DOCSLIB.ORG

The Use of Anti-Ostertagia Ostertagi Antibodies in Milk to Study the Epidemiology and Impact on Production of Gastrointestinal-Nematode Infections in Dairy Cows

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Use of Anti-Ostertagia Ostertagi Antibodies in Milk to Study the Epidemiology and Impact on Production of Gastrointestinal-Nematode Infections in Dairy Cows THE USE OF ANTI-OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI ANTIBODIES IN MILK TO STUDY THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMPACT ON PRODUCTION OF GASTROINTESTINAL-NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN DAIRY COWS Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de diergeneeskundige