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Paul the Deacon: History of the Lombards Paul the Deacon PAUL THE DEACON HISTORY OF THE LOMBARDS '1 K.ASSLyrFIl BY WILLIAM DUDLEY FOULKE, LL.D. ELlI'l'EIl liY ED\t7ARD PETERS PENN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS Philadelphia THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES Ruth Mazo Karras, Series Editor Edward Peters, Founding Editor A complete list of books in the series is available from the publisher. Originally published in 1907 by the Lniversiy of Pennsylvania Press as History of the Lnngobol-ds. Introduction and Appendix copyright 0 1974 Lniversity of Pennsylvania Press. Bibliographical Note copyright 0 zoo3 Universit). of Pennsylvania Press. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Published by Universit). of Pennsylvania Press Ph~ladelphia,Pennsylvania I 9104-401 I Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Paul, the Deacon, ca. 720-799' History of the Lombards / Paul the Deacon ; translated by W~lliamDudley Foulke ; edited, with introd. by Edward Peters. [De gestis Langobardorum. English] 329 pp. ; 20 cnl. ISBN 0-8122-1079-4 (pbk.) (Sources of ~nedievalhistory) Translation of De gestis Langobardorum. Bibliography: p. 3 I j-329. 1. Lombards-Italy-Histov-Sources. 2. Germanic peoples- Italy-History-Sources. 3. Middle Ages-Sources. 4. Italy- History-476-774-Sources. I. Title. DG~II.P413 1974 74-016829 CIP TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX:SOME SOURCES AND ANALOGUES....... 315 The Origo Gentis Langobardorum .................315 The Codex Gothanum ...........................32I An Account of the Provinces of Italy .............326 A SOTE OS THE TITLE OF THIS REPRINT EDITIOS Although the Latin title of Paul's History is the His- tnria Langobardorurrr and J\'illian~ Dudley Foullte trans- lated it as The History of tllp Larigobards, modern usage favors The History of the Lorribards, and I have used the Inore recent style. The running heads of the text, of course, retain Foullte's usage, hut this should be a minor inconven- ience. For a discussion of the question of Langobarn/Lon~- bard usage, see Thomas Hodgkin, Italy n17d Her Inzlatlers, 1'01. VI, The Lon16ard Inzlasion (Oxford, 189i), pp. 174- I75 EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES. " Waitz" indicates the edition of Pauli Historia Langobard- orum" in " hlonumenta Germaniae, Scriptores Rerum Lango- bardicarum," from which this translation is made, and unless otherwise stated, the matters referred to ail1 Ee found in connec- tion n.ith the bock and chapter (the page not being given) corre- sponding to those of this translation. 66 Abel " refers to the German translation entitled " l'aulus Diakonus und die ubrigen Geschichtschreiber der Langobarden," by Dr. Otto Abel." (Second edition revised by Cr. Reinhard Jacobi, Leipsic, 1888 ; published as Vcl. I 5 of the series " Geschichtschreiber der deutschen Vorzeit," and tl~eratters referred to, unless otherwine stated, will Ee found either in the test or notes of the book acd chapter corresponding to thcse of this translation. " Giansevero " indicates the Italian translation entitled '' Pa010 Diacono, Dei Fatti de' Langobardl," by Prcf. Uberti Giansevero (Cividale, 1899), and the matters referred to uill be found in the book and chapter correspondin: to those cf this translatic n. I' Bethmann " unless other\vise stated refers to one cf his articles, I' Paulus Diakonus Lc1:en. " " l'a~111.s Diakcnvs Schriften, " " Die Geschichtschreil~rngder Langobarden," ccntained in the t-nth volume cf the '' Archiv der Cesellschaft fi:r altere deutsche Geschichtkunde " (Hanover, I 849). "Jacobi" refers to 'I Die Quellen der Langobardengeschichte des Paulus Diacon~is. Ein Ceitrag zc-r Ceschichte deutscher His- toriographie," by Dr. R. Jacobi (Halle, 1877). '' Mommsen " to an article " Die Quellen der Langobarden- geschichte des Paulus Diaconus " L-y Th. Mommsen in volume V, EXPLANATION OF REFERENCES. p. 5 j, of the " Necez Archiv der Gesellschaft fiir iiltere deutsche Geschichtskunde " (Wanover, I 879). Hartmann " to the second volt.me of " Geschichte Italiens im Mittelalter," by Lrdo A:cl-itz Finrtmann, being the jzd work of the series " Geschichte der eiiropaischen Staaten," edited by Heeren, Vkert, (:iesebrecht and Lamprecht (Cotha, 1903). Dahn " to '' I'aulus Iliaconus," by Felix Dahn, Part I (Leip- sic, 1876). Hodgkin " to " Italy and her Invaders," by Thomas Hodg- kin (Clarendcn Press, I Sg 5). Zeuss " to Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstamme," by Kaspar Zeuss (Gottingen, 19~3). " Schmidt " to " Zur Geschichte der Langobarden," by Dr. Ludwig Schmidt (Leipsic, I 885). " Pabst " to '' Geschichte des langobardischen Herzogthums " in 5'01. 11, p. 405, " Forsch~~ngenzur deutschen Geschichte," (Gottingen, 1862.) 