Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences (SAJB) ISSN 2347-9515 (Print) Abbreviated Key Title: Sch. Acad. J. Biosci. ISSN 2321-6883 (Online) ©Scholars Academic and Scientific Publisher A Unit of Scholars Academic and Scientific Society, Botany www.saspublisher.com

Invasive Alien Species in Khandesh Region (: India): Diversity, Implications and Measures Patil DA* P.G Department of Botany, SSVPSS Late Karmaveer Dr. P.R Ghogrey Science College, -424005 (M.S.) India

Abstract: Invasive alien taxa are serious threat to native biodiversity, besides the global Original Research Article warming and man-engineered activities. The present inventory enlisted them in Khandesh region of Maharashtra State (India) comprehensively. A total of 120 alien *Corresponding author angiospermic species belonging to 84 genera and 39 families have been documented. Patil DA Of these, 111 species and 76 genera of 34 families represent the dicotyledons, whereas 09 species and 08 genera under 05 families are monocotyldons. Analyses of invasive Article History aliens indicate that herbaceous annuals, American floral elements and unintentional Received: 29.11.2017 introductions share major segment of the alien flora of Khandesh region. It appears Accepted: 15.12.2017 desirable to monitor invasion of such species through qualitative and quantitative Published:30.12.2017 approaches collaboratively inviting Government Forest Department, NGO’s, biodiversity-experts, ecologists and environmentalists in such scientific pursuit. DOI: Keywords: Alien species, Khandesh, Maharashtra, Nativity

10.21276/sajb.2017.5.12.8 INTRODUCTION Apart from man, two major threats to the biodiversity of the world are: (i) global warming and (ii) biological invasions. The former also promotes the latter. Biological invasions, of late, are operating at global level. They will undergo increase because of increasing globalization, rise in global trade, travel and tourism. India is a signatory to all these. It is, therefore, very imperative to make an effective implication management of invasive species. The present study is aimed at inventorising their diversity, life forms, habitat, nativity and mode of introductions with future implications of the region under study.

Khandesh region of Maharashtra presently METHODOLOGY includes three districts viz., , Dhule and Intensive botanization was extended to record . It lies in the Tapi (Tapti) river basin. maximum number especially of invasive alien plant Ranges of (Sahyadris) extend in south- species paying particular attention to different habits, western part, whereas Satpura mountain stretches on habitats, life-forms and modes of introductions in north-western border of Maharashtra state bordering Khandesh region. Decipherment of alien species was adjacent states of and (Fig-1). completed using national, regional, state and district The forests are dry deciduous type. Floristic studies are floras [1-8]. The nativity and mode of introductions of already completed in this region [1, 2]. However, alien invasive species was borrowed from earlier literature taxa are paid cursory attention in such investigations. It [9-24]. They have been enumerated in Table-1 is re-investigated with particular emphasis on invasive alphabetically with respect to their plant name, family, alien species from ecological point of view. Results of nativity, life-forms, habit, habitat and mode of this re-investigation are being presented in this introduction. communication.

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Fig-1: Khandesh Region in Maharashtra State (Jalgaon, Dhule and Nandurbar Districts)

Table-1: Invasive plant species of Khandesh Region (Maharashtra) SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 1. Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Brazil H A W Ui Asteraceae 2. Ageratum conyzoides L. Trop. America H A W Ui Asteraceae 3. Alternanthera paronychioides St. Trop. America H P RB Ui Hill. Amaranthaceae 4. Alternanthera pungens (Humb.), Trop. America H P W Ui Bonpl. & Kunth Amaranthaceae 5. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Trop. America H P RB Ui Amaranthaceae 6. Alternanthera tenella Colla Trop. America H A W Ui Amaranthaceae 7. Amaranthus spinosus L. Trop. America H A CF Ui Amaranthaceae 8. Anagallis arvensis L. Europe H A CF Ui Primulaceae 9. Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Trop. America C P AR O Polygonaceae 10. Argemone mexicana L. S. America H A W Ui Papaveraceae 11. Asclepias curassavica L. Trop. America H P AR O Asclepiadaceae 12. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Trop. America H A CF Ui Liliaceae

