ARCHIFACT S

Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

1988/1

ARAN Z

March 1988

LQJ Crew of the "Grafton" attempting to make a fire. From F Ε Raynal, Wrecked on a reef.

article in this issue by Ken Scadden on the Auckland Islands CONTENTS

EDITORIAL: CCAC: Help or humbug? 1

THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS, 1806-1910 : RESEARCH IN PROGRESS Ken Scadden 2

VICTORINE ROGERS : AN ESSAY FOR THE DICTIONARY OF NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY Mary Reid 15

ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR NEW ZEALAND'S MEDICAL HISTORY Frank Rogers 19

RESOURCES, INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE :

CENTRAL OTAGO, 1861-1921 Terry Hearn 25

THE SAUNDERS REPORT Brad Patterson 34

1988 ANNUAL CONFERENCE 37

ANALECTA WELLINGTON BRANCH REPORT Mark H.S. Stevens 38 New Archivist of the USA; the President and the President's men; Certification debate, USA; The enemy is us; Drake's expenses claimed; Privacy action on the horizon; Archives' rat- infested home; Archives battle to save irreplaceable film history; Increased funding to NZ Film Archive; Deeds fees jump; National Archives news; Conservation at BNZ Archives; Index to G.R. Macdonald Dictionary. 38

DICTIONARY OF NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY, 1870-C.1920: MORE WOMEN NEEDED 42

BOOK REVIEW

Ann Pederson (ed. in chief) Keeping archives (David Colquhoun) 43

MASSEY UNIVERSITY LIBRARY'S DAIRY RECORDS COLLECTION : ACCESSIONS, 1983-88 4 5 ACCESSIONS 4 6

A Architects is the official bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand Incorporated. It continues the bulletin of the same title, previously published by the Archives Committee of the New Zealand Library Association, 9 issues of which appeared between April 1974 and October 1976. The successor "new series" contained 24 issues (nos. 4 S 5, 7 S 8 were combined) with consecutive pagination from February 1977 to December 1982. From March 1983, issues of the bulletin are numbered sequentially within the year of publication, with the pagination commencing afresh with each issue. Currently, ArchifactS is published quarterly, at the end of March, June, September and December.

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Copyright for articles Sc. in ArchifactS rests with authors and the Association. Permission to reproduce should be sought, in writing, from the Editor. ISSN 0303-7940 19S8/1 March 1988 ARCfflFACTS

Bulletin of the Archives and Records Association of New Zealand

CCAC HELP OR HUMBUG9

The Cultural Conservation Advisory Council (CCAC) recently issued a "Draft policy and implementation of policy", calling for submissions by 10 June 1988 It is a matter in which individual members - as well as the Association as a whole - have a strong interest The Council defines its terms of reference as - to advise the Minister of Internal Affairs on future developments of cultural conservation requirements, - to identify, promote and set national priorities for the conservation of our material cultural property, - to decide allocations of funding made available for conservation purposes, - to identify and arrange employment and training opportunities for people to carry out conservation work, - to promote the future establishment of a New Zealand Council for the Conservation of Cultural Property These are wide-ranging terms of reference and they suggest a wide range of questions But, to narrow our focus a bit, what is there - stated or implied - on archives7 The policy document goes on, after a brief Statement of Purpose/Kaupapa, to identify eight objectives These imply inclusion of archives, for example 1 To understand the current state of the nation's material cultural property by identifying its extent and assessing its condition and assessing available resources and those required, 3 To make recommendations on new and existing legislation affecting conservation of material cultural property After the objectives comes a Statement of Policy The Council declares its intention to give funding priority to preventive rather than remedial conservation and to adopt "as its basic funding principle" the idea that primary responsibility for payment of necessary preventive (or remedial) conservation "rests with the owners or guardians of cultural property, and that a normal pre-requisite for funding will be a demonstration of an appropriate level of commitment" And inculcating this sense of commitment is-part of the Council's brief it sees an effective public information programme as essential to secure widespread public support and commitment, but "although such information needs to reach all New Zealanders, particular attention must be given to those charged with the care of our material cultural property" These words, plus the commitment to appropriate statutory provisions, look helpful to archives

The final three section of the Statement of Policy give a different impression They address the themes of Training, Provision of Conservation Services and Research The Council wants an increasing number of well-informed practitioners and associated workers, but in listing those whose training it will support and promote archivists get no specific 2

mention Similarly, the question of 'conservation services' seems to pass archives by, although the Council intends to "subsidise the cost of approved conservation projects undertaken or supervised by properly qualified conservators" It will support research into the conservation of New Zealand materials, and recognises the need for ready access to conservation literature This latter will be achieved by encouraging the National Library to establish an information service available "for all conservators and others concerned with the conservation of cultural property" Nothing here about archives, and no recognition (it seems) of the damage that can be done by well-meaning people wanting to sift, sort, and arrange even before they consider questions of the safe-housing of archives and of their repair Nothing here of a role for National Archives, even though it has the largest body of trained archivists in the country and the largest collection of information relating to the management/conservation of archives

The draft policy makes a determined effort to reach into a bicultural dimension, but this breadth of vision is lost when considering the full implications of "conservation" and "cultural materials" The risk that archives will be always relegated to a lower priority is real the proceedings of the Council's rather differently constituted predecessor are a warning of this There are two things we can do Individually, we should read and comment on the Council's draft statements they are important Secondly, we should encourage as many archives- -holding institutions as possible to participate in the 'Survey Subsidy Scheme' This (detailed in the Implementation of Policy statement) is designed to offer financial assis- tance for a survey of collections in order to prepare a five-year plan identifying priorities for conservation Subsidies will be made on a 2 1 basis Such surveys are useful to the institutions holding archives as well as extending the archives profile to the Council

Copies of the draft statements and details of the Survey Subsidy Scheme are available from David Butts, Advisory Officer (Conservation of Cultural Property), Department of Internal Affairs, Ρ 0 Box 805, Wellington (phone [04] 738-699 extn 8820)

THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS 1806-1900 RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

[This article is a revised text of part of a paper delivered to the Wellington Branch of ARANZ on 12 April 1988 It represents a brief summary of parts of my research which I have been undertaking for the last three years The pro- ject as envisaged is to write a definitive history of the Auckland Islands over a ten year period ]

INTRODUCTION

To date there is no definitive history of the Auckland Islands An Australian diplomat, John Cumpston, inspired by the work of Robert McNab, began to research a history of the sub-antarctic islands The wealth of material, however, forced him to confine his work to the history of Macquarie Island To some extent, this research was inspired by Cumpston's work, to return to the documentary sources and do a definitive history as I found some of the early works were inadequate and in some cases inaccurate This article will attempt to encompass a potted history, the-historiography to date and my own research Because the research is at an early stage this article will be of neces- sity heavy on narrative and light on analysis

Since the Auckland Islands can still only be visited by ship, the foundation of any comprehensive history is to document the visits of every vessel known to have visited the islands between 1806 and now This article will cover the period up to 1900 So far material has been gathered in rather a magpie fashion, any material relating to the Auckland Islands human history has been researched or at least noted, as potential puzzle pieces So far I have done research in several New Zealand institutions, as well as in Australia and England I have compiled a number of databases on individuals connected to the Auckland Islands, including the Ngati Mutunga, the Enderby Settlers, and the shipwreck survivors Research to date has tended to focus on documentary sources with some research by correspondence and the obvious secondary sources So far oral history recording has been limited, however, the deaths of several individuals with 3

THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS, SHOWING SHIPWRECKS

"Derry Castle" Ë 1887

ENDERBY ISLAND 4 a rich knowledge of the Auckland Islands has made me question my whole research strategy - that is a possible reorientation towards documenting the experiences of some of the prominent Auckland Islands visitors, before returning to documentary material at a later date

The Auckland Islands lie 465 km south west of Stewart Island They lie from 50° 30' to 50° 60' South, on a similar latitude in the northern hemisphere to Plymouth, England or Koblenz, Germany There are two large islands of unequal size, Auckland and Adams, and a number of small ones, of which, historically Disappointment, Enderby, Rose and Ewmg islands are the most important The group is about 53 km long and 25 km wide - with Auckland Island occupying 51,000 ha, Adams Island 10,117 ha, and Enderby Island 688 ha

ORIGINAL INHABITANTS AND DISCOVERY

The sub-antarctic is one of the world's great breeding grounds of marine birds - every year albatross, petrels, fulmars, shearwaters, prions,^skuas, shags, ducks and penguins nest on the sub-antarctic islands in their millions Several species of sea- lions, fur seals, and elephant seals either breed on or visit the islands annually

Of all the sub-antarctic islands, the Aucklands have the most varied bird and insect life - birds including kakariki, tuis, bell birds, silvereyes, chaffinches, goldfinches, starlmgs and sparrows can be found there Over the years animals, including cats, dogs, rats, cattle, sheep, rabbits, goats and pigs have been introduced there, and the rats, cattle, rabbits, goats and pigs have all survived on various parts of the islands

The discovery of the Auckland Islands, was part of a pattern of discovery which began with the expansion of the whale fishery, into the Pacific It is significant that the first whaleship to enter the Pacific, the "Emelia" in 1789, belonged to the House of Enderby - a name which played a major role in the early history of the Auckland Islands

The breaking of the monopoly of the Honourable East Indian Company cannot be cover- ed here but it led to discovery by Europeans of a number of islands including Bounty (1788) (by Captain Bligh), Chathams (1791), Snares (1791), Antipodes (1800), Aucklands (1806), Campbell and Macquarie (1810) Of these only the Chathams had a permanent human population In 1806, the whaler "Ocean", on a voyage from Australia to Britain under Captain Bristow, discovered the islands, which Bristow named 'Lord Aucklands Groupe' after a friend through his father Bristow returned in another Enderby vessel in 1807, the "Sarah" and took possession for Britain

MAORI OCCUPATION OF THE AUCKLAND ISLANDS (1843-1856)

Although there is no known pre-European occupation of the Auckland Islands, there was a major attempt by Maori people to colonise the islands between 1843 and 1846 In 1835 a group of Ngati Mutunga and the relatives Ngati Tama migrated to the Chatham Islands from Wellington While living around Wellington these people (formerly from Taranaki) felt pressure from Ngati Toa in the west and Ngati Kahungungu in the east, hence the migration to the Chathams Shortage of land at the Chathams and possibly fear of revenge for their part in the taking of the French whaler "Jean Bart" in 1838, led a group of Ngati Mutunga (a hapu of Te Ati Awa) about 40 in number, together with about 25 Morion slaves travelled to Maungahuka, as they called the Auckland Islands, this name literally means 'mountain of sugar' (or Snow Mountain) Rhys Richards con- siders this a post European invention and I tend to agree They travelled in the brig "Hannah" which they chartered for the price of 150 pigs The "Hannah" was pirated on a voyaae from Wellington to the Chathams by a passenger called Ellis, who, after killing themate, took the brig to the Auckland Islands and later sailed to Mercury Bay where Ellis was captured, tried for piracy and was sentenced to transportation to Norfolk Island

The climate had a marked effect on the Maori diet - Rhys Richards discovered an oral tradition in the Chathams about the size of the potatoes grown at the islands which grew no bigger than a golf ball Protein roamed the islands in the form of pigs and later sheep and cattle Kuku and Taore (types of mussels) flourished on the rocks but of the two main types of fish only one could be eaten because of infestation of their flesh by worms Other types of food included seals, seabirds (and their eggs) and plant material Flax was introduced from New Zealand to supplement a local variety of flax 5

The Maori built a pa on a bluff overlooking Port Ross and cultivated some land on Auckland Island and on Enderby Island Over a period of time internal fighting led to a splitting of the group - each group had its own pa and small groups were eventually scattered over the islands, including some living on Enderby Island under Matioro Late in 1849 the Enderby Settlers arrived - which was a surprise for both parties Many Maoris found employment as boatmen, gardeners and labourers for the settlers at Hardwicke The fact that the Maori were armed caused some tension among the Enderby settlers, especially as the firearms carried came from the "Jean Bart" Both Maori chiefs Matioro and Ngatere were made special constables and did a splendid job at the Enderby settlement in keeping the peace, although their main problems seem to have been stray dogs, drunkenness and fraternisation between sailors and the Maori women

The prime sources for information to date have been an article by Shand in the Journal of the Polynesian Society 1893, Malone (1854) and two manuscript letters in Grey Collection, written from the islands by Ngatere and Matioro, an accompanying waiata was published in Grey's Ko Nga Moteatea Me Nga Hakirara o Nga Maori These letters written in 1852 ask that they not be left on the islands and that Grey visit them occasionally Malone states in his book that the Maori asked to be taken off at the time of the breakup of the Enderby Settlement but were refused, and Buddy Mikaere in an article in TU Tangata in 1986, states that Governor Grey ordered that the Maori be provided with a boat and some sheep and that with these meagre resources the Maori were abandoned in the nearest human settlement to the South Pole

As well as picking up evidence that there were Owa Indians living in Tierra Del Fuego in 1852, my research has uncovered more details regarding the Maori occupation A letter signed by the Maori Chief Matioro in April 1852 specifically declines the offer of the Special Commissioners of the Southern Whale Fishery Company to take them back to New Zealand

Grey certainly ordered the Special Commissioners to provide the Maori with six sheep and a whaleboat J H Bethune, a Wellington merchant who visited the Islands in 1852 reported the sheep were in excellent condition and doing remarkably He lamented that the Maori knew nothing of sheep management and had neglected to shear them, but in spite of that, they had bred and there were strong and healthy newborn lambs, running with their mothers There were also two pakeha left on the islands when the Enderby Settlers departed who had 'allied themselves to Maori women and were prepared to trust to their own resources' These two men were left a supply of stores both for themselves and the Maori Both the Commissioners and Grey undertook to have a ship call in twelve months

I have discovered three more Maori letters written at the end of 1852, one each from the chiefs Matioro and Ngatere and another from Hakaua, which ask that they be removed to New Zealand Two of the letters have short waiata which to my knowledge have never been translated It is interesting that they head their letters "AkaranaAirane' a transliteration of Auckland Islands, not Maungahuka Shand stated that Matioro went to Stewart Island in 1852 but the letter I found places him still on the Aucklands in 1853 and it seems he probably travelled to Stewart Island in 1854 In March 1856, some Chatham Island Maori chartered the brig "Lalla Rookh" for 100 tons of potatoes The Auckland Island Maori bowed to the relatives'wishes and admitted defeat to the inhospi- table climate - they exhumed the bones of their dead and returned to the Chathams - most eventually returning to Taranaki in 1868

ENDERBY SETTLEMENT

In August 1849, three ships - the "Samuel Enderby", "Brisk" and "Fancy" left Ply- mouth bound for the Auckland Islands where they arrived in December 1849 The ships carried Lieutenant Governor Enderby who held a lease of the Auckland Islands from the British Government Their intention was to provide a base for whaling operations in the sub-antarctic On board also were a number of settlers with a variety of trades and professions, as well as building materials and livestock

The settlement of Hardwicke at Erebus Cove, Port Ross, was begun - buildings and roads were constructed and gardens established Due largely to the harsh climate and poor returns, the first settlers already began to leave in May 1850 But Enderby pressed on - two magistrates and a number of police were appointed, a Government House, barracks for single men, at least 18 houses, as well as a battery of 4 guns and a jail were erected Enderby purchased a cutter^ the "Auckland", and later a schooner, the 6

