cial way. The \ ooring as an element in \ uencing the View over the forum and the city stretched beyond space continuity underlines their programme homo- this place. geneity. Dominating material in the entrance area is The most functional planning of the rooms in milled rock. Even though they differ with climate the building involved unsuitable location of them in conditions; temperature, rainfall quantity and sani- regard to the sides of the world. The laboratories tary exploiting requirements it was succeeded to use were on the east and west sides exposed to exces- the \ ooring with similar design and stylistics with sive sun. In order to protect against the excessive visible strip pattern. Inside the building the mixture sun exposure the system of automatic rollers and of polished, half-polished and brushed milled rock local air conditioning was used in some rooms. Pro- boards was used. Outside the terrace was made of fessors’, assistants’, and doctoral candidates’ rooms granite boards and the stairs – from individual pre- were situated on the inner side in the basement of fab elements from architectural concrete (Fig. 17). the building. External forum uses land relief in a natural man- The character of the building required choosing ner. It faces the south side of the city. The ground of appropriate [ nishing materials. Initially the pro- \ oor of the skyway joining new and existing build- ject planned chemical resistant PVC resins in the ings was designed so that this space serves not only laboratories, but in the stage of realization they were as a lane but also as a passage for delivery cars and replaced with chemical resistant PVC coverings for [ re brigade. For this reason proper parameters of the esthetic and technological reasons. passage and the chutes evening the level were used. It was necessary to keep constantly in mind the Green lawn near the fountain is at the same time the level of the existing building. In order to even the shunting time for the security and [ re brigades. The

90 passages under the skyways are important elements wing and the skyway between planned and existing of the main axis which begins on the west side with buildings; the front gantry joining both campuses (Fig. 18, 19). III stage (not realized, nevertheless there is valid The materials used inside the building are also building permit) – Museum of the Earth, Congress very important. Homogeneous coverings PVC with Center, the development elements of the whole high abrasion resistance are used in the corridors and arrangement axis, greenery. on the stairs. Stitched and acoustic coverings as also The investment has been co- [ nanced through the segmental ceilings are used in the corridor of the EFRR (European Regional Development Fund). The mezzanine, on the main stairs and in the auditoria to university has also got some funding from the Min- provide suitable acoustic conditions. They are char- istry of Science and Higher Education, other funds acterized by high solidity, esthetics and good sound have been contributed by the Jan Kochanowski Uni- absorption. Laminated plaster boards HPL are used versity 10 (Fig. 22, 23). Unconstructed part of the lay- as coverings in the corridors. Laminated door of the out – Museum, Congress Center and connected with highest class with steel door frames have been cho- them public spaces. sen as they are very [ rm and vandal resistant. The The Museum was planned so that its exhibi- part of the wings need to have noise reduction – up tion rooms would “descend” in a terrace mannaer to – 45 db (Fig. 20). towards Swietokrzyska street. On the south side the Many technical problems were connected with building would create symbolic gate to the forum technical infrastructure of the area. The problem of and underline arrangement axis. heating supply appeared in the stage of the building Unconstructed Congress Center with a hotel project. The solution which would enable to reduce planned as glamorous front building is a missing future operating costs was own heating room. element of the whole layout. The campus doesn’t Flow speed had to be reduced considering low have “the beginning” of the arrangement while the permeability of municipal net of rain water. It was square – space between the Faculty of Mathemat- achieved due to use of gravel roofs which partially ics and Natural Sciences doesn’t function. Nobody held (stopped) and reduced the water (Fig. 21). Gas knows what will happen to this project as build- supply was planned as separate connection on the ing permit for this complex will expire in the near north side of the building and the transform station future. was located in the basement on the southwest side. Translated by the Author Some of technical problems were solved during the realization of particular stages of the investment. Bibliography Building documentation presupposed building con- struction (campus part A) with usable \ oor area of A. Böhm, Local Spatial Development Plan of the III 2 Campus of the Jagiellonian University , “Technical Mag- 18000 m . It has been built ap. 15000 m². The term azine” 1-A, Cracow University of Technology Publishing of building work beginning of the other buildings House 2008, p. 69-76. hasn’t been indicated. It allows to suppose that spa- B. Miskiewicz, University of Poznan. Facts, Thoughts, tial arrangement of the whole area of the campus Memories , UAM Poznan 1983. A will not be [ nalized in the nearest future. M. Pszczolkowski, Architecture of Nicolaus Coperni- We can symbolically divide building works into cus University, Publishing House of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2009. three stages: M. Pszczolkowski, Campus of the Nicolaus Koperni- I stage (July 2006 – July 2008) – building of two cus University in Torun 1967–1973 ; “Quarterly of Archi- most important scienti [ c didactic wings with the tecture and Urban Planning”, 2010, 1-2, p. 39-52. main hall which interconnects them and the big- Spatial Planning and Development Act on March 27 th , gest auditorium (without four auditoria on the north 2003 (Law Gazette dated May 10 th , 2003), art. 2, p. 6. side); II stage (April 2010 – April 2012) – realization Janusz Pachowski, dr in b. arch.  of other auditoria on the north side, part of the east Wydzia Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej

10 Information taken from the of [ cial website of the university, 15.03.2013, (www.ujk.edu.pl).

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