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SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 13. Bidens ternatea (Lour.) Merr. & Trop. America H A CF Ui Scheriff. Asteraceae 14. Blainvillea acmella (L.f.) Trop. America H A W Ui Philipson Asteraceae 15. Blumea eriantha DC. Trop. America H P W Ui Asteraceae 16. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. Trop. America H A W Ui Asteraceae 17. Blumea obliqua (L.) Druce Trop. America H A W Ui Asteraceae 18. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Trop. Africa S P W Ui Asclepiadaceae 19. Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Trop. Africa S P W Ui Asclepiadaceae 20. Cassia absus L. Trop. America H A W Ui Caesalpiniaceae 21. Cassia obtusifolia L. Trop. America H P W, F Ui Caesalpiniaceae 22. Cassia occidentalis L. S. America H P W Ui Caesalpiniaceae 23. Cassia pumila Lam. Trop. America H A W Ui Caesalpiniaceae 24. Cassia tora L. S. America H A W Ui Caesalpiniaceae 25. Cassia uniflora Mill. S. America H A W Ui Caesalpiniaceae 26. Catharanthus pusillus (Murr.) G. Trop. America H A CF Ui Don Apocynaceae 27. Celosia argentea L. Trop. Africa H A CF Fd Amaranthaceae 28. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Trop. America H A A Ui Ceratophyllaceae 29. Chenopodium murale L. Trop. America H A CF, W Ui Chenopodiaceae 30. Chrozophora rottleri (Geis.) Juss. Trop. Africa H A W, CF Ui ex Spreng. Euphorbiaceae 31. Cleome gynandra L. Trop. America H A W Ui Capparaceae 32. Cleome monophylla L. Trop. Africa H A AR Ui Capparaceae 33. Cleome viscosa L. Trop. America H A W Ui Capparaceae

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SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 34. Convolvulus arvensis L. Europe H A F, W Ui Convolvulaceae 35. Corchorus aestuans L. Trop. America H A F, W Ui Tiliaceae 36. Corchorus fascicularis Lam. Trop. America H A W Ui Tiliaceae 37. Corchorus olitorius L. Trop. Africa H A CF Ui Tiliaceae 38. Corchorus tridens L. Trop. Africa H A AR, W Ui Tiliaceae 39. Corchorus trilocularis L. Trop. Africa H A W Ui Tiliaceae 40. Croton bonplandianum Baill. S. America H P W Ui Euphorbiaceae 41. Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. Madagascar H P CF O Asclepiadaceae 42. Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Mediterranean H P P Ui Cusutaceae 43. Cyperus difformis L. Trop. America SE A CF Ui Cyperaceae 44. Cyperus iria L. Trop. America SE A CF Ui Cyperaceae 45. Datura ferox L. South-North S P W Ui Solanaceae America 46. Datura innoxia Mill. Trop. America S P W Ui Solanaceae 47. Datura metel L. Trop. America S P W Ui Solanaceae 48. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. S. W. Asia H A CF Ui Amaranthaceae 49. Dinebra retroflexa (Vahl) Panz. Trop. America G P W Ui Poaceae 50. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link S. America G A RB Ui Poaceae 51. Echinops echinatus Roxb. Afghanistan H A W Ui Asteraceae 52. Eclipta prostrata (L.) Mant. Trop. America H A AR Ui Asteraceae 53. Eichhornia crassipes (C. Martius) Trop. America H P A Ui Solms. Pontederiaceae 54. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Trop. America H A RB Ui Asteraceae 55. Euphorbia cyathophora Murray Trop. America H A W Ui Euphorbiaceae 56. Euphorbia hirta L. Trop. America H A W, CF Ui Euphorbiaceae Available online at http://saspublisher.com/sajb/ 870

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SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 57. Euphorbia indica Lamk. Trop. South H A W, CF Ui America 58. Flaveria trinervia (Spreng.) Trop. Central H A W, A Ui C.Mohr. America Asteraceae 59. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Trop. America H A RB Ui Asteraceae 60. Glossocardia bosvallea (L.f.) DC. East Indies H A W Ui Asteraceae 61. Gomphrena serrata L. Trop. America H A CF Ui Amaranthaceae 62. Grangea maderaspatana (L.) S. America H A RB Ui Poir. Asteraceae 63. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Trop. America H A AR Ui Lamiaceae 64. Impatiens balsamina L. Trop. America H A RB O Balsaminaceae 65. Indigofera glandulosa Roxb. ex Trop. America H A CF Ui Willd. Fabaceae 66. Indigofera hirsuta L. Trop. America H A W Ui Fabaceae 67. Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. S. America H A AR Ui Fabaceae 68. Indigofera linnaei Ali Trop. Africa H A F Ui Fabaceae 69. Indigofera trita L.f. Trop. Africa S P F Ui Fabaceae 70. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Trop. America S P W Ui subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Austin Convolvulaceae 71. Ipomoea eriocarpa R.Br. Trop. Africa H A W Ui Convolvulaceae 72. Ipomoea hederifolia L. Trop. America H A F Ui Convolvulaceae 73. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth N. America H A F, W Ui Convolvulaceae 74. Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker.-Gawl. Trop. Africa H P W Ui Convolvulaceae 75. Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Trop. East Africa H A W Ui Convolvulaceae 76. Ipomoea quamoclit L. Trop. America H P W O Convolvulaceae