Letter from Matioro Metetere, Tihema [December] 22, 1852 CS 1, 53/1119 (National Archives, Wellington) This file includes a transcript and translation by Kemp, both of which are wrongly dated as December 1853^ this letter and two others were brought back by Bethune and forwarded to Governor Grey by the Southern Whale Fishery Company in March 1853

jfesT y» SÍ>e-e^, ftjjt, ΊΑ/' X^^I ¡*W^iW<

t

t

Friend Governor Grey Greeting My respect for you is great Friend we have been entertained at a dinner at the instance of Bethune & Hunter This European is a good man I will do my best to assist this man he is a good European Friend Governor, greeting, our respect for you is great There were three persons present at the dinner, viz Matioro, Ngatere, Tupana, and two women, IVgatiau, Ko Pae This custom even exceeded what we were accustomed to bestow upon our own Relatives Native Song Friend Governor Grey Come over and pay us a visit and be enabled to bring us a vessel 7

"Black Dog", for communication with New Zealand During its brief existence Hardwicke was visited by Governor George Grey, and the artists Brees and Barraud (both of whom left views of the Islands) Bishop Selwyn who described the Auckland Islands as the 'principality of Enderby - the Antarctic Prince of wales' attempted to visit the islands but was driven back by the weather

The amount of money spent to establish the colony, coupled with poor returns, led to the appointment of two special commissioners by the Southern Whale Fishery Company in 1851 Enderby left the islands in disgrace in April 1852 and it was decided that the settlement would be broken up

At this time the population of Hardwicke was 300 although many were sailors from visiting ships and 47 were Maori and Morion The final abandonment came in August 1852 although two pakeha and the Ngati Mutunga remained The short-lived existence of the Enderby Settlement of the Auckland Islands - (a mere 32 months) justifies a book in itself I have discovered scattered records of the Enderby family, the Southern Whale Fishery Company and companies which provided the Settlement with provisions Furthermore I have leads on several diaries I believe exist which I hope will shed light on the lives of individuals and may provide some insight into why the colony failed I am interested in the dynamics of colonisation, in particular - - How the Enderbys and their supporters pursuaded the British Government to grant them a lease - Why they chose the Auckland Islands - The propaganda generated which enticed settlers to such a harsh clime - The expectations of the settlers and the relative mix of variables that lead to the Settlement's collapse Some of these include - - The location, climate and topography of the islands - The shortage of whales resulting in poor returns - The lack of visiting whaleships - The personality and ego of Charles Enderby - The relationship of Enderby with the other Australasian Governors - The extent to which allegations of corruption and mismanagement were motivated by political considerations and the lure of the Victorian Goldfields for the settlers There may be some possibilities of comparing and contrasting the attempted colonisation of the Auckland Islands with other short-lived colonies around the world

RELUCTANT EXILES

Despite whatever else can be said of them (with the possible exception of the Morion slaves) all the pre-1860 inhabitants of the Auckland Islands went to the group of their own accord It was through shipwrecks that I first became interested in the Auckland Islands and I became intrigued by the incredible privations of the survivors of these wrecks I became interested in the mechanics of survival What were the key elements of survival for people cast away in such inhospitable climes7 Obviously food, shelter, clothing - but what of less tangible variables? - decision-making? social order? beliefs in the chance of being rescued? religious beliefs? etc 8

Space does not permit a detailed examination of these issues, but they are worthy of further explanation Eventually I hope to do work on all the sub-antarctic wrecks of which there are dozens I shall briefly examine two of the wrecks

THE "GRAFTON" (1864)

A belief in the existence of argentiferous tin, in the sub-antarctic led the Sydney firm of Sarpy and Musgrave to fit out a ship for a voyage to Campbell and Auckland Islands, the trip to be supplemented by sealing if no tin was found Wrecked in Carnley Harbour on 3 January 1864, the Grafton's crew of five had a relatively luxurious sojourn on the islands - although at times there were food shortages and they stayed there the longest time of any castaways A hut was constructed which had a table, a library of three books and even a looking glass The hut was called 'Epigwiatt' from the North American Indian meaning 'near the great waters'

Sealskins were tanned to make clothing and shoes and they also made their own soap Alcohol was manufactured using the barrel of a gun for a still Pastimes

m

Discovery of a dead body (probably one of the crew of the "Invercauld") at the site of Hardwicke, by the crew of the "Flying Scud" and Captain Musgrave Of the "Grafton" From F Ε Raynal, Wrecked on a reef 9

included solitaire, chess, dominoes and cards from equipment they made themselves They even had a pet kakariki which they taught to talk Raynal the Frenchman gave French lessons and of the seamen, one was taught to read and write and the other was taught mathematics

Despite this apparent luxury they suffered terribly from the cold, lack of green vegetables, various types of illness and mental anguish at the thought of never being rescued The "Grafton's" crewhad an agreement with their relations back in Sydney that if they had not returned within 3-4 months - an approach would be made to the New South Wales Government to seek rescue This approach was made by Sarpy and Musgrave but bureaucratic buck-passing and shortage of resources by the Royal Navy Australian Station meant that a ship was never sent After some months, when it was obvious help would not arrive, it was decided to make an attempt to reach New Zealand About Christmas 1864, it was decided to rebuild the "Grafton"'s boat A forge was constructed and tools manu- factured The boat was rebuilt including iron, woodwork, sails and rigging The boat was launched on 12 July and with three men sailed to Stewart Island One of the great open boat sea voyages of all time Musgrave volunteered to return to the islands, which he did with Captain Cross in the 16 ton fishing boat "Flying Scud" where they rescued the other two men They searched the island, and at Port Ross found a body in a hut in the old Enderby Settlement, who was probably a member of the crew of the "Invercauld" Beside the body was a small heap of limpet shells, and a couple of bottles of water

Both Musgrave and Raynal kept journals,of their time in the islands (Musgrave's being written in seal blood) which were later edited and published Raynal returned to France and Musgrave became a lighthouse keeper at Cape Ottway in Victoria For the next 30 years, Musgrave wrote letters to the Governments of the Australian Colonies, and to newspapers on matters relating to the Auckland Islands As a result of the "Grafton" wreck the Victoria Government sent the "Victoria" and the Southland Provincial Government the "Southland" to the Islands Provision depots were established and domestic animals released, for the use of shipwrecked mariners

THE "DERRY CASTLE" (1887)

All the remaining Auckland Island wrecks have had one thing in common, all the vessels were following the Great Circle route when they struck the Auckland Islands Leaving Australia the ships ran their easting to the south of New Zealand into the Southern Ocean to catch the prevailing westerlies on their way to the Horn The Great Circle route was used by ships from the mid-nineteenth century until early this century when the Panama Canal route made it no longer viable The "Derry Castle" left Geelong bound for Falmouth on 11 March 1887 with 2,000 tons of wheat, and a crew of 22 On 20 March she hit the northern side of Enderby Island - the most likely reason being that the charts she carried showed the Auckland Islands south of their true position Seven seamen and one passenger survived - all were inadequately clothed - none had boots - they were depressed at the sight of the bodies of several of their shipmates being washed up - with their eyeballs picked out and half their faces eaten bv skuas They stripped the bodies for their clothes and retrieved a knife from one Unlike the "Grafton" men, the only food retrieved from the wreck were two tins of sardines and three bruised pumpkins One of them killed a shag with a stone which they ate raw but only the two Swedes could stomach the raw seal meat which they tried to eat As with the "General Grant" survivors there was talk of drawing lots as to which one of them should be killed and eaten first There was a provision depot on Enderby Island but sealers had been there and eaten all the provisions except for a bottle of salt Some wheat was washed ashore and for the first ten days they subsisted on raw wheat, raw mussels and raw seal blubber But on the tenth day the passenger McGhie found a revolver cartridge in his pocket which they used to start a fire from then on their lives were easier, they never let the fire go out - constantly feeding it like some insatiable pet

The men varied their diet of seal, wheat, and nettles with the odd rabbit which they stole off the skuas, and fish Eventually they all began to smell like seals, 10

because of their diet After some months they found an axe and a tomahawk which they used to make a punt - two men then paddled to Auckland Island to the depot at Port Ross All the men were ferried to the main island where they found food and clothing and decent shelter One night they heard an anchor drop and raced outside to see the "Awarua" at the Auckland Islands on an illegal sealing expedition The survivors helped the crew of the "Awarua" gather a cargo of sealskins before they were taken off They were taken to Melbourne where they were treated generously by the Shipwreck Relief Society The Victoria Government gave the crew of the "Awarua" £350 for the rescue - although Drew, the Master, was later fined £50 by the New Zealand Government for illegal sealing and imprisoned for non-payment of the fine Joseph Hatch, an Invercargill merchant who financed the trip, lost his seat as Member for Invercargill as a result

I have discovered a letter by the passenger McGhie to Thomas Musgrave of "Grafton" fame in which he makes some very serious allegations - Drew told McGhie that had he known they were there he would not have gone to the Auckland Islands - Drew virtually forced the survivors to work so that he could get his cargo and leave earlier - Drew carried duplicate instructions from Hatch (his employer) to show to the Captain of the Government Steamer in case they were caught at Auckland Island - Drew suggested that William Larnach was a major financial backer of this illegal sealing venture - Drew admitted it was the sealers who robbed the castaway depots of provisions - On the morning of the wreck McGhie urged the sailors to look for other survivors and all but one refused - when they found the Captain's body the pockets were turned out and empty and the ring had been removed from his finger - Possessions were stolen from several of the sailors and food from the depot was cached away for use by others The only people McGhie has a good word for are the Maori crew of the "Awarua" - of them he wrote - 'We experienced nothing but the greatest kindness from the Maoris and were it ever to be my lot to be cast away again - I cannot desire better than to be rescued by them' McGhie also states that one of the greatest cravings of the survivors was for tobacco "When we found tea at Port Ross, the men smoked the used-up leaves, and when later, the Maoris of the sealer Awarua, our rescuers, came to us in their boat, our men with pipes in their hands cried out for tobacco before the boat's keel touched the same The Maoris with true sailor generosity, held up plugs of tobacco in their hands and as an onlooker and a non-smoker, I did not know which were the most delighted, the white men pulling hard at their cutties, or the Maoris enjoying the relish_with which they emitted the thick clouds of smoke

Certainly the Maoris laughed the most and showed the whitest teeth for in the matter of showing ivories and laughing the Maori far and away beats the Negro"

As a result of the shipwrecks which occurred from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, the New Zealand Government instituted a programme of regular visits by Government steamers to build and maintain provision depots for shipwrecked mariners This programme began m 1880 and continued until 1927 with regular visits by the "Hinemoa", "Tutanekai", "Stella", "Amokura" and "Kekeno" This chapter of Auckland Islands' history has never been fully reseached 11

FUTILE ATTEMPTS AT FARMING

In 1874, Dr Francis Monckton received a lease from the New Zealand Government under the terms of which he would maintain a supply of provisions for shipwrecked mariners in return for an annual subsidy of £200 and the use of the Islands for farming The accepted story on this matter has been based on McLaren's thesis Nelson and his wife were sent to the Islands, in May 1874 a second ship set out with a cargo of cattle which, because of bad weather were landed at Stewart Island, where they escaped into the bush, after this the scheme was abandoned

It was surprising therefore to find a report by the Captain of a British warship which visited the Islands in June 1876 - which alleged that Dr Monckton had broken every one of the 21 articles of agreement with the New Zealand Government Specifically he alleged that - the proposed depots had not been built and existing ones had been allowed to fall to pieces - the only habitable house on the Islands was not up to standard - Depots had been broken into and their contents consumed - Nelson and his wife were down to their last baking of flour and were subsisting on seals' flesh and that as the schooner had not visited for five months they had been 'left to take their chance' - Monckton had not paid the Nelsons their wages as per the agreement As a result of this report consideration was given by the New Zealand Government to cancelling Monckton's lease (of which National Archives has two copies) After a question was asked in the House of Representatives it is unclear what happened to Monckton's lease, although the answer lies in documents held by the Depart- ment of Survey and Land Information not yet examined The Alexander Turnbull Library holds some of Monckton's papers including the draft of a report to the Secretary of Crown Lands in which he refutes all of Nelson's charges, accusing him of lying to Captain Suttie of HMS "Nymphe" Monckton denied a "heartbreaking desertion" of the Nelsons - he stated that he paid wages properly and that there were adequate supplies of stores, which Nelson and his wife squandered Monckton stated that Nelson - did not cut proper tracks around the island as per his contract - did not take proper care of the sheep in his charge - broke into the castaway depots and stole the contents - sold sealskins which were Moncton's property to passing ships

- refused to obey the orders of the new manager appointed in November 1876 - allowed unauthorised access to the castaway depot on Enderby Island which was burned down After nearly ZH. years on the Islands the Nelsons returned to New Zealand in 1877 I have yet to discover the final outcome of the dispute but it appears that the lease was either forfeited or Monckton just gave up Two more attempts to farm the Auckland Islands - one by W J Mollett on Enderby Island in 1895 and the other by George Fleming over the whole group in 1900, both failed and have yet to be fully researched 12

CLAIM ON ENDERBY ISLAND

A rather bizarre postscript to the Enderby saga began in 1898 when the New Zealand Colonial Secretary's office received a letter addressed to the British Consul, New Zealand, from a Mrs Thomas J Robinson (nee Louisa Enderby), care of the Typographical Union, Chambers St , New York City, in which she claimed to be (and no doubt was) a mece of Charles Enderby and that she understood that Charles Enderby (for an act of bravery1) had been given a grant of land to him and his heirs forever (i e the Auckland Islands) She claimed to be the last of the race and was sure that if the Queen knew that an heir existed she would want her to have the land, and gave some family history in support of her claim

The Colonial Secretary's office did some research and of course found that the British Government had leased the Islands to Enderby, and had reclaimed the Islands for the Crown in 1869 on the grounds that Enderby had not paid the rent A British Act of Parliament in 1863 had extended the boundaries of New Zealand to include the Auckland Islands So New Zealand had inherited the problem The reply sent by the Colonial Secretary's office to Mrs Robinson stated that there was no record of any grant to Enderby Mrs Robinson responded at once there must be a record in the 'Royal Gazette' - she asked how it came to get the name 'Enderby' and continued, 'New Zealand is not quite up to date - there must surely be a large public library in the principal cities7' She concluded that, 'Although I am now an adopted daughter of America I love no place but my dear old England and Queen Victoria with all my English heart and soul and always shall - Long Live the Queen' She even enclosed a photograph (taken five years earlier) as proof - she had trimmed it to make it smaller and so she finished, 'It seems I have cut off my own head' Of course the Colonial Secretary's office again played bureau- crats - instead of outlining what they knew of Charles Enderby they fudged by saying New Zealand was not founded till 1840 so that a grant of land could not have been made to Enderby before that date etc That ended the matter

CONCLUSION

Because of the richness and diversity of the human history of the Auckland Islands, this article represents a rough sketch of a small part of a very large canvas The work will eventually cover the history of the Islands to date including the twentieth century scientific expeditions and the coastwatching survey parties of World War II (called the Cape Expedition) Obviously humans have had a major impact on the Auckland Islands (an architect who visited the Islands in recent years commented that everything man does in such a fragile eco-system creates instant history) the reverse is also true From the time of the visit of the American and French expeditions of 1840, the sub-antarctic islands have provided fertile ground for scientific endeavour Numerous expeditions (including many of the early antarctic ones) have visited the Auckland Islands for varying periods of time Whilst numerous scientific papers have resulted there has never been a systematic study of the activities of these expeditions Apart from the work of the late John Cumpston there has been no attempt to fully document the exploitation of the sub-antarctic islands in the late nineteenth century, particularly by several Invercargill merchants, which resulted in the slaughter of thousands of seals, sea elephants and penguins

The islands are now gazetted as reserves for flora and fauna and it is to be hoped that this reserve status will protect them from further exploitation and modification by man

The Islands seem to leave an indelible impression on all who go there A number of survivors of shipwrecks returned or attempted to return to the Islands for various reasons Several Auckland Islands 'personalities' maintained a lifelong interest in the Islands, writing books, corresponding with each other and writing letters to the govern- ments of the Australian colonies and the newspapers on matters relating to the Auckland Islands The personal lives (particularly of the shipwreck survivors) were also deeply affected James Teer of "General Grant" spent the rest of his life in relative isolation in South Westland, the Jewells (also of the "General Grant") worked for the railways in 13

the remote Australian bush and Thomas Musgrave of the "Grafton" became a lighthouse keeper Although they lie far to the south of New Zealand and are remote to the lives of most New Zealanders, the Auckland Islands have an undeniable fascination By studying man's interaction with these Islands it is hoped we can learn not only about the impact which man can have on such a fragile environment, (which obviously has lessons which can be applied elsewhere - notably the proposed exploitation of resources further south in Antarctica) but also by studying people's reaction to each other in such a harsh and unforgiving environment, we can perhaps learn something about ourselves

Ken Scadden National Archives Wellington * * * *

APPENDIX I CHRONOLOGY OF AUCKLAND ISLANDS HUMAN HISTORY

1806 - Discovered by Captain Bristow in "Ocean" 1807 - Revisited by Bristow in "Sarah" 1807-30 - First Sealing period 1830 - Morrel visits in "Antarctic" 1833 - First recorded shipwreck - not identified - no survivors c 1835 - Whaling revived 1840 - Visit of Lt Charles Willes US Exploring Expedition in the "Porpoise" Visit by Dumont, D'Urville in "Astrolabe" and "Zelee" 1841 - "Erebus" and "Terror" under Captain James Clark Ross 1843 - Occupation by Ngati Mutunga 1849 - Enderby Settlers arrived 1852 - Harwicke abandoned 1856 - Ngati Mutunga abandon Auckland Islands and return to Chathams 1863 - New Zealand's boundaries extended to cover Auckland Islands by a British Act of Parliament 1864 - Wreck of the "Grafton" - Wreck of the "Invercauld" 1866 - Wreck of the "General Grant" 1869 - HMS "Blanche" reclaims the Islands for the Crown 1870 - Six men from "Daphne" lost while looking for gold of "General Grant" 1864 - German Transit of Venus Expedition 1879 - Seven sealers lost at Auckland Islands 1880 - Regular visits to castaway provision depots by Government Steamers begin Vessels "Hmemoa", "Tutanekai", "Stella", "Kekeno", "Amokura" 1887 - Wreck of the "Derry Castle" 1891 - Wreck of the "Compadre" 1900 - British Antarctic Expedition visit on "Southern Cross" (Borchgrevink) 1904 - National Antarctic Expedition - (Scott) 1905 - Wreck of the "Anjou" 1907 - Wreck of the "Dundonald" - Visit by Philosophical Institute of Canterbury 14

1912 - Australasian Antarctic Expedition (Mawson) 1927 - Last voyage to service castaway provision depots by "Hinemoa" 1939 - Visit by "Erlangen" 1941-45 - Cape Expedition 1972-73 - Auckland Islands Expedition - Department of Lands & Survey

APPENDIX II AUCKLAND ISLANDS SHIPWRECKS

SURVIVED SURVIVED TOTAL CREW/PASSENGERS WRECKED RESCUED WRECK ISLANDS TIME

Unknown •> 1833' (Rifleman7) 22/8/65 Grafton 5/0 3/1/64 Cown efforts/ 20 mths Flying Scud;

Minerva ? 10/5/64 25/3/65 4 10 mths of Leith? 20/5/65 Invercauld 25/0 10/5/64 19 3 12 mths (Julian) General 25/58 14/5/66 21/11/67 15 10 18 mths Grant (Amherst) Derry 19/7/87 22/1 20/3/87 8 8 4 mths Castle (Awarua) 30/6/91 Compadre 17/0 19/3/91 17 16 3 mths (Janet Ramsay) Sally ' 1896 ? ? ? Unknown (Marie Alice/or 1895 Stoneleigh7) 21/0 5/2/05 7/5/05 21 21 3 mths Anjou (Hinemoa) 28/0 7/3/07 16/11/07 16 15 9 mths Dundonald (Hinemoa)

MISSING SHIPS SHIPS LOST IN THE VICINITY OF A I

Loch Maree (1881) Bluejacket (1869) Loch Fyne ? Kakanui (1891) J Ε H (1865) North American ? Matoaka (1870) Jack Frost (1864) 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Secondary sources

F McLaren "The Auckland Islands", MA thesis (1936), The Auckland Islands their eventful story (1948) A W Eden Islands of despair (1955) C Fraser Beyond the Roaring Forties (1986) Τ Musgrave Castaway on the Auckland Isles (1866) F Ε Raynal Wrecked on a reef (1874) H EscOtt Inman Castaways of Disappointment Island (1911) A Shand 'The occupation of the Chatham Islands', journal of the Polynesian Society, vol II (1893) Β Mikaere 'Maungahuka - the nearest Maori settlement to the South Pole', Tu Tangata, 31 & 32 (1986) Ρ Dingwall 'Castaway on the Auckland Islands/The changing image of the Auckland Islands', reported from Landscape, 1980/81 R Richards Whaling and sealing at the Chatham Islands (1982)

Primary Sources

F Monckton Ms 429, Folder 6 Alexander TurnbuU Library Records of the Civil Secretary, of the Governor, of the Colonial Secretary, and Of the Marine Department National Archives, Wellington

***********

VICTORINE ROGERS : AN ESSAY FOR THE DICTIONARY OF NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY

The researcher who completed the Information sheet for Victorine Goddard/Palmer née Rogers wrote with more research Victorine Rogers would be a valuable example of a colonial woman her biography contributes to a history of the social issues that women faced in colonial times As later experiences were to show, the operative term was with more research As I was drawn into research on Victorine and her family I confronted major diffi- culties The first problem arose in trying to determine Victonne's life data Her obituary stated that she was the daughter of William According to Petticoat Pioneers by Miriam MacGregor, Victorine was the only child of John and Mary However, in 1843, the New Zealand Company recorded the arrival of John and Mary and their family of eight children The records at St Mary's Church, New Plymouth notes the baptism of three additional children, one of whom was Victorine Armed with names and ages of the English born children and those born in New Zealand I finally reached the conclusion that Victorine was the tenth child of John and Mary Victonne's childhood experience was not untypical of early New Zealand in some respects As for many children of the era, death was no stranger During her child- hood, a sister died at birth and both an older sister and her father died of tubercu- losis At the time of her father's death in 1853, she was eight years old Twelve months later, almost to the-day, Victorine witnessed her mother's death when Mary Rogers became the first known murder victim in colonial New Plymouth It was this tragedy which reshaped Victonne's life and set her apart from other women of the era 16

One would assume that the first murder in the settlement would have caused a few ripples within society and would therefore have assisted my research But apart from the official court records, little was noted of the event The more obvious sources brought surprising results John Newland, the first New Plymouth policeman, kept a diary in which many local events were recorded He made no reference at all to the first murder Dr Peter Wilson, Colonial Surgeon at New Plymouth made no mention of the affair in any report or correspondence The archive at the Taranaki Museum holds numerous letters and diaries describing local events in great detail None contained an account of the murder The Taranaki Herald had been in print for two years and its format was complete with 'gossip section' Other than theofficial report of the hearing, there was no mention of the incident There was no death notice for Mary Rogers, no report of the funeral and no cry of alarm or signs of sympathy for the plight of the younger children orphaned so tragically Ben Wells, author of The History of Taranaki (1879) describes the murder in two sentences

Discomforted by the apparent lack of information on the Rogers family, I turned my attention to the murderer The connection was gratifyingly easy to establish An ex- Imperial soldier, Joseph Cassidy, had been boarding with the Rogers family for some years After John's death, Mary purchased land at Omata, just outside New Plymouth Cassidy moved to the new house with Mary and her children It is quite possible that he envisaged marriage to the widow Mary however was being courted by Joseph Hart of Tataraimaka Cassidy, conceivably in a fit of jealousy, committed the murder He was arrested shortly after and committed to the Supreme Court in Auckland Six months later, Cassidy was tried and found guilty According to MacGregor, his sentence was later reduced and shortly after release, Cassidy died

But all of this did not really assist in explaining the lack of information regard- ing the Rogers family So I tried looking from another angle It is quite probable that the incident brought the question of morality to the surface It was very clearly stated at the hearing that Joseph Cassidy was a boarder in the Rogers' household and that he and Mary were not co-habiting as such However society may have found this type of situation unacceptable Had she been cast as the scarlet woman7 In the main, the diaries and letters I had checked were all from people of a certain standing within the community The events and affairs of the lower classes would not be worth mention- ing Perhaps through some eyes it was not surprising that, having allowed Joe Hart to come courting while the rival suitor (Cassidy) was residing in the house, Mary came to a tragic end

With this in mind, I started to take a closer look at the structure of New Plymouth society According to the New Zealand Company records, 1854 saw New Plymouth with an unmarried population of 927 males to 728 females While a good proportion of these would be children, the figures still reflect the imbalance in the male/female ratio If I had correctly interpreted the situation between Mary Rogers, Cassidy and Joe Hart, then this incident would have been a harsh reminder of the vulnerability of the family unit It is therefore possible that the citizens of colonial New Plymouth played down the incident to a point where the murder hardly seems to have happened I found very little information covering the next few years With the outbreak of war in 1860, Victorine was evidently evacuated to Nelson She was fifteen years of age, unmarried and pregnant Her name does not appear on any of the ration lists so presumably she was included in one of the many famiTy units which sought sanctuary in Nelson Shortly after her evacuation, Thomas Goddard, a thirty-five year old publican from Bell Block near New Plymouth, followed her to Nelson where they were married

Now that Victorine was married I expected to find the information I was seeking with more ease but this was not the case He marriage, in some ways, complicated the issue Regardless of the fact that Thomas Goddard made an 'honest woman' of Victorine, his desertion of New Plymouth at this time would have not gone unnoticed Women and children had been evacuated and the menfolk fortified the town and prepared to protect their interests There is no record of Goddard in military service in New Zealand During his earlier years in New Plymouth, he was a gunsmith by trade, so his expertise with firearms was well known Consequently his desertion of New Plymouth deprived his fellow settlers of a skilled able body If the townsfolk had earlier passed judgement on members of the Rogers family, they now added Thomas Goddard to their list J2 _1 : .

¿y /à. ¿f\

;&t**-^4 ***** /y,/o-o]

.„,-,¿Azófar "/^ζ<γφ-*ζ*,<*

Thomas Goddard's claim to the Taranaki Relief Fund Commission, 1864 IA 132/5 (National Archives, Wellington)

In his statement supporting the claim Goddard indicated that he had been compelled to abandon his 19 acres (and the Bell Inn) at the commencement of the war, and that he had not returned to the Inn until 1863 However, on his land Goddard also had a house which had evidently been renting out (since he claimed loss of rent), and this house he occupied again around October 1861 But nowhere does he mention his wife, Victonne Rogers or comment on what he had done between leaving Bell Block and returning to it 18

This would explain the type of information I located for Thomas Goddard Prior to his marriage, his name cropped up at regular intervals After his marriage, little is known of his personal life He died of cancer in 1879 At the time he and Victorine were managing a hotel in Bell Block Apart from his transient stay in Nelson, Goddard had been a publican in Bell Block since 1852 and was obviously well known in the district As with Victonne's mother Mary, there was no obituary or report in the local newspaper All that appeared was a very brief death notice For such a public man, I expected to find more

Victorine was carrying their tenth child when her husband died Shortly after, a new licensee took over the hotel and I was unable to locate her whereabouts How she managed to support her children is not known I found comparisons between Mary's and Victonne's lives interesting As with many of that era, they were resilient women Both found themselves in a situation where they had to provide for their families They also both purchased property in a patriarchal society And it was through land purchase that I found where she was living She appeared several years after her husband's death, on the Electoral Roll for Inglewood and was noted as owning land In the same year (1883) she married Arthur Palmer, a tea merchant They had two sons and with the younger members of her family, Arthur and Victorine moved to Australia In doing so, she slipped out of my reach and disappeared across the Tasman

I knew she had died at Waitara, but have no knowledge of the intervening years According to her obituary which was published locally in 1935, she had been widowed for a second time in 1893 The date of her return was not noted but it had stated that she lived her last years at Waitara The obituary also told of where and when she was born and the names of her children There was no reference to her childhood experiences It was as if the isolated community of New Plymouth did not want to admit that the murder had happened and no one wanted the credit of being associated with the settle- ment's 'first' One would have expected that with the passing of years, the scandalous aspect would fade and the story would become one of the province's folk tales Even to the end Victorine seems to have avoided public recognition of the event which had a huge impact upon her life Presumably it was the children who supplied the information for the obituary Was it her wish or theirs that no reference was made to the incident' Regardless of whom and why, it is interesting to note that even in 1935, someone wished to continue the embargo which early New Plymouth society had placed on the Rogers family so many years before But the story doesn't end there Mary Rogers' courage and tenacity inspired Elizabeth Smither to write her novel F%#st Blood based on the murder of Mary Rogers Smither's novel looks into a highly structured society While strictly an historical novel, the story of Mary Rogers comes through It is interesting to note that at the time when Elizabeth Smither chose the subject of her novel she was residing at "The Gables" Now under the protection of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, "The Gables" was formerly New Plymouth's Colonial Hospital and it was in this building that Mary Rogers had lain dying do many years before Perhaps it was Mary who decided that it was time she came out of the closet I had been asked to write a 500 word essay of Victorine All I managed was a mere 350 words In a strange way it was the lack of information which slowly built a picture of her life But facts are needed, not supposition Is she worth inclusion in the Dictionary, even at the expense of a recognised notable figure7 My answer is an emphatic "Yes" Her dauntless trek through life epitomises the pioneer both as a colonial settler and as an outsider within society

Mary Reid Taranaki Museum 19

ARCHIVAL SOURCES FOR NEW ZEALAND'S MEDICAL HISTORY A paper presented at the Conference on the History of New Zealand and Austra- lian medicine held at Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, 29-30 April 1987

The medical archives of New Zealand fall into four main classes, firstly those that are part of the public archives of New Zealand, i e those of government departments such as the Health Department, secondly those of quangos that have legal functions in this field, such as hospital boards, medical schools, local bodies and research institutions, and thirdly cognate materials generated by private individuals that are in manuscript repositories of various kinds, usually libraries In addition to these three classes there are the archives, of professional societies and other bodies whose records contain material that has abearing upon the history of medicine and public health There is also the "Pandora's box" of papers and collections in private hands and not readily available to public use, including medical practitioners' case records We therefore have the two aspects of historical resource material, the official and the unofficial record From the point of view of the historian, all of these are primary sources It is not however the purpose of this paper to deal with secondary sources - monographs i e published works I must emphasise that the unofficial record is the most difficult to identify and handle, since in earlier days before universal literacy, and before the advent of oral history after World War II, the reactions of ordinary folk, even in the age of the common people, has not been generally recorded and in the case of private papers they are notoriously messy to research unless they have been arranged and inven- toried by archivists

GOVERNMENT ARCHIVES

For our purposes these consist principally of the agencies directly concerned with medical services, public health, mental hospitals and poor relief whose archives are held mainly by National Archives in Wellington as well as the regional offices in Auck- land and Chnstchurch, and approved repositories under the Archives Act 1957 The hold- ings fall into several periods corresponding to the constitutional changes in the admini- strative bodies that created them

Crown Colony Period 1840-54

Public Health and Poor Relief etc were the responsibility of the Colonial Surgeon The sources are the Colonial Secretary's and the Civil Secretary's Archives, which are listed in those of the Internal Affairs Department

Provincial Period 1854-76

Provincial governments assumed responsibility for Public Health and Poor Relief, Hospitals and Lunatic Asylums I have not had the opportunity to search the Provincial