'I Bruckner " to '' Die Sprache der Langobarden," by XVilhelm Briickner (Quellen und Forschungen, Part 75, Strasburg, 1895). Koegel" to " Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur," by Ru- dolf Koegel, 1'01. I, I'art I (Strasburg, 1894). " \Viese " to " Die aelteste Geschichte der Langobarden," by Robert Wiese (Jena, 1877). INTRODUCTION PA4ULTHE DELICON, THE LOMBA4RDS, AND ,1 SOMETIICIE MEDIEVA1,IST FROICl INDIANA "The translation of Paul the Deacon has just come, and I hale already begun to read it. It is such a pleasure to have triends \rho do such things as you do! What a delightful old boy the Deacon \r as; and nhat an interesting mixture of fact and fable he wrote!" -Theodore Roosel elt to Willian~Dudley Foulke, 1907 The route irom the court oi Charlemagne and the monas- tery of illonte Cassino, where Paul the Deacon wrote his History of the Lor~~bar-ASlate in the eighth century, to the circle of government officials and confidants around Theo- dore Roosevelt, where Paul's History found its first English translator, is long, circuitous, oiten improbable, and remark- ably ill-lit. There are few reliable guides to the history oi the idea oi, and interest in, the lliddle Ages. Nor is there much in the may oi explanation, except his own, as to why William Dudley Foulke, lawyer, newspaper publisher, Pro- gressive Republican state legislator, Civil Service Commis- sioner, and sometime man oi letters in Indiana and Wash- ington. D.C., decided to translate Paul the Deacon's remarkable History : I had come across an attractive book written in Latin by Paul the Deacon, a Benedictine monk, during the reign of Clinrlemngne. "Thr History oi the Lnngobnrds." In liis garrulous stor!--telling he scernctl to me :I sort me die^-a1 Herotlotus. Quit? ;ip;lrt trom its vnlur as ;I source ot metlievnl history. Paul's cjunint ant1 simple narrative lins :I charm oi it> o\\-n :inti is fitted tor tlie rntrrt;~inrnentot tlie gencr:ll re;~tler ;I\ \\rll ;Ir ot thr stuclent.' Foulke'. final ticcision. ;I, tiehcribeci in hi, 1022 autobiog- raph!.. \\-;I.; 11i;ldr ;IS ;In ;~ltern;rti\eto his tirst choice, n his- tor!- of i7cnii.e. :I auhject too x;~st;[nil co~nplicntcdas Foullce sadl!. obser\-cd. I:acept to]- bonie undistinguished tl-nnsla- tions ot Pctr;~rcli'>I\ sic,, the translation ot P;rul thr Ileacon ~vaaFoul!<r'> onl! r\ci~rsio~iinto earl!- I*:uropea~lhistor!, ;inti !et he i;iilb to tint1 ;I notice in the onl! stantlnrci ac- count oi the dr\-c.lop~~lentot ~~letIic\.:ilbtudir.; in the I-nited States even though hi, tr;~n\l;ition ot I'nul the Deacon has ~relnainrdthe onl! one in T~:ngli.;h.' Knthrl- t!l:lii the aln;rteirr ot letters and hihtor! t11;lt hc ~nnl<eiIli~nselt out to be. Foulke took llii tad< \erioilal! and went for his notrs and cornrnrntar!- to tlie hc\t (;c~.~ii:~nbchola~..;Iii~, (~i the late nineteenth ccntur!. 'I'hcreiorc.. I'aul', IIisio~-~.oi tht' Lor,]- borcis :~nii hi. fir-yt l:nglisll ts;~n.;l:~tor130th (!?sene to 11r rcintl-oduced to ;I itic:~ll! compobcd ot 1,otll general ' iiulc oul 1 f I eit/~rcp/~t le\\ York, 1922), pp. 209-210. See also tllc Dirtir,r~ci~-~,of rl~ncr-iccir~ flio//r-cip/cl.,\701. SSI. Supplement One (Ye\\-Ti.ork, 1944), pp. ,314-31 5. 'The st;indn~-ti ;iccount is Hans Kudoli (;ugpishe~-g. Dnr. ~'rtr-op~iisc/~~~.lfitti.ifliti>~- ill1 c11111r~kflrz~sc/11~11(~i~.schir/itscii~rlk~n fil,.c I. I 1 ,frci/c~~0. .~~br/l/i?lf~~~rt\(Il:~sel ;inti Stuttgnrt. 1964). Srr ;IISO John Hig1l;irn. 1,eonnrti Krieger. :untl Feli\ Gilbert, rlistorl: tlic. Dc7~110p~1ci~1ito,f I-iistoricnl Stretlii~s irz [/I? L.~~iti,(/S't(1t1,~ (F:~i~le\\ 0011 Clifis, 1965 ). The Lornbard invasion of Italy in 568 followed hard upon the Ostrogothic occupation after 491, the devastating and implacable war waged by imperial armies to destroy the Ostrogcthic kingdom, and a heavy-handed and rapacious imperial peace. Burdensome exactions were collected by a series of imperial governors far enough removed from the imperial court at Constantinople to wield great power, yet sufficiently identified with imperial policy to generate bitter resentment against both the Eirlpire and themselves on the part of the population of Italy. The Lombards, the last of the migrating Germanic peoples to enter the western part of the old Roman Empire, had migrated southwards fro111 the \-alley of the lower Elbe. The!- ventured first into the lands north of the Danube and then, in the first quarter of the sixth centur!-, across the Danube into the old province of Pannonia. There, stopped by the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italj-, as well as BJ-zantine imperial strength and diplomacy in the east, and made uneasy b!- the presence of other mi- ~r:itingpeoples (the Gepids and the powerful Avars), the Lombards sta!-ed for half a century. With the collapse of the Ostrogoths, the resultant Byzantine imperial occupation, and the annihilation of the Gepids by joint Lombard-Avar forces, the I,ornbards moved southwest into Italy under their lung, Alboin. From j68, until the fall of the Lombard king- dom in Italy to the armies of Charlernagne in 774, 1.ornbxrd power expanded slowl!- and irregularlj- throughout northern Italy and into thc two great duchies of Spoleto and Bene- vento to the east and south of Korne.
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