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SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 77. Lagascea mollis Cav. Central America H A CF Ui Asteraceae 78. Lantana camara L. Trop. America H P F O Verbenaceae 79. Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.)R. Br. Trop. Africa H A W Ui Lamiaceae 80. Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gilli. Trop. America T P W Fo Mimosaceae 81. Ludwigia perennis L. Trop. Africa H A RB Ui Onagraceae 82. Malachra capitata (L.) L. Trop. America H P W Ui Malvaceae 83. Malvastrum coromandelianum Trop. America H A W Ui (L.) Garcke Malvaceae 84. Martynia annua L. Trop. America H P W Ui Pedaliaceae 85. Melilotus alba Medik. ex Desr. Europe H A CF Fd Fabaceae 86. Merremia aegyptia (L.) Urb. Trop. America C P W Ui Convolvulaceae 87. Mimosa pudica L. Brazil H P W O Mimosaceae 88. Mirabilis jalapa L. Peru H A W O Nyctaginaceae 89. Ocimum americanum L. Trop. America H A W Ui Lamiaceae 90. Opuntia stricta Haw. var.dillenii Trop. America S P W Ui (Ker.- Gawl.) Benson Cactaceae 91. Oxalis corniculata L. Europe H P CF Ui Oxalidaceae 92. Parthenium hysterophorus L. N. America H A W Ui Asteraceae 93. Passiflora foetida L. S. America H P W O Passifloraceae 94. Pedalium murex L. Trop. America H P W Ui Pedaliaceae 95. Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Trop. America G A F Fo Poaceae 96. Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Trop. America H A W Ui Brummit Acanthaceae 97. Physalis angulata L. Trop. America H A W Ui Solanaceae

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SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 98. Physalis minima L. Trop. America H A W Ui Solanaceae 99. Physalis peruviana L. Peru H A W, CF Ui Solanaceae 100. Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. S. America H A RB O Urticaceae 101. Portulaca oleracea L. S. America H A W Ui Portulacaceae 102. Portulaca quadrifida L. Trop. America H A W Ui Portulacaceae 103. Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Mexico S P W Af Mimosaceae 104. Ruellia tuberosa L. Trop. America H A RB Ui Acanthaceae 105. Saccharum spontaneum L. Trop. West Asia G P RB Ui Poaceae 106. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. F. Trop. America S A RB Ui Wight Fabaceae 107. Sida acuta Burm. f. Trop. America H A W Ui Malvaceae 108. Solanum nigrum L. Trop. America H A CF Ui Solanaceae 109. Sonchus oleraceus L. Mediterranean H A RB Ui Asteraceae 110. Spermacoce hispida L. Trop. America H P CF Ui Rubiaceae 111. Stachytarpheta jamicensis (L.) America H A W O Vahl Verbenaceae 112. Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. West Indies H A W, AR Ui Asteraceae 113. Tribulus lanuginosus L. Trop. America H P W Ui Zygophyllaceae 114. Tribulus terrestris L. Trop. America H P W Ui Zygophyllaceae 115. Tridax procumbens L. Central America H P CF Ui Asteraceae 116. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Trop. America H A W Ui Tiliaceae 117. Typha angustifolia L. Trop. America H P RB Ui Typhaceae 118. Urena lobata L. Trop. Africa S P W Ui Malvaceae 119. Waltheria indica L. Trop. America H P F Ui Sterculiaceae

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SN Plant Species & Family Native Region/ Life Habit Habitat Purpose of Country Form Introduction 120. Xanthium indicum Koenig Trop. America S A AR Ui Asteraceae