Archives for each province but did check the Prom-nouzl Gazette 0f two provinces and found that their published returns provide data relating to hospital and lunatic asylum salaries, admissions and discharges, deaths, lunatic asylum dietary scale, as well as a report of a Provincial Surgeon (T M Philson, Auckland 1874, after whom the Auckland University Medical School Library is named)

1870-1900

The archives for this period are missing, presumably the victim of one of the catas- trophes that have dogged the public archives of this country This gap represents the latter end of the provincial period up to the abolition of the provinces in 1876 when the General Government became responsible for hospitals, public health, poor relief and mental hospitals, although devolution of some of those functions effectively continued

Twentieth Century

The main bulk of National Archives holdings refer to this period when financing and administration were the responsibility of the Central Government under the Health Depart- ment with a Minister of Public Health and Hospitals By this time government departments 20

had become more sophisticated adrainistratively as is revealed in a number of ways in the Fowlds Papers in the University of Auckland Library In the reading room at Nation- al Archives, there are two bulging box files of inventories for HI and H2 holdings which now exceed 200m and cover all aspects of health administration in New Zealand including Hospitals, Mental Hospitals, Boards of Health, Charitable Aid etc and extend up to the 1970s or 80s National Archives also receives deposited archives including those of some Hospital Boards to which I shall refer later, and also holds Justice Department Coroners' Inquest Registers and Indexes 1854-1975

Other Government Departments

The departments having holdings relevant to the interests of the medical history researcher include Registrar General (Department of Justice, Lower Hutt) - records include Death Certificates 1848- These were used by G W Rice of the University of Canterbury for his about-to-be-published works on the 1918 influenza epidemic Ministry of Defence Base Records, Personnel Branch hold 1,200,000 personal files of retired members of the armed services 1899- (For access details refer to Archives New Zealand and note that a fee is now payable) For example I have a copy of Base Records report on that well-known Auckland medicine doctor Dr Hardie Neil, (who also appears in the Fowlds and the Spragg Papers in the University of Auckland Library) The possibilities of the Base Records archive for military, social and medical history are considerable

II ARCHIVES OF QUANGOS

Included under this heading are Hospital Boards, the Medical Research Council, and the archives of the medical schools and their libraries Also the responsibilities of local government in the matter of public health should not be overlooked For example Auckland City Council had a Sanitary Department later called the Health Department, which was spurred into activity after the influenza epidemic, and the bubonic plague scare, which provoked the Mayor of Dargaville into describing Auckland as 'a dirty hole of Calcutta' The City fathers and Fowlds as Minister of Health had come in for brick- bats over the insanitary state of the city as witness a cartoon by J C Bloomfield in 1907 A horrible thought assails one - perhaps that was the reason why the capital was moved to Wellington7 One presumes that the odour of methane which haunted the citizens of Auckland for years has left some whiff in the archives of the city The archives of some hospital boards have been deposited with archival institutions, e g Otago Hospital Board and Truby-King Harris Karitane Hospital Dunedin with Hocken Library, North Cant- erbury Hospital Board with the Canterbury Museum, those of the Auckland Thames and Wai- kato Hospital Boards with National Archives Auckland and West Coast Hospital Board with National Archives Christchurch Office Examples of items

Auckland Hospital Board

Auckland Provincial Hospital Admissions and Discharge Book 2859-69, Casebook 1859-69, Auckland Medical Association Minute Books 1883-88

Waikato Hospital Board

Old cash books and ledgers etc 74 items 1913-56

So far as the other hospital boards are concerned I am unable to say whether their archives have survived and are open to public access Hospital Boards are likely to be included in the provisions of the Archives and Records Bill which the present Govern- ment will doubtless revive at some stage The present situation is that under the 1987 amendment to theOfficial Information Act that hospital and health board records are now under the provisions of the Official Information Act This is not to say that they have the status of public records in lieu of the Archives Act I have a suspicion that there are no hospital board archivists - a thing for which this association could press The incongruous situation arises so often when organisations that have made little pro- vision for the preservation and arrangement of their defunct records want a history written next year if not sooner, which is a sure way of having the historian rushed to 21

the hospital to experience medical services at first hand I make only passing mention of the following New Zealand Medical Research Council - 100m archives 1937-

University of Otago Medical School Library (University of Auckland Medical School Library does not hold archival material) University Grants Committee - academic records of the former University of New Zealand 1870-1961

III HOLDINGS OF MANUSCRIPT REPOSITORIES

This is a difficult area to search since the parts that apply to medicine are hid- den within the papers of a wide range of individuals Intelligent sleuthing, lateral thinking, and asking oneself 'who traversed this path before7' are necessary In the words of Jim Traue 'New Zealand has too many raw archives' In fact archives need a better deal overall (see the Smith Report, which has not had much effect at the national level) There is not enough money for the preparation of inventories, guides, indexes, calendars, and the publishing of the letters of such people as Sir Douglas Robb and w S Wallis, to choose two northern examples I have published a calendar of extracts from letters in the Fowlds papers, University of Auckland, relating to Health, but calendars of letters are a rarity because of the cost The repository that has the responsibility for maintaining a national collection of manuscripts is the Alexander Turnbull Library (National Library of New Zealand)- The Manuscripts and Archives Section of Turnbull has indexes and inventories as finding aids to its 2500m of materials, the largest holding of non-government archives in the country The subject headings in the catalogue include Medicine, Dentistry, Nurses and Nursing etc Under Medicine there are 19 cards, of which the following are two samples

Robert Hall Bakewell 1831-1908 - notes on patients and their symptoms (Medical Officer in the Boer War) Bett diaries - records of changes in medical practice 1914-20 Nurses and Nursing Burdett, Florence - typescript re Grace Neill Willis, Lizabeth Ida Grace 1881-1968 - Director NZ Army Nursing Service 1936-46 The 1983 guide to manuscripts relating to science in the Turnbull Library lists 274 groups of holdings of which approximately 13% relate to health and medical matters If we seek New Zealand-wide coverage we must turn to the National Register of Archives and Manuscripts in New Zealand which IS the most important published finding aid that we have Its limitation is that it includes only a few of the holdings of the largest repositories - National Archives and of the Alexander Turnbull Library Manu- scripts and Archive Section Six instalments have been published in both hardcopy and microfiche each of 250 items totalling 1,500 items from 36 repositories out of the 160 listed in Archives New Zealand Indexes are provided which include a subject heading 'Health' with references to some 72 items, period 1769-1978 - from Cook to the present One should not overlook the provincial museums and public and university libraries as sources of archival material, for example

Auckland Institute and Museum Library

Sir John Logan Campbell Papers, a medico who never practised in New Zealand but amassed a considerable fortune as a trader and merchant in Auckland Sharland & Co (pharmacists) Prescription Books 1872-1910 Horsley's Pharmacy Prescription Books 1923-50 Dr J L Newman Recollections of Cornwall Geriatric Hospital (copy) w 15 PWD 17061 (National Archives, ) Wellington 23

University of Auckland New Zealand and Pacific Section Manuscripts and archives:

Holdings include the papers of Sir Douglas Robb, (1899-1974), thoracic surgeon and Chancellor of the University, and of Sir George Fowlds, (1860-1934), Minister of Public Health in the Ward Cabinet 1906-11.

The Fowlds Papers, for which I have provided a number of finding aids, contain much of interest for the medical historian including letters from senior officials such as Dr O.M. Mason, Chief Health Officer, Dr T.H.A. Valintine, Inspector-General of Hospitals, and Dr F. Hay, Inspector-General of Mental Hospitals. The correspondence includes such items as:

1 Fowlds to Seddon in 1900 urging that a bacteriologist should be appointed for the colony 2 correspondence with prominent women e.g. Grace Neill and Eveline Cunnington 3 O'Brien Ε re difficulties of Mercury Bay (bushmen's) hospital after a period Of drought - a cri de coeur 4 Dr Valintine, Inspector-General of Hospitals' report on the 'unscrupulous Dr Morkane' regarding a West Coast hospital 5 Fowlds reports upon lengthy visit on the medical and hospital services on the East Coast among the Maori people 6 describes the effects of the influenza epidemic in Auckland 1918

Nelson Provincial Museum:

Samuel Hodgkinson immigrant ship surgeon 1842 Journal describes medical treatment of passengers including blood transfusion 1842 (NRAMNZ Β 399).

IV ARCHIVES OF ORGANISATIONS

Archifacts 1974-86 regular feature 'Accession Lists' shows that 11 organisations have deposited their archives including:

Alexander Turnbull Library - N.Z. Nurses Association 1909-76, 1939-80; N.Z. Red Cross 1922-42.

Hocken Library - N.Z. Medical Association 1962-7; N.Z. Dental Association Otago 1930-70, 1938-80; N.Z. Physiotherapists Association, Auckland 1923-78; St John Ambulance Association, 1888-1969.

National Archives Auckland office - Auckland Medical Association 1914-36, 1951 However, a number of organisations till hold their own archives. For example the N.Z. Medical Association's archives are held at the national office (26 The Terrace, Wellington) and comprise 5 metres covering the period from 1887 onwards, with the successive changes in the titles - N.Z. Branch British Medical Association, Medical Association of New Zealand, and NZMA. As a matter of congratulation history of the NZMA by Dr Wright St Clair is about to be published in time for the Association's centennial conference next month. I would welcome additions or corrections to this paper as I intend to publish a guide to archival sources of New Zealand's medical history. Frank Rogers Auckland 24

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Archifacts Bulletin of the, Archives and Records Association of New Zealand 1977- Includes notes of recent accessions by repositories Dictionary of New Zealand Biography Historical Publications Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington, in preparation Eyles C C 'New Zealand War Records' New Zealand Genealogist, vol 12 no 118 pp 898-9

Henry, Margaret, and Hoare ME A guide to manuscripts relating to science m the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alexander Turnbull Library, 1983 Graham, Jeanine 'The Researchers' courtesy code' The New Zealand journal of History, vol 20 no 2, 1986, pp

Griffen, Clyde and Sally Sources for the social history of Auckland A report to the Department of History, University of Auckland Auckland, 1985 (Auckland Hospital Board Archives pp 67-72)

Jamieson D G & Poland J Index to obituaries and death notices in the New Zealand Medical Journal 1886-February 1981 Wellington, New Zealand Library Association, 1986, microfiche

National Register of Archives and Manuscripts m New Zealand Wellington National Library of New Zealand, 1979-

New Zealand National Archives A cumulative list of holdings 1976 Wellington, Department of Internal Affairs, 1976

- - - The Government as architect and builder m the nineteenth century An exhibition held at National Archives, Wellington, from December 1983 to April 1984

- - - Preliminary Inventory No 4 Archives of the Provinces of New Ulster and New Munster and the Civil Secretary's Office, 1954

Rogers, Frank Archives New Zealand A directory of\archives and manuscript reposi- tories in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Tokelau, Tonga and Western Samoa Auckland, Archives Press, 1984

- - - The Fowlds Papers An Inventory of the Sir George Fowlds Collection University of Auckland Library bibliographical bulletin 2, 1964

- - - The Fowlds Papers A calendar of letters relating to Health 1900-1933 Auckland, Archives Press, 1980 - · - - - The Fowlds Papers Index of correspondents and subjects 1878-1934 Auckland, Archives Press, 1980 Smith, Wilfred I Archives m New Zealand A report Wellington, Archives and Records Association of New Zealand, 1978

Union Catalogue of New Zealand and Pacific Manuscripts m New Zealand Libraries Wellington, Alexander Turnbull Library, 1968-9, 2 vols Wright St Clair, R Ε 'Early accounts of Maori health and diet' Ν Ζ Medical Journal ν 70 Nov 1969 pp 327-31, Dec 1969 pp 415-19 Reprinted in journal of the Auckland-Waikato Historical Societies no 18, April 1971 pp 20-23 and no 19 Sep 1971 pp 11-15 25

RESOURCES, INSTITUTIONS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE. CENTRAL OTAGO 1861-1921· The regions of recent settlement, noted McCarty (1973 150), are 'the purest examples that history offers of capitalist societies', societies in which social values and political, legal and economic institutions were shaped and utilised to expedite and facilitate material growth and expansion Certainly, some of these new societies, including New Zealand, experienced rapid development and rising real per capita incomes which, by 1914, had placed them among the world's most prosperous countries For that reason, however, there has been a tendency to accept the teleological assumption of economic success and thus to describe the course and character of growth rather than to analyse its causes or to demonstrate how institutions and institutional arrangements were modified and shaped in response to the exigencies of the economic system

Economic Foundations Context Institutions and institutional arrangements are important in the process of economic growth and change, Sutch (1982 329) noting the attention economic historians are paying to the evolution of particular economic institutions, behavioural constraints, and those legal rights and rules which constitute and define the 'economic system' Of particular interest to legal and economic historians are the interrelationships between institutions and legal change and social and economic change, for the structure of legal rights can have a profound impact upon the nature and pace of economic growth (Libecap, 1979 364) In particular, as Anderson and Hill observed (1975 163), 'The way in which property rights are assigned, enforced and transferred affects the allocation of resources and hence the amount and distribution of output 1 Considerable attention has been focussed on the genesis and development of different property rights structures, on the modification of inherited legal customs, practices and doctrines, and, finally, on the development and application of new forms of resource law Together these studies suggest that the law was as much 'a reflection of social forces' as it was 'an agency of social control' that the law moulded economic growth and was in turn transformed, and that the primary determinant of legal change was the balance of power relations among competing interest groups They also suggest that in the nineteenth century, state involvement in the economy was largely promotional-regulatory in character and intended to support private investment and growth

Mining Regions Themes / Economic growth in nineteenth century New Zealand involved the exploitation and development of natural resources New resource utilisation opportunities, rapidly changing production and transport technologies, and changes in resource product values encouraged the articulation of institutional arrangements to facilitate, expedite and govern resource use But further, since those resources constituted the basis of wealth and independence, power and production, settlement and development inevitably generated intense competition for and conflict over ownership and access, control and utilisation Of particular interest are the mining regions for their settlement and development involved

* the exposure of inherited doctrines and practices to the demands of a novel resource environment and new and rapidly changing economic environment, * the formulation, interpretation and application of a comprehensive resource regime and thus a close functional interrelationship between the law and the processes of economic growth and change, * profound changes in economic structure as the mining industry itself experienced far reaching structural changes and as land was made available for settlement, * competition and conflict among a number of major groups with common, divergent and opposed interests, and * the continual emergence of new policy problems and issues and thus a complex process of policy formulation, enactment, operation and feedback 26

Mining Regions Approaches Several very large and complex bodies of records relating to the settlement and development of the Otago mining district remain Their size and complexity, however, have made it essential to formulate and apply the resource regime Such a regime may be defined as an explicit conceptual framework, that of a social institution which serves 'to order the actions of those interested in the use of natural resources, practices or structures of rules defining recognizable behaviour (Young, 1982) Any regime comprises three components rights - which may be those of private property, common property, use or enjoyment, rules, and compliance mechanisms The content of rights and rules confers definite advantages and disadvantages on those using the resources subject to a particular regime Mining law constituted such a regime the policy of that law was to allow Crown lands and waters to be taken up for mining purposes, the social choice mechanism employed to allocate resources was that of the law capture or 'first in time, first in right', and the major right created a user right which entitled its possessor to the exclusive use but not the ownership of the land and water subject to the regime Further mining law established clearly defined rules governing the use of resources to which the actors were bound to adhere lest their mining privileges were deemed to be forfeited, rules ordering relationships among those engaged in the industry, and procedural rules for resolving disputes It is important to note that mining law clearly established that mining enterprise would be undertaken and developed on the basis of the leasehold rather than on that of private property The respective merits and demerits of each form were heavily debated, both in the United States and Australia and in New Zealand The advocates of the former insisted that the leasehold offered safeguards against monopoly while providing a continuing source of revenue, those advocating the latter citing the importance of a definite and secure title to encourage investment and development and to reduce transaction costs That mining law was based on the leasehold also meant, however, that Government and Parliament retained the power to influence or direct the allocation and utilisation of the subject resources In short, New Zealand mining law can be conceived as a resource regime comprising a particular set of rights and rules, and subject to continuous pressures for redefinition or transformation in accordance with changing technology, resource values and power relations

The Records of the Courts A) Wardens' Courts The concept of a resource regime provides a basis upon which the exploration and interpretation of the Wardens' Courts records may be conducted Those records are voluminous, those for Otago and Southland occupying no fewer than 125 linear metres of the shelves of Hocken Library, and even then they are incomplete By The Gold Fields Act 1858, the Wardens' Courts were created to administer mining law, and to hear and decide civil and criminal suits arising within mining districts Section 254 of The Mining Aot 1898 specified the wide range of matters in respect of which such courts had jurisdiction They included, inter alia,

* area, dimensions and boundaries of mining privileges * forfeiture of mining privileges * title to and ownership of possession of mining privileges * questions or disputes relating to water or water-rights * specific performance of contracts relating to mining privileges or operations * transfers and other dispositions of mining privileges * trusts relating to mining privileges or operations * mining partnerships, their formation and dissolution, and the determination of all questions arising among partners * encroachment upon injury to land by reason of mining operations, as also upon/to roads, tramways, railroads or fences * generally concerning all contracts, torts, questions or disputes of any kind relating to mining privileges or operations 27

Three groups of records are of particular interest (1) Application forms, application registers and registers of grants this group includes the original application forms for all mining privileges created by mining law, together with notices of objection, reports by government departments (where relevant), minutes of evidence, rulings, and any conditions attached to the grants All grants, by section 141 of The Mining Act, 1898 had to be entered into a Register Registration of titles was an early requirement of mining law but, as Gilkison (1905 63) pointed out, 'Under the older Acts, the only 'Register' generally consisted in a collection of office duplicates of certificates with more or less particularity the record of grants made by the Warden ' It should be noted that under section 141 of The Mining Act 1898 any licence granted or renewed had to record 'a memorial of every registered instrument affecting the same ' Applications were made for and registers maintained of a plethora of mining privileges - claims (ordinary, extended, or special, alluvial, quartz, dredging, and sea-beach), licensed holdings, mining leases, water rights and races, head races, branch races, dry races, bywashes, tailraces, sludge channels, drainage areas, dams, reservoirs, tunnels, special sites, machine sites, business sites, and residence sites The Wardens' Courts also dealt with applications for agricultural leases and occupation licences

(2) Transfers and Assignments Section 139 of The Mining Act, 1898 provided that every mining privilege was deemed to be a chattel interest and thus could be sold, encumbered, transmitted or seized under writ of execution Section 5 defined transfer to include sale, lease, transmission, mortgage, lien, encumbrance or other disposition of a mining privilege Again, the Wardens' Court was required to maintain registers to record all transfers Assignment relates to the mortgage of mining properties, assignment papers including copies of mortgage agreements

(3) Plaints this group comprises the papers relating to suits heard, and includes, inter alia, statements of claim and defence, reports and notes of evidence The value of these records, and in particular the light that they shed on the manner in which mining law governed the allocation and use of resources, may be illustrated with reference to water, a key resource for both mining and farming in Central otago Beginning with The Gold Fields Acts Amendment Act, 186b, mining law authorised the diversion of water for mining purposes and granted miners the right to cut, construct and use water races through and upon both Crown and private lands Diversion for other than mining purposes was authorised first by The Otago Vaste Lands Act, 1872 No irrigation licence, however, was to be granted for any water which was or which might be required for public purposes, for the use of miners generally, or for mills and manufacturers Irrigation was some distance down the list of developmental priorities Moreover, the preferential allocation of water to the mining industry was buttressed by section 142(4) of The Mining , Act, 1886 which provided that a licence for the supply of water to any industry other than mining could be limited 'to certain months of the year only ' Further, The Mining Act 1898 (S 101(6)) provided that a licence for a water race could be granted 'subject to the condition that the water therein shall be used only in such quantities or during such months in each year as are specified in the license ' For their part, the Courts, on the basis that the purpose of mining legislation was to promote and regulate the mining industry, regarded all rights and privileges not directly related to the industry as ancillary to it and indeed only to facilitate and assist its operations And, of course, the Mines Department objected to any application for water which appeared to jeopardise the mining industry's interests or possible future mining operations In brief, the mining industry secured control of most of the available water in Central Otago, its claim to priority being embodied in mining law, upheld by the Courts and defended by the Mines Department Mining law, in principle, application and operation constituted a most uncertain basis for the development of irrigation farming

The mining industry's grip upon water supplies was a source of growing resentment, especially after the subdivision (beginning in 1878) of the pastoral runs and the 28

spread of closer settlement Thus in 1897, one group of settlers petitioned Parliament to undertake 'the equitable adjustment of existing water rights and supplies and the conservation of natural resources in the interests of the agricultural as well as the mining industry,' and that mining legislation 'be amended with the view of allowing a more equitable supply of water for agricultural and pastoral purposes ' {Mount Ida Chronicle 13 November 1897) In fact, the growing conflict over water rights which that petition reflected was not only between settler and miner but also - and increasingly - between settler and settler, particularly as the difficulties inherent in a system of rights based upon prior appropriation posed for irrigation development became more manifest Such were those difficulties that the Otago Witness, among other journals, suggested that 'the monopoly which should be allowed of such an indispensable agent of production (water) is the bénéficient monopoly of a public body, holding in trust for the benefit of the producer and administering it for his advantage {otago Witness 19 November 1891) But Parliament was not prepared to consider any modifications to the law relating to water which imperilled the complex structure of water rights upon which mining rested Any such changes would have evoked massive claims for compensation and indeed jeoparised an industry still regarded as possessing considerable potential for growth

That the economic future of Central Otago lay not in gold mining but in land settlement and development was made clear finally by the collapse of the gold dredging industry in 1900 and the contraction of alluvial mining during and immediately after World War I The outcome was a complex and protracted struggle for the control of water, involving, the Wardens' Courts records reveal * remaining miners, seeking to secure water for bona fide mining purposes * the courts (Supreme and Warden), declaring mining to be the paramount industry within mining districts * miners, and especially mining compames, endeavouring to 'nurse' water rights and thus enhance their value, often in an effort to recoup mining losses * the Mines Department, intent upon protecting what it perceived to be the interests, both present and prospective, of the mining industry * settlers, seeking to secure water for stock watering and irrigation purposes * local commercial and financial interests endeavouring to secure control of key water rights for sale or rent * settlers resisting the efforts of those commercial interests, and those of their number apparently intent upon monopolising available supplies * the Lands and Survey Department, intent upon securing the success of settlement and selection schemes * the Public Works Department, seeking to implement government policy on irrigation That struggle was conducted within terms defined - and continually redefined - by mining law It involved the protagonists utilising various provisions of mining law - those relating to abandonment and forfeiture, renewal and surrender, exchange of title and conversion of purpose All applications were subject to the scrutiny of and open to objection by interested parties, all were liable to the imposition of conditions intended to protect existing or potential interests

The records of the Wardens' Courts also reveal a variety of means whereby the water resource was transferred from one industry to another, among those means * the surrender of water rights granted under one mining act and their exchange for titles under a new act and, concurrently, the enlargement of the purposes for which the original grant had been made, * the direct conversion of mining water rights into irrigation rights, * the formation of syndicates to purchase mining water rights, to arrange private schemes of distribution and secure a change of purpose, 29

* the institution of proceedings for forfeiture for non-compliance with the rules governing water rights, and thus the conversion of inferior irrigation rights into superior rights, * settlers securing water in lieu of compensation from miners wishing to cut water races across freehold land, * settlers securing water as interest upon monies advanced by way of mortgage to miners, * foreclosure by settlers as mortgagees Those records also reveal, however, an increasingly intense struggle among settlers for the control of the water resource Applications for water rights for irrigation purposes regularly elicited strong objections from those settlers who believed that their rights and interests were being jeopardised There were five major grounds for objection, first, that any grant would lead to disputes and litigation, second, that the watercourse concerned contained insufficient water to supply existing rights, third, that a grant would deprive objectors of water, interfere with their farming operations, and depreciate land values, fourth, that a grant would result in inefficient use of the available water in a region of scarcity, and fifth - and most important - that a grant would result in inequitable distribution Those objections reflected a growing conviction among a large number of settlers that neither common law ripariamsm nor prior appropriation (the foundation of mining water law) constituted an adequate legal basis for the development of irrigation farming The struggle for control generated demands for, among other things, a system of centralised control and administration of the water resource Through the records of the wardens' Courts may be traced the growing intervention of the State as it utilised mining law to secure irrigation rights, purchased water rights from defunct mining enterprises, extended its control over the water resource by reducing the jurisdiction of the Wardens' Courts, and exercised its powers under eminent domain to control the transfer, surrender, and renewal of water rights

The records of those courts are thus invaluable in analysing * the pressures to which inherited customs, doctrines and practices were subject and the manner in which they were modified by statute law, * the interpretation and application of mining law, * the significance of mining law for the allocation, utilisation and transfer or redistribution of the relevant resources, * the genesis of resource control and resource use conflicts, tne origins and character of transformation pressures, and the emergence and development of policy issues, * the individuals, groups and agencies involved in applying, utilising and modifying resource law, * the manner in which disputes and conflicts were adjusted, reconciled or resolved, and * the conditions under which rights were defined, endorced, and protected, that is, the manner in which they acquired value B) The Supreme Court The Supreme Court (where there was no District Court) constituted the Court of Appeal for those dissatisfied with the judgements of the Wardens' Courts The relevant case records comprise statements of claim and defence, reports, notes of evidence, and the Court's ruling Since it was often on the basis of those rulings that Parliament amended the relevant law, those case records constitute a further valuable source They were used to analyse the disputes in Otago and Southland between freeholders and miners over riparian rights (Hearn 1982)

But also of great value are the papers relating to Court-ordered liquidations, and especially for mining companies registered under The Mining Companies Liability Act, 1865 and subsequent legislation Whereas companies registered under the A £ty /rn 30

RIVALRY AT ROXBURGH

Ji- u~~t^ ¿«J**c Λ-»4> ft»/ A- /C-¿*¿¿

(I

C~ //, aûu. .c >

yn.LU aféame» >*L* fiéa^ir/ I Vincent Pyke drew fire from other miners with his proposal to dam Dismal Swamp, and then t %4 secure short-term protection Despite strong petitions, the Government declined to interfere with the Warden's decisions

MD 1, Mines 1889/358 National Archives, Wellington 31

The Joint Stock Compames Act, 1861 were required to lodge various papers and reports from the companies Office (memoranda of association, particles of incorporation, company reports, share lists, ), mining companies were not Often all the information that remains of these enterprises - so important in the development of mining - are their notices or registration published in the New Zealand Gazette The liquidation papers usually comprises statements of a company's assets and liabilities, statements and proofs of debts, list of contributors, liquidators' statements, and - occasionally - correspondence between the liquidator and contributories over offers of settlement Such papers afford valuable insights into the structure, financing and operations of mining companies, while the correspondence in particular may reveal a great deal about the social and economic conditions of small communities and individuals

One example will illustrate their value, that of the Croesus Consolidated Quartz Mining Company, one of several ill-fated ventures formed during Otago's last quartz mining rush, the Nenthorn boom of 1889-1890 Registered in April 1889, the Supreme Court, on the petition of the Bank of New Zealand, ordered the liquidation in October 1890 The Bank, it might be added, had acted in anything but a precipitate fashion The liquidator - major difficulties notwithstanding, including the forfeiture for non-payment of calls of no fewer than 89000 of the 100,000 shares into which the company's capital had been divided - pursued the contributories with an unrelenting tenacity Their response often was to offer 1 a compromise Thus James Brown, Merchant of Naseby - and one of the architects of the Nenthorn boom and collapse - offered £178 10s in full settlement of his debts of £331 on 4000 shares In an affidavit he noted that his assets, sundry freeholds, were sited in Naseby, 'a Goldfields centre, the yield of gold from which is on the decline, and it is in the highest degree probable that such Township will do no other than gradually decrease in size and importance and as a consequence all freeholds situate therein will suffer a gradual depreciation in value,' a decline which would be exacerbated by the routing of the Central Otago railway through Eweburn (Ranfurly) Brown went on to argue

* that the value of his book debts of £1100 did 'not represent the present value of such Book Debts My customers consist principally of farmers and miners to whom I am compelled to give long credit, and I am unable by reason of the keen competition for business which exists in the Town of Naseby to charge such customers any sums by way of interest for such accommodation * That my customers are by reason of their calling entirely dependent on a plentiful and frequent rainfall to render their avocations profitable, and Naseby is just beginning to recover from three successive seasons of drought * That during the seasons of drought I had to give my customers more extended credit than was my want, and as a result I got behind in my payments to by Bankers and the wholesale merchants with whom I have business Finally, he detailed his losses in local mining, farming, and pastoral companies and concluded 'That by reason of the collapse of several mining ventures not only at Nenthorn but in the district surrounding the Town of Naseby and also of the three successive seasons of drought as well as of the shrinkage of trade consequent thereon, and of the reverses to which I have been subjected, my finances have become seriously crippled The Records of the Lands and Survey Department Access to and control of land also involved a protracted struggle in Central Otago during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Although that struggle involved miners, settlers and runholders, of particular interest is that between miner and settler Established interpretations insist that the miners took 'a common stand' (Salmon 1963 108) with the agricultural interest against the runholders, and that the miners 'led the agitation to have the stations broken up' (Field and Olssen 1976 7) Conversely, John Ewing, one of Central Otago's leading mining entrepreneurs, in 1890 declared, with respect to demands that land be opened for settlement, that 'the dread 32

of the miner backed the self-interest of the pastoral lessee1 {Otago Witness 27 February 1890), while the Dunstan Times, in 1893, observed that the miners 'interposed more difficulties in the way of settlement than the runholders' (Dunstan Times 3 March 1893) Land settlement in central Otago was, in fact, a protracted and complex process involving first, the formulation of specially tailored forms of land tenure - the agricultural lease, homestead area, occupation licence, and occupation lease, and second, the modification of selected elements of the perpetual lease, small-grazing run, lease in perpetuity, occupation with the right to purchase, and renewable lease tenures, including reservation of the right of entry for prospecting, liability to determination, nullification of riparian rights, and qualifications upon the right to acquire the freehold

By contemplating the eventual alienation of land, however, Parliament created the basis for a class of rights, those of private property, which at a number of crucial points conflicted with the user rights created by mining law Of prime importance, therefore, was the manner in which the law relating to the selection of land was administered Among the records of the Lands and Survey Department (Dunedin District Office) are the application forms for the selection of land under the various tenures, and registers of leases, among them, of agricultural leases, occupation leases, small grazing runs and leases in perpetuity Both the application forms and the registers contain the barest of details - name, date of application, area and locality, disposal of application, and details relating to purchase, exchange, expiry, forfeiture and determination Analysis of the data relating to agricultural leases, however, promises to yield insights into the processes of land settlement on a New World goldfield Although investigations are still in their preliminary stages, land settlement appears to have progressed through four broad phases of initial entry, circulation, stabilisation, expansion, and consolidation, each associated with changes in the structure of the mining industry, the proletarianisation of the miners, the redistribution of land water after 1882, the commercialisation and external market reorientation of agriculture, and the growth of stable rural communities Further, it is apparent that in making land available for settlement, the Lands and Survey Department endeavoured to meet miners' demands for preservation of access to ground believed to be auriferous and of mining outlets

One of the interesting features emerging is the extent to which selection was undertaken, district by district, by members of the same (extended') family, and that from the outset of settlement Within the mining industry itself, group cooperative ventures frequently comprised related persons Moreover, the formation of some of those groups can be traced to the beginning of mining in Otago Much detailed and painstaking work needs to be carried out, but the apparent extent of this phenomenon, together with a significant degree of persistency, certainly suggests that the standard picture of mining communities (at least) as atomistic and characterised by high rates of population turnover needs tempering Further, it offers some potentially interesting perspectives on the processes and character of migration, land settlement and development, and community formation

It is appropriate to mention in this context one other investigation which is under way, namely, an analysis of the application forms of some 1000 individuals who secured a lease in perpetuity in Otago under The Lands for Settlement Acts Applicants were required to furnish their address, age, occupation, marital status, number and age of children, means and interest (if any) in land, whether urban, suburban or rural Analysis will yield some insights into the demographic and social pressures which lay behind the demands for the 'bursting' up of the great-estates Policy Flow Analysis

Technological change, changes in the values of resource-based products and siiifts in the balance of power relations were among the more prominent processes generating pressures for the continual modification of both mining and land law The policy-making process, that is, the process by which society makes its choices over the allocation of resources, is thus of direct interest The complexity of that process, and the voluminous and varied character of the primary resources available, again suggest the desirability of employing an historical-conceptual model which embraces the individuals, groups and institutions involved and the interactive processes among them Public policy involves the identification of needs or wants, the 33

choice of priorities, and the selection of means intended to attain those priorities, all within a context of multiple, competing, conflicting and constantly changing goals, problems and values Simmonsi et al (1974) thus advance policy flow analysis as a conceptual model for comparative public policy research, a model which focuses primarily on 'the relationship of certain elements and value choices in an interactive process which blends them together to produce policy decisions ' The essential elements include policy - as an indication of intention or guide to action, policy issues - which focus on desired changes, benefits, regulation, policy flow - the evolution of a policy issue, policy decisions - as expressed in legislation, regulations, judical decisions, policy environment - public and private agencies, interest or pressure groups, operational social processes, and the technological, cultural and physical setting, and policy feedback - which includes impacts and especially their unanticipated consequences

For the analysis of the pressures for and character of changes to mining law, two groups of records are proving, with the use of that framework, to be especially valuable The first comprises those of the Mines Department They contain, inter alia, topic by topic correspondence among ministers, departmental officials, miners, miners' organisations and other individuals, memoranda between the Minister of Mines and the Under-Secretary of Mines, official reports, petition, and drafts of legislation They are especially useful in determining the objectives, strategies and procedures of the Mines Department, its interpretation of and response to disputes and conflicts, and its definition of policy issues The files of the Public Works Department (Dunedin) largely comprise correspondence between the Department's Resident Engineer in Alexandra and the District Engineer in Dunedin, and between the latter and the Engineer-in-Chief in Wellington These files are of particular value in identifying the difficulties which mining law as it related to water posed for the development of irrigation, disputes over and efforts by individuals to secure control of water, the background to changes made in the law, and the manner in which the Department of Public Works sought to encourage the efficient use of the resource

The two conceptual frameworks outlined, the resource regime and policy flow analysis, are closely linked, the former focussing largely on the structure, character and functioning of resource policy, and the latter on its formulation, enactment, modification and transformation Together they point to the complexity of the relationships among economic growth and change, institutions and institutional arrangements And they provide a basis upon which to approach, interpret and utilise a number of large and complex bodies of records Conclusions Much of this research is still in its preliminary stages, but some tentative observation may be offered First, it is clear that institutions, institutional arrangements and organisations did play an important role in the allocation, distribution, utilisation and transfer of natural resources Those institutions were shaped to expedite and facilitate private investment and growth and to encourage particular forms of economic development and enterprise They were also shaped to preclude or resolve conflicts among competing and within particular groups of resource users, conflicts at least as much over equity of distribution as over efficiency of use The second, and following observation is that the law relating to the ownership and use of the resources in question represented a balance among the interests of contending groups, including at least three departments of state (Mines, Public Works, and Lands and Survey), each having different objectives These studies thus suggest, third, the appropriateness of a pluralist rather than an elitist model or interpretation of the policy-making process, and that the character of that process may be described best as one of disjointed incremental ism That is, the process comprised a series of individually relatively minor but cumulatively significant changes to the relevant law This research should offer some insights into the interpretation, administration and operation of one comprehensive resource regime, and into the genesis and character of the pressures for its transformation, be they economic-technological, demographic, or related to changes in the balance of power relations It should help reveal the role played by key individuals and groups of individuals as promoters, articulators and carriers of economic change, and the developing multifaceted role of 34

the State as a supplier of social goods, a regulator and facilitator of the market place, asan arbitrator among competing social groups, and as a social engineer intervening to secure its own policy goals One outcome, at least, should be a more differentiated understanding of the development and dynamics of both colonial and post-colonial New Zealand society and economy

REFERENCES Anderson, Terry L and Hill, Ρ J 1975 The Evolution of Property Rights A Study of the American West The Journal of Law and Economics 18 163-179 Gilkison, Robert 1905 The Law of Gold Mining m New Zealand Otago Daily Times and Witness Publishing Company, Dunedin Hearn, Τ J 1982 Riparian Rights and Sludge Channels A Water Use Conflict in New Zealand, 1869-1921 New Zealand Geographer 38, 2, 47-55 Libecap, Gary D 1979 Government Support of Private Claims to Public Minerals Western Mineral Rights Business History Review 53, 3 364-385 McCarty, J W 1973 Australia as a Region of Recent Settlement in the Nineteenth Western Australian Economic History Review 13 148-167

Simmons, Robert Η , Davies, Bruce , Chapman, Ralph J Κ and Sager, David D 1974 Policy Flow Analysis A Conceptual Model for Comparative Public Policy Research The Western Political Quarterly 27, 3 457-468 Sutch, Richard 1982 Douglass North and the New Economic History In Ransom, Roger L , Sutch, Richard, and Walton, Gary M (Editors) Explorations in the New Economic History Essays in Honor or Douglass C North Academic Press, New York, 13-38

Young, Oran R 1982 Resource Regimes University of California Press, Berkeley Terry Hearn Dunedin

THE SAUNDERS REPORT

The securing of a report from an overseas expert (or, more recently, from international accounting firms) has become a standard strategy in attempts to effect constructive change within our information-oriented professions and institutions While the wisdom of reliance on 'market place' pundits has yet to be tested, there can be little doubt that much of value may be obtained from the detached observations of a seasoned fellow professional, especially if that professional be well chosen Contrary to some expectations, this by no means obviates the need for self-examination Nor, somewhat cynically, should the overseas expert be regarded simply as a more acceptable mouthpiece for the transmission of entrenched local views to higher decision-makers Ideally, what such a person can provide is focus to debate otherwise frequently fragmented and sectional He or she, bringing experience to bear, can help underline the main issues In selecting Emeritus Professor Wilfred L Saunders to carry out an evaluation of current New Zealand training programmes for 1ibrarianship, the Joint Advisory Committee on Librarianship apparently chose well Overall, though cavils are always possible Professor Saunders' judgements and recommendations seem eminently sound and sensible It is only when the Professor turns his attention to the conjunct fields of education and training for archivists and records-keepers that some serious disquiet arises

With respect to the principal thrust of the report (Terms of Reference, Report, Para 2) the present reviewer feels less than well-qualified to comment at length However, a sideline observer may perhaps be permitted a few impressions Bravely, 35

Saunders picks up, and runs with, a number of acknowledged longstanding problems the divisions between diplomates and certificate graduates, and the confusion arising from those divisions, the aptness or otherwise, of existing curricula in an increasingly information conscious age, the necessary brevity of the courses offered, the lack of a substantive research tradition within library education, and the consequent lack of on-going research within the existing schools, and, tied inextricably to all the foregoing, perhaps exacerbating the problems, the inefficacy of scarce resources being spread over two separate schools in the same city Saunders1 most significant recommendation, therefore, is the formation of " a single very strong department to meet New Zealand's present and future needs for library and information education" (Rec 26) This would provide the foundation for rationalisation and improvement, and for the elimination or amelioration of many of the problems identified From the viewpoint of a member of an even smaller tertiary teaching group than either of those scrutinised, it is hard to escape the logic of Saunders' reasoning He may, however, had under- estimated the logistical difficulties Amongst the Professor's supporting recommendations, two in particular appealed to this reviewer At several points he fastens on to the desirability of proper management training for prospective library professionals, whether in preparation for supervisory positions in large organisations or for sole charge situations Probably the need for such training has long been there Certainly the lack of it has sometimes been all too apparent, even in our largest existing libraries Professor Saunders also places particular emphasis on what he terms 'User Studies', going so far as to suggest that study of the clientele should be "the starting point' for professional education, and that there should be "a strong user orientation to the study of all curriculum topics" This is a timely antidote to the current outbreak of 'systems fever' Substantial dividends are already accruing from new technology (how could an economic historian argue otherwise7) but it is easy to forget that the technologies are means to an end, not ends in themselves And that's something some archivists might also well ponder

Saunders' specific recommendations relating to archives and records management training, those of particular concern to readers of this journal, are cursory (Paras 157-161, Rec 20) This is understandable, given his brief and the backgrounds of his principal informants Summarised, there are three main points Firstly, that the V U W Department of Librarianship continue to offer 'Archives and Records Management' as an option whenever demand and available resources permit Secondly, that the Department of Librarianship consider "playing a more substantial role in the training of archives and records managers" when resources permit Thirdly, that the existing School of Library Studies at the Wellington College of Education 'could' contribute to the future training of records managers "at an appropriate level" At first glance, these may seem unexceptionable The first recommendation simply accommodates the status quo The others express no more than vague 'might bes1 But is this enough in a document being widely touted as a blueprint7 Do these recommendations constitute anything like an optimal, even an acceptable, agenda for future archives and records management training7 I think not They may reflect the views of library managers, they may even reflect the views of a few very senior archivists, they most certainly do not, or rather didn't, reflect the views of ARANZ, the body which by default is most representative of the full spectrum of archives and records management interests Yet this is not too surprising A close examination of the report fails to disclose any direct reference to consultation with ARANZ representatives, or indeeds with any other archives interests save for National Archives and NART Moreover, while Saunders states quite clearly that he visited a range of libraries, there is no suggestion that he was in any way so catholic in his observation of archives and records keeping institutions These were serious omissions, or they were if the questions of future archives and records management training was to be seriously addressed It is intriguing to note, for example, that while both the NZLA and the National Library are commended for their past efforts in providing short courses, the strenuous endeavours of ARANZ since 1976 are totally ignored, as is the support of National Archives and other research institutions of those endeavours It would be churlish to chide Professor Saunders, rather than his appointed guides, for the lack of depth in this segment of the report, but the failure to come to terms with local realities severely limits the writing of his recommendations

What specifically is wrong7 At base, the Saunders' proposals offer one stopgap solution and the expression of good intentions The restriction of full professional training to an optional half module (alongside six core courses) within the post- 36

graduate librarianship diploma programme just won't do This is not to belittle the course currently, if irregularly, being offered It is obviously highly desirable that prospective librarians be exposed to the intricacies of files and manuscript materials, just as desirable as the familiarising of prospective archivists with the problems of orthodox librarianship Moreover, many New Zealand libraries incorporate such materials within their collections The critical point is this irrespective of some common interests and superficial (seductively persuasive7) similarities in approach, librarianship and archives and records management are quite separate departments of the information business Yet it is hard, even for some practitioners, to have that distinction accepted At least one earlier National Librarian pondered the possibility of making National Archives a division of the National Library' Of equal concern, the two professions are at quite different stages of development within New Zealand Broadly, the current state of archives and records management is analagous to that of New Zealand librarianship in the 1930s Hence there are different recruiting catchments, and quite distinctively different educational and training needs In terms of the Saunders' solution, even if the Department of Librarianship's curriculum content be made more pertinent, few of the needs of the country's archives and records custodians are likely to be met Many of those most in need of training would be immediately disqualified from study at Victoria, either through lack of entry qualifications or through inability to regularly attend courses (even the equivalent of 'block courses') for extended periods Even those meeting these criteria would then have to pass through the selection filters imposed by restricted course entry An alternative option, and one possibly appealing to archivists and records managers outside Wellington, might be the floating of extramural courses This is a concept Saunders enthusiastically endorses for library education generally, although he has no specific recommendations with respect to archives and records management But, in the absence of radical restructuring, the earlier objections to course emphasis would still apply To be fair, Saunders does suggest that 'a more substantial role' might be played by the V U W Department of Librarianship in future Yet the proposal stops there There is no clarification of what 'more substantial' might mean, nor when the future might commence Similarly, his proposal that the School of Library Studies çould 'contribute to the future training of records managers at appropriate levels' also lacks specificity How7 What constitutes an appropriate level7 Saunders doesn't tell us It is all too possible that, if the road mapped out is followed, it will be found, for archivists and records- keepers, to be one replete with byways and deadends

On what lines, then, should New Zealand archives and records management training evolve7 It has to be conceded that there is no one simple answer There are three main areas of concern full professional training for archivists (i e training for those employed in the National Archives and recognised research institutions), training for the custodians, often part-time custodians, of collections in non- special ist institutions (libraries, museums etc), and training for career records managers While quite different approaches, and programmes, might be necessary, it is nevertheless desirable that such programmes be integrated parts of a national training plan The most vexed recent question has been who, or what institution, should take responsibility for the fomulation of such a plan7 In the absence of positive leadership from elsewhere, ARANZ found itself thrust into a de facto coordinating role Accepting the need for training of a more regular and systematic character, from late 1986 the organisation proceeded on several fronts

The voids were readily apparent Notwithstanding understandable protests to the contrary, prospective career archivists seemed perhaps best served As Saunders himself re-emphasized, the demand is still small and, in the short term, can probably best be met by sending selected staff overseas for full professional training (an option embraced by several institutions, notably National Archives) While planning could, and should, proceed for as alternative indigenous programme, it was recognised that it would be hard to justify the floating of a full-time specialist course (for an estimated 2-4 attendees per annum) in the present economic climate But could something be devised which would cater for the needs of career archivists unable or unwilling to travel overseas, together with those of suitably qualified custodians employed in non-specialist institutions' It was with this in mind that representatives of ARANZ, with senior officers of National Archives, entered into discussions with Massey University in mid 1987 The upshot of those discussions was broad agreement that the planning of an extramural diploma course, one akin to that to be offered to museum curators, should proceed Seemingly, however, that 37

proposal has since withered on the vine Yet, at best, the Massey diploma course would have provided one solution, not the solution The needs of non-graduate archives custodians had still to be accommodated, while the needs of records managers had still to be fully established What was lacking was reliable information, the sort of information a Saunders might have sifted In these circumstances the then ARANZ Council launched a major initiative It convened, by invitation, a widely representative Review Committee That Committee, under the chairmanship of Professor J C Davis, was charged to survey present and likely future training needs at all levels of the profession, and to present recommendations in a discussion paper It was to report by January 1988 It was unable to do so, feeling compelled to dissolve after but two meetings This is not the place to canvass the reasons for the Review Committee's demise, but, sadly, on the evidence of the past 12 months, there must be suspicion that at the higher levels of the archives and records management profession there is at present insufficient maturity to constructively grapple with the problems of training, much less to find solutions

Brad Patterson Faculty of Commerce and Administration Victoria University of Wellington

Preliminary Announcement 12TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE Archives & Records Association of New Zealand 2 SEPTEMBER - H SEPTEMBER 1988 PALMERSTON NORTH (Teachers College and Massey University)

THEMES 1. Agricultural and Scientific Records 2 Issues facing Custodians and Users of Archives

Visits to local institutions, panel discussions, lectures Progranme details and enrolment forms available shortly BOCK TOUR AOCXMMODATICN NOW (HOTELS AND MOTELS) All enquiñes to Ian Matheeon c/o Records S Archivée Office Palmerston North City Corporation Private Bag, Palmerston North 38

WELLINGTON BRANCH ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31 MARCH 1988

The pattern of holding Branch meetings every two months, which has become established over the past few years, was continued this year In June we met at the New Zealand Film Archive In September the meeting was held at the Carter Observatory A donation from the Branch of $100 00 was made during the meeting, as a gesture of goodwill and support for the Observatory during the funding crisis it was going through The Govern- ment has still not decided whether to continue to fund the Observatory, but is is pro- viding interim funds at the bare minimum level, pending a final decision In October, we visited the new National Art Gallery Resource Centre, in the old Buckle Street Police Station The Christmas meeting was at the Photographic Archive of the Alexander Turnbull Library, in the new National Library Building There was a mix-up by the caterers who delivered our food to another party elsewhere in the building, leaving us with the drinks only Committee members were able to improvise however, and food eventually appeared John Sullivan of the Photo Archive provided an illuminating talk on how the Archive had 'seen the light' and was reorganising along archival (rather than library) lines In February, we met at Base Records, Ministry of Defence - of interest to all who attended and in fact it was difficult to drag away the more genealogically-oriented at the end of the evening

Apart from these meetings the major Branch activity during the year has been the operation of an archives book order scheme At first, we imported the books and then sold them Later, we took orders for (mostly Society of American Archivists) publica- tions, cash in advance Advertisements were placed in Archifacts and NZ Genealogist, and there was a steady trickle of orders The scheme provided a reasonable return for the Branch, although the initial motivation was rather to set up a useful means of putting Branch funds to work Most encouragingly, the availability of texts on many aspects of archives management has now greatly increased in New Zealand Conspicuous among the purchasers were University libraries, compames and non-government organisa- tions, and (on the Government side) the Department of Maori Affairs

In accordance with the resolution passed at the last AGM, the Committee looked into the possibility of producing a calendar with illustrations from local repositories This proved too expensive, even given the good level of Branch funds As an alternative we eventually proceeded with development of a leaflet about local Archives, intended as a 'giveaway' for visitors to Wellington This has just been printed and will be distri- buted shortly

Particular thanks are due to Meryl Lowne, who has carried the combined workload of Secretary and Treasurer despite the additional burden of the book order scheme and the leaflet project Thanks are also due to Hilda McDonnell, who has played a large part in the preparation of the leaflet

Mark H S Stevens CHAIRPERSON

ANALECTA

unanimously approved by the United States NEW ARCHIVIST OF THE USA Senate on 20 November In a single day of hearings, at which Wilson was the sole Don W Wilson was sworn in on 4 December witness, senators told him he was superbly 1987 as the seventh Archivist of the United qualified for the position Senator James States Sasser chaired the hearings, and remarked that Wilson's credentials would set a pre- His nomination by President Reagan had been cedent for the future 39

In his statement at the hearings, Wilson The Interim Board reckoned at least 10% of declared that one of his first tasks will SAA's individual membership (260 people) be to review existing legislation and auth- would initially seek certification by peti- orities for the National Archives' oversight tion of the proposed Academy of Certified responsibilities for Federal records and Archivists, and that 50 archivists each information management programmes year will subsequently take the examination At fees of $225 for SAA members and $275 for Wilson holds a doctorate in history from non-members, the Academy would be self-fund- the University of Cincinnati He has been ing the State Archivist of Kansas, deputy direc- tor of the Eisenhower Library, and associate Newsletter of the Society of director of the State Historical Society of American Archivists, January 1983 Wisconsin Before taking up his new office he was director of the Gerald F Ford Library and Museum THE ENEMY IS US newsletter of the Society of Hugh Taylor, who chaired the Canadian American Archivists, January Council of Archives Conservation Committee 1988 & ACA Bulletin, March 1988 until February, argues for the need for conservators and archivists to work totally together as partners in a total environment THE PRESIDENT AND THE PRESIDENT'S MEN and offers the following assumption which should underpin that relationship In February, the Jimmy Carter Library open- ed some 80 linear metres of material inclu- 1 Conservation embraces the total well- ding those of Hamilton Jordan, White House being of the documentary record and chief of staff, Louis Martin, special assis- the principal thrust of conservation tant to the President, Hedley W Donovan, strategy should be preventive senior adviser to the President, tapes from counsel's office, from office staff, domes- 2 Conservation strategy should aim for a tic policy staff, the civil rights and reasonable life expectancy "permanent" justice cluster, the President's Management may be too ideal Improvement Council, and donated historical materials 3 Conservation is mainly for access and use Society of Georgia Archivists Newsletter 20(1) Spring 1988 4 Acquisition and appraisal should be related to conservation implications CERTIFICATION DEBATE, USA 5 Conservation problems have a commonality across large and small archives The Society of American Archivists voted for a certification program in January 1987 It ACA Bulletin, January 1988 has now received a report from the 5-person Interim Board for Certification whose mem- bers include James Β Rhoads (former Archi- DRAKE'S EXPENSES CLAIMED vist of the USA) and Carole Huxley, Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education for New An unpaid expenses claim made by Sir Francis York State Drake 400 years ago is being resubmitted to the British Treasury today Drake submit- The SAA envisages a first year where certi- ted a claim for £917 to compensate him for fication may be achieved by petition, and payments made to the officers and crew thereafter by examination through multiple aboard his ship "Revenge" in 1588, the year choice questions The creation of specific they helped defeat the Spanish Armada questions will be via a series of one-day Inflation has made the amount worth around development workshops where archivists and £100,000 oday the testing company would aim at about 30 usable questions (per day), subsequently Plymouth City Museum, which has kept the reviewed by a panel The questions them- claim since it was donated with Drake's selves will be related to "task statements" records in 1973, said there is no entry (in appraisal, arrangement & description showing him to have been reimbursed Lord etc ) from which "knowledge, skills and Burghley, the treasurer of the day, is known attitudes" statements (or KSAs") will be to have scrutinised the accounts and queried developed the demand No one expects the Treasury to pay up

Evening Post, 11 March 1988 40

PRIVACY ACTION ON THE HORIZON ARCHIVES RAT-INFESTED HOME Computer technology threatens privacy in Valuable Wellington City Council archives ways that today's law-makers have not yet stored in the rat and flea-infested base- come to grips with Twenty years ago the ment of the old Town Hall may soon have a threat was scarcely thought possible There new home Councillor Les Paske said he was are more than 400 laws requiring thedisclo- horrified to find archives, including por- sure of personal information For example traits, were kept in the rat-infested area, the Hospitals Act 1957 gives the Health but said little could be done except tidy- Department power to acquire from hospital ing up the area Town Clerk David Niven boards patient data for statistical pur- said conditions in the basement were so bad poses The Social Welfare Department he was unable to get staff to work there requires detailed personal information for He said he was pleased the matter had been the payment of benefits, as does the Inland raised now so that something could be done Revenue to assess tax liability about it

Two new acts make inroads into the tradi- Evening Post, 2 February 1988 tional concept of confidentiality between client and professional adviser The Children and Young Persons Bill 1987 re- ARCHIVES BATTLE TO SAVE IRREPLACEABLE FILM quires a wide range of people - social HISTORY workers, nurses, doctors and lawyers - to report if they have grounds to believe a Hundreds of irreplaceable films of New Zea- child is in danger The Transport Amend- land life 40 and 50 years ago will be lost ment Act 1987 requires a doctor to report unless money is spent on housing and pre- any patient who may be unfit to drive serving them Most of the 734 films were made between 1934 and 1953 by the National Efficient collection of comprehensive Film Unit, which wants to save them But information has always been limited by under its new commercialisation policy, it manual systems But now computers make cannot invest in such a non-profit making it possible to assemble extensive profiles project on individuals and groups The National Archives has accepted responsi- Computers also increase the possibility bility for the film, under the Archives Act that information will be misused Opposi- 1957 A substantial sum of money is being tion MP John Banks somehow acquired print- sought to accommodate the 500,000 metres of outs from the Wanganui Computer Centre film and transfer much of it from volatile which detailed the criminal records of 12 and decomposing nitrate to safer acetate violent offenders He made some of the stock information public, but was not prosecuted for the misuse of private information Film Archivist Clive Sowry, who has trans- ferred from the Film Unit to National Justice Minister Geoffrey Palmer commission- Archives staff to continue his restoration ed a report on Data Privacy from Tim McBride work says it is a race against time Old a university lecturer in law The report nitrate film is inflammable and tends to presents options ranging from doing nothing, decompose, and gives off gases which can creating a new self-regulating profession damage more recently produced film if covering all those who handle personal in- stored nearby formation by automatic means, requiring data users to register, to creating a legal The New Zealand Government's first film right of access to personal information held dates from the commission awarded in 1901 by private sector data users to the _Limelight Department of the Salvation Army, Melbourne, to cover the visit (to The report concludes that there is a reluc- New Zealand) of the Duke and Duchess of tance to give individual privacy appropriate Cornwall and York The National Film Unit legal recognition It says technological was established in 1941 to provide films to developments have called that reluctance promote the war effort and it provided the into question Lack of protection means Weekly Review newsreels, seen at cinemas that privacy interests are left to the all over the country initiatives and consciences of information managers Dominion Sunday Times, 14 February 1988 Dominion, 18 January 1988 Ν Ζ Woman's Weekly, 25 April 1988 ('Will Aunt Daisy disappear forever'1) 41

INCREASED FUNDING TO Ν Ζ FILM ARCHIVE Other departures were Gary Beaht, Archives Assistant, for Training College, The Master of Arts and Culture (Dr Michael Rosanna Orange, Conservation Technician, Bassett) has granted an additional $40,000 for University Study, Penny Feltham to the Ν Ζ F A this year, and the Lottery working in appraisal and reference, to the Board has increased theirannual funding to Turnbull Library as the new Editor of the $200,000 Dr Bassett's press statement National Register of Archives and Manu- mentioned that preserving and making scripts, and David Colquhoun, Arrangement available New Zealand films as a part of and Description Archivist, to a research our culture was something the Labour position with the Waitangi Tribunal Government saw as important Two archives assistants have started since NZFA Newsletter/He Parmi the New Year Heather Buchanan and 19 March 1988 Nick Thompson Ruth Robinson, the first Appraisal Assistant has been promoted to DEEDS FEES JUMP Archivist Georgma Christensen IS assisting as a part-time associate in the Conserva- The Minister of Justice, Geoffrey Palmer, tion section Kate Reíd is currently at has announced increases in Lands and Deeds the University of NSW, taking the post- fees from April 1988 graduate course in information management, Rachel Lilbvxn, is studying at the The cost of Certificates of Title and University of West Washington under a Leasehold Certificates of Title would rise Rotary Scholarship from $45 to $70 The increase was necessary because the Department of Survey and Land Information now charged $30 to CONSERVATION AT BNZ ARCHIVES draw diagrams on the titles Higher legal and administrative costs in preparation of Frank 0'Leary has joined a long line of the State-guaranteed certificates accounted illustrious Conservators at the BNZ for the rest of the rise Archives He comes to us after a long association with the Historic Places Other increases included fees for depositing Trust, an institution notable for its lodging or filing any instrument ($35 to dedication to the cause of conservation $40), inspecting the register ($5 to $6), in a variety of facets The indefatigable copies of any grant or certifiacte of title, Marjorie Park trained Frank in the basics Lease, licence or deed in the register of conservation so well that he has ($4 to $5) and guaranteed search copies advanced from good to better to best ($12 to $15) He is proving an asset to the Archives' strength having a keen interest in Evening Post, 19 March 1988 history, genealogy and things Irish

NATIONAL ARCHIVES NEWS INDEX TO G R MACD0NALD DICTIONARY Sherrah Francis, Reference Archivist for the past two years, left in February for A microfiche index to the G R Macdonald Washington where her husband is now New - Dictionary of Canterbury Biographies is Zealand Ambassador She is succeeded by now available from the Librarian, Ken Scadden, formerly Cartographic Archivist Canterbury Museum, Rolleston Avenue, Ellen Ellis, just returned from'the post- Christchurch The price is $110 (GST graduate University of NSW course, has included) The Dictionary now indexed joined the new Records Management branch contains 10,500 biographies plus 12,500 as its Senior Records Management Advisory short entries relating to early Canterbury Officer Liz Wilson, has also joined the settlers Biographies may be ordered branch, leaving the Reference and Arrange- from the index reference To purchase - ment & DescriptionSection The branch has an order form enclosed with this issue been headed (on an acting basis) by Mark Stevens since September 1987 pending a decision on the restructuring of senior positions immediately below the level of Di rector

####### 42

DICTIONARY OF NEW ZEALAND BIOGRAPHY, 1870-C.1920. MORE WOMEN NEEDED

The call is out for further biographical information on Maori and Pakeha women for inclusion in the next volume of the DNZB, covering the period 1870-c 1920 and due for publication in 1992 Wellington women meeting DNZB staff have devised strategies for increasing the number of entries on women for this next volume

The number of entries on women included in the 1769-1869 volume was in part a reflexion of the smaller number of Pakeha women in the population during that period, but was also due to the difficulties resulting from the invisibility of women in the historical record By 1911 there was population equity between men and women so the meeting recommended that there should be not less than fifty per cent women in the next volume It was agreed that not only should there be a drive for more names of women who "flourished" during this period but that further research may be needed on some who were of interest or of local prominence but about whom very little is known

The suffrage campaigns, the involvement of women in the professions make the 1870- c 1920 period particularly significant for women "Firsts" abound, such as Freda du Faur, mountaineer and first woman to climb Mt Cook (1910), Stella Allen, MA LLB, first woman parliamentary reporter (1902) and Marianne Tasker, first woman elected to a school commi- ttee (1895) Some won reknown in cultural areas like the inter- nationally-acclaimed concert singer and composer, Te Rangι paι a of Ngati Porou, using the stage name Princess Te Rangi

Pictured is an example from this period of a woman only recently reclaimed for the historical record and about whom only very little is known Mary Ann Bacon was described in 1896 as the "earliest representative of the future lady stockbrokers associ- ation" but we have only sketchy details of her career and later life Anyone able to provide information on women flourishing during this period whom they think deserve inclusion in the 1870-c 1920 volume of the Dictionary can contact Beryl Hughes, c/- Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, Department of Internal Affairs, Ρ 0 Box 805, Wellington - phone (04) 737-336 43

BOOK REVIEW

Ann Pederson (editor-in-chief) Keeping Archives Sydney Australian Society of Archivists Inc 1987, 374p, $40 In New Zealand, archivists struggle for basic resources and recognition Across the Tasman archives are better off Over there in comparison to population, public and private archives receive far more funds Every year the post-graduate course in archives keeping at the University of New South Wales turns out a supply of trained archivists This relative health is reflected in the quality of published work pro- duced by the Australians Ρ J Scott and others have been leaders in modern archives theory Keeping Archives maintains Australia's international reputation

The book is intended as an introductory manual for new or potential archivists It is a group production - there are thirteen authors However, special mention should be made of the work of the editor-in-chief, Ann Pederson, who had the huge task of en- suring the contributions were of a uniform standard in quality and approach No book on archives is likely to meet costs and a large part of the necessary funding was met by a grant from the New South Wales government

The book is divided into eleven chapters an introduction to the profession, getting organised, acquisition and appraisal, accessioning, arrangement and description, finding aids, access and reference services, conservation, using computers and micro- graphics, documentation programmes, user education and finding aids Each chapter is divided into appropriate sections and there are many tables, examples and photographs to illustrate the main text At the end of each chapter, there is a guide to further reading and there is a comprehensive glossary to go with the index at the end

One cannot review all the different ¡parts of such a comprehensive book Some comment on the reviewer's own speciallty - arrangement and description - seems a good place to start It is an integral part of the profession that has been somewhat neg- lected in New Zealand Here the subject occupies the heart of the book with the three chapters on accessioning, arrangement and description, and finding aids From the out- set the emphasis is on basic principles of determining and preserving provenance and original order as well as a practical emphasis on developing standardised systems of documentation, and on getting priorities in terms of available resources The chapter on arrangement and description deals clearly and concisely with the potentially complex areas of administrative history and series identification and documentation There is a useful special note on the description of photographs Throughout the principles and procedures discussed are illustrated with excellent examples and charts It is an impressive section of value to any archivist whatever the size or type of collection they have custody of

Appraisal and acquisition are always difficult to write about for the beginner The task depends so much on experience gained on the job and on the everchanging nature of research interests But again, Keeping Archives excels The emphasis is on the basic importance of establishing of policy and strategy of acquisition It has a very clear discussion of the basic principles of appraisal and how these principles might translate into specific types of records And it outlines, again with good examples, the development of disposal schedules The other chapters use the same approach The chapter on access and reference services is complemented by interesting chapters on documentation programmes and on user education and public relations - both areas little developed in New Zealand Of particular interest to this reviewer were the chapters on computers and conservation They are both areas of which I know little, and I learned a lot The chapter on com- puters in particular should be read by all archivists in New Zealand, for new technology will be here soon, we hope, and will allow big increases in productivity and quality of services if applied properly The two chapters at the beginning are very introductory The first is limited in its New Zealand use because it contains so much basic informa- tion on Australian archives services (perhaps ARANZ could lobby for some New Zealand information in the next edition) The chapter on getting organised includes everything including choosing staff, planning facilities and managing finances It all serves it purpose of providing a framework for the setting up of an archives programme 44

Keeping Archives

"An excellent, practical introduction ot the world of archives and manuscripts administration " James  Rhoads, Fifth Archivist of the United States of America Director Graduate Program in Archives and Records Management Western Washington University ". a comprehensive, informative "... a beautiful success and stimulating manual, worthy articulate, intelligent and to take its place alongside those of pleasant ot read ... my heartfelt Jenkinson and Schellenberg " congratulations " Michael Roper, Charles Kecskemeti, Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Public RecordsSecretary, International Council on Archives (¡CA), Office UK Archives and Manuscripts UNESCO

PEDERSON , ANN, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, KEEPING ARCHIVE S SYDNE Y AUSTRALIA N SOCIETY OF ARCHIVISTS Inc, 1987 B5, SOF T COVER , 350+ PAGES 90 ILLUSTRATIONS, GLOSSARY , INDEX ISBN 09595565 91

K eeping Archives IS the first comprehensive manual written ni English on the keeping of archives It si an indispensible text for everyone involved ni the preservation of historical records KEEPING ARCHIVE S covers all aspects of archives work from the basics of setting up a repository, ac- quiring the records, establishing an archives programme, managing the archives, the mechanics of ar- rangement and description of the records, producing finding aids so the records can be used, devel- oping a reference service and administering access, the responsibilities and policies of conservation, harnessing technologies such as micrographics and computers ni archives, the development of docu- mentation programmes such as photographic projects and oral and video history ni the archives and the importance of public relations and user education

KEEPING ARCHIVE S also includes an ni valuable glossary of archival terminology and si fully indexed for ease of reference

KEEPING ARCHIVES IS now available ni New Zealand Price $40 00 + GST, includes postage Cheque (payable ot Internal Affairs Dept) or Order ot

National Archives Records Management Ñ O BOX 6580 WELLINGTO N 45

Are there any faults' There is always room for improvement But any quibbles here are very minor The photographs help break up the text but are sometimes a bit small and murky and do not always add much information It would have been useful to include a guide to archives periodicals Anyone starting in the profession should be aware of such publications as American Archivist, Canada's Archivaría or Australia's own Archives and Manuscripts A subscription to these helps keep any archivist up to date with archival developments

Keeping Archives is an excellent book It does live up to its bold claim to be "the first book in the English language which reflects a consensus of experience and practice among archivists working in many different environments" Previously archi- vists could use Michael Cook's archives Administration or the Society of American Archi- vists Basic Manual Series Keeping Archives is superior to these It is more compre- hensive, relevant to New Zealand and easier to read than Cook, and more consistent in quality and approach than the, SAA Manuals It is a book that should be read by anyone involved in archives work Even the most knowledgeable will benefit from its fresh approach and synthesis It is a fine advertisement for the archives profession in Australia

David Colquhoun Wellington

MASSEY UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DAIRY RECORDS COLLECTION ACCESSIONS, 1983 - 88

Amalgamated Co-op Dairy Co Ltd and Masterton Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Correspondence 1946-69 Cardiff Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Share register 1935-65 Dominion Producers Co-op Agency Ltd Correspondence 1956-69 Egmont Box Company Ltd Ledgers, cash books, journals, insurance policies 1906-68 Eltham Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Share register 1929-65 Fairfax Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books, share certificates, memorandum and articles of association 1908-67 Farm Products Co-op (Tararua) Ltd General correspondence, photographs 19"Ç-76 Gorge Road Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute book 1959-73 Hawera Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Memorandum and articles of association 1920-60 Hekeia Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books 1913-67 Henderson Brothers Register, some minutes 1927-68 Hikurangi Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Minute books 1904-85 Kakaramea Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Share registers 1910-58 Kaponga Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Minute books, annual reports, souvenir programme for Golden Jubilee 1930-62 Kennington Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books 1909-69 Levin Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Correspondence 1953-71 Manawatu Mills Ltd Register, some minutes, correspondence 1924-68 Manawatu Reliance Co-op Dairy'Co Ltd Journals, cash books, ledgers, balance sheets 1925-56 Mauncevilie Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Correspondence, cream statements 1935-69 Mangatoki Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Share register 1925-66 Midhirst Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute book 1964-73 46

Normanby Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Share register 1927-65 Okeramika Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books, memorandum and articles of association 1911-69 Orepuki Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books 1932-65 Pahia Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books 1913-70 Rahotu Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Minute books, journals, share registers, cash books, legal documents, memorandum and articles of association, Jubilee booklet, photos 1907-82 Rangitaiki Plains Dairy Co Ltd Ledgers, cash books, journals, share registers, booklets 1915-71 Rimu Co-op Dairy Factory Co Ltd Minute books, memorandum and articles of association and by-laws 1913-52 S Rowe & Sons Ltd Minute books, share registers 1908-68 Stratford Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Balance sheets 1895-1965 Taranaki Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Minute books, journals, share registers 1950-83 Tararua Co-op Poultry Producers Ltd Correspondence 1951-70 Tararua Flourmilling Co Ltd Register of members Tui Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Minute books, journals, cash books, ledger, balance sheets, share register, butterfat book 1926-64 Waikato Associated Casein Co Cash Book 1946-77 Wairarapa Co-op Dairy Co Ltd Correspondence 1953-69 Wakelin Brothers Ltd Minute book, share register 1920-62 Wellington Dairy Farmers Co-op Assn Ltd Correspondence 1953-71

ACCESSIONS

ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY HALL, Rev Percy Papers relating to BATES0N, Frank M "John Grigg a missionary teaching on Rarotonga musical astronomer", 1987 281 leaves c 1890-1920 1 3m ACCESS SUBJECT Typescript TO SORTING CATES, Charles Diary, 1914-1916 HEUGHAN, Robert H Diary of a voyage [Cates saw active service at Gall i poli] on the "Indian Empire", 1862 39 2v leaves Photocopy of typescript CHURCH of England Wellington Diocese NATIONAL Council of Churches Records, Further reocrds, c 1870's - 1987 18m c 19~20's-87 37 6m ACCESS SUBJECT TO SORTING DISTRIBUTION Workers Federation of Ν Ζ Records, c 1950's-70's 2 6m Ν Ζ COMMITTEE For Children (I Y C ) RESTRICTED Inc Records, 1976-87 7 3m RESTRICTED ACCESS SUBJECT TO SORTING FLEMING, Sir Charles Papers, c 1930's- 1980's 17 3m ACCESS SUBJECT TO Ν Ζ DAIRY Factory Managers' Assn SORTING Minute Books, 1908-39 2v GRAHAM, J R Diary, 1914-1915 Ν Ζ DEMOCRATIC Party Records, [Graham saw service with the Samoan c 1972-87 20 3m RESTRICTED Expeditionary Force] lv ACCESS SUBJECT TO SORTING 47

Ν Ζ DENTAL Association Further WALSH, Sir John Patrick Papers mainly records, 1949-85 11 7m re dentistry, c 1904 - c 1976 2 6m Ν Ζ PUBLIC Service Association, WHITE, David Renfrew Newspaper Wellington Regional Office clippings and letters mainly re Registered files, c 1971-84 12 3m education, c 1872 - 1937 1 vol RESTRICTED NATIONAL ARCHIVES WELLINGTON Ν Ζ SEAMEN'S Union Further records, 1943-82 17 6m EDUCATION Department, Head Office,Property photographs, c 1900-70 1 5m PERRY, James F Log kept on the "Oran", 1882 lv Photocopy ELECTRIC0RP, Head Office Subject file from Electricity Division, Ministry ST MARY'S Church, Karon Further of Energy, 1914-84 12 3m records, c 1944-74 4v GERBIC, F M Political representative, SAVAGE Stephen Tuatua Taxto 1907 1981-86 1 2m RESTRICTED Translated by Savage from original publication written in Rarotongan HEALTH Department Films, 1940-75 8 7m 61 leaves ISBEY, Ε Ε Political papers, 1984-87 SCOTT, Walter J Papers, 1938-83 0 9m RESTRICTED [Prominent educationalist and civil libertarian] 1 7m LABOUR Department Vocational Training Council Subject files, 1963-82 17 lm WELLINGTON Dairy Employees' Industrial Union of Workers Records, 1924-77 MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Head Office 30cm Economic affairs subject files, 1933- 76 12 3m WELLINGTON Photographic Society Inc Records, c 1895-1930 30cm NEW ZEALAND POST Bulk internal mail contract registers, 1872-1916 2 Om HAMILTON PUBLIC LIBRARY POLICE Department, National Headquarters Administration files, 1896-1978 44 7m EARLY Childhood Education Committee RESTRICTED (Hamilton) 1976-85 40 cm PREBBLE, Hon Richard W Political HAMILTON Farm Improvement Club Records papers, 1970-87 7 8m RESTRICTED 1957-74 4 vols TREASURY, Head Office Subject files, WAIKATO Hospital Sunshine League Records 1911-84 27 3m 1929-84 6 vols UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND LIBRARY HOCKEN LIBRARY AUCKLAND District Carpenters' Union CULLEN, Hon M J Parliamentary Papers Records 1875-1949 c 1969-86 3 5m Partly restricted CHAMBERS, Keith Papers relating to the DAVIES, 0 V Additional papers re Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1964-75 dentistry, 190b-48 3cm FECKENAM, John, Abbot of Westminster MATHIESON Fami\\ Papers, 1851-1945 Book of souraiyne medicines against the 6 cm most common of known deseases of man and woman (Deposited for safe- SMITHER, Elizabeth Poems, 1986 2cm keeping) Restricted MITCHELL, William Resign or else the STEWART - PETER, J G (Hamish) .Additional Wanganui affair, May 1920 1986 literary papers, 1940s 2cm (Concerns D'Arcy Cresswell and the Mayor of Wanganui) TRIMBLE Family Personal papers, articles, photographs, c 1892 - NEW ZEALAND Alliance of Labour c 1940 12cm Miscellaneous papers, 1921-38 48

NORPAC Mining Limited Records ACCESS STATIONARY Engine Drivers' Union RESTRICTED UNTIL MATERIAL SORTED Recorus ACCESS RESTRICTED UNTIL MATERIAL SORTED REID, John Cowie Papers ACCESS RESTRICTED UNTIL MATERIAL SORTED ROGERS, Garth Western Pacific High Commission - Miscellaneous papers, 1935-46 ACCESS RESTRICTED UNTIL MATERIAL SORTED

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Records Management Branch NATIONA L ARCHIVE S Department of Internal Affairs RECORD S MANAGEMEN T HELP The Records Management Branch of National in records and information management Archives operates an advisory or consultancy • Advice relating ot the introduction of new service, to Government Departments and Local information management technology such as Government throughout New Zealand CD-RO M data storage • The range of assistance that si available • Hands-on help with implementation of rec- through this service includes ords and information management improve- • Development of improved records manage- ments ment systems • Development of archives programmes for • Introduction of new records classification organisations not subject ot the Archives Act schemes (Local Government Organisations and the • Reviews and evaluations of current practices private sector)

Please contact us for further information ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ASSOCIATION OF NEW ZEALAND INC.

P.O. Box 11-553, Manners Street, Wellington, N.Z.

PATRON : Sir John Marshall

COUNCIL

PRESIDENT: C/- Hocken Library Stuart Strachan P.O. Box 56, Dunedin

VICE-PRESIDENTS: C/- National Archives Caroline Etherington Christchurch Office P.O. Box 1308 Christchurch

Michael Hodder P.O. Box 28-011, Kelburn, Wellington.

SECRETARY: Nicola Frean C/- Alexander Turnbull Library P.O. Box 12349 Wellington North

TREASURER: Marlene Sayers 97 Happy Valley Road Ohiro Bay Wellington 2

MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY : David Green P.O. Box 11-553 Manners Street Wellington

EDITOR: Cathy Marr C/- National Archives P.O. Box 6148, Te Aro, Wei 1 i ngton

COUNCIL: Alison Fraser 5 Pimble Avenue, Karori, Wellington

Jan Gow P.O. Box 25-025, St Heliers, Auckland

Richard Hill 53 Moana Road, Kelburn, Wellington

Mary Reid 42 Carrington Street New Plymouth

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Kay Sanderson P.O. Box 28-011 Wellington 5

Ken Scadden 5 Renoir Avenue Belmont Lower Hutt COMMITTEE CONVENORS

Archival education and training Michael Hodder Ρ 0 Box 28-011, Kelburn Wellington

Business archives Claire Dawe C/- Westpac Archives, P.O. Box 691, Lambton Quay

Labour archives Cathy Marr C/- National Archives, P.O. Box 6148, Wellington

Records Management Alison Fraser 5 Pimble Avenue, Karon'

Religious archives Beverley Booth C/- Hocken Library, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin

Women's archives Kay Matthews Education Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag, Hami1 ton

BRANCH CHAIRPERSONS

Auckland Janet Foster C/- National Archives, P.O. Box 2220, Auckland

Canterbury/West!and Caroline Etherington C/- National Archives, P.O. Box 1308, Christchurch

Central Districts Ian Matheson Palmerston North City Council, Palmerston North

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1. TO FOSTER the care, preservation, and proper use of archives and records, both public and private, and their effective administration.

2. TO AROUSE public awareness of the importance of archives and records and in all matters affecting their preservation and use, and to co-operate or affiliate with any other bodies in New Zealand or elsewhere with like objects.

3. TO PROMOTE the training of archivists, records keepers, curators, librarians and others by the dissemination of specialised knowledge and by encouraging the provision of adequate training in the administration and conservation of archives and records.

4. TO ENCOURAGE research into problems connected with the use, administration and conservation of archives and records, and to promote the publication of the results of this research.

5. TO PROMOTE the standing of archives institutions.

6. TO ADVISE and support the establishment of archives services throughout New Zealand.

7. TO PUBLISH a bulletin at least once a year and other publications in furtherance of these objects.

MEMBERSHIP Membership of the Association is open to any individual or institution interested in fostering the objects of the Association. Subscription rates for 1987 are:

within New Zealand $NZ 19-00* ^•,-,,-,-Ë,,,É. $NZ 28-00 ,„c4.,t +,„„„ Înn ΊΛ M individuals I,., ,,, ηη institutions overseas $NZ 24-00 $NZ 32-00 Overseas members who wish airmail dispatch of notices and bulletins will need to advise their requirements. The additional fee will depend on current postal charges.

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