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Synedrella nodiflora, Flaveria trinervia, Euphorbia The present inventory on invasive alien plant hirta and E.indica. Nearly 22 species inhabit and species divulged considerable diversity in Khandesh compete with cultivated or crop plants. Some of these region of Maharashtra State. A total of 120 species also grow in forested areas e.g. Cassia obtusifolia, belonging to 84 genera and 39 families of angiosperms Convolvulus arvensis, Indigofera linnae, Ipomoea nil, are recorded. Of these, the dicotyledons are represented Lantana camara, Pennisetum purpureum and by 110 species, 75 genera and 34 families, whereas the Corchorus aestuans. Nine species, as noted in Table-I, monocotyledons belong to 09 species, 08 genera of 05 are usually found along roadsides. However, aquatic families. A total of 11 different geographical regions in invasive aliens are few e.g. Ceratophyllum demersum terms of nativity are noted during this botanization. and Eichhornia crassipes. Pistia stratiotes, Borassus These species are contributed by major geographical flabellifer, Synadenium grantii and Opuntia strictaa are regions such as: various parts of America (84), Africa noted only in home gardens as a botanical curiosity or (16), Europe (04), Maditerranean region (02), Peru, as a hedge. They do not exhibit invasiveness in this Brazil and Asia (02 each), Madagscar, East and West region, although reported so in other regions in India Indies (01 each). [19, 25]. Species of Cyperus are also found in aquatic or marshy places. Cuscuta chinensis is the only alien Thus American floral elements contribute parasite in the region. As many as 14 aliens inhabit major share (72.5%) of invasive species in Khanesh river beds. The literature review indicated some species region. Interestingly, 73% native American species are to be allelopathic e.g. Argemone mexicana, Ageratum also reported from Indian Himalayan region (25). conyzoides, Cassia uniflora, Parthenium hysterophorus, However, more than 58% invasive alien flora of India is Lagascea molis, Lantana camara, Eichhornia reported to be native of American continent [19, 20]. crassipes, Prosopis juliflora, etc. [20, 26, 27, 28, 29]. The African region is represented by 12.5%, while other regions contribute insignificantly e.g. Peru, Brazil, Annuals are predominant invasive aliens in Afghanistan, Mediterranean and Madagascar. Analysis Khandesh flora and are represented by 78 species out of of annuals and perennials indicate that the former total 120 species. The annuals vis-à-vis herbaceous comprise 78 species (65%), while the latter are invasive aliens appear to have better tolerance to represented by 42 species (35%). Further analysis of warmer condition prevailing in this part of the life-forms revealed as many as six forms viz., herbs Maharashtra State. Some species are introduced (99), shrubs (12), climbers (02), sedges (02), grasses intentionally as ornamentals in gardens. However, being (04) and trees (01). The figures in parenthesis stand for invasive in nature, they escaped from cultivation and number of alien species. The highest number of are naturalized at near suitable habitats e.g. Antigonum invasive species in Khandesh are: (i) herbs and (ii) leptopus, Asclepias curassavica, Cryptostegia shrubs, the former being very dominant element in the grandiflora, Impatiens balsamina, Ipomoea quamoclit, region. There are nine genera that contribute more Mimosa pudica, Pilea microphylla, Mirabilis jalapa percentage of alien species. These are : Ipomoea (07), and Passiflora foetida. Very recently, Cassia uniflora Cassia (06), Corchorus (05), Alternanthera and has naturalized faster in this region particularly along Indigofera (04 each), Cleome, Euphorbia, Datura and roadsides. It is noteworthy that at many places it has Physalis (03 each). The largest families contributing practically replaced Parthenium hysterophorus, a very alien taxa are: Asteraceae (12), Amaranthaceae (10), noxious alien weed established long back before 1970. Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae and Fabaceae (08 each), Invasion of Cassia obtusifolia and Lantana camara are Caesalpiaceae and Tiliaceae (06 each), Malvaceae and certainly responsible for depletion of some forest Euphorbiaceae (04 each) and Mimosaceae (03). The species in this region. family Asterceae is the most dominant in invasive alien flora of Khandesh. Similar situation in Uttar Pradesh of Majority of these invasive aliens cause India is also recorded [20]. It is also to be noted that the interference especially in cultivated lands and Asteraceae is dominant family in alien flora of entire grasslands. Farmers have to uproot them for obvious India [22]. Majority of species (71) flourish on reason. Much of their energy and time is wasted in wastelands. Some of these also occur in other habitats monitoring them. Even the grazing lands are fully e.g. Chenopdium murale, Chrozophora rottleri, occupied by them because of their gregarious growth. Convolvulus arvensis, Corchorus tridens, Cryptostegia The present author also noted depletion of some forest grandiflora, Ipomoea nil, Physalis peruviana, species. Interferences e.g. changes in soil structure, its Available online at http://saspublisher.com/sajb/ 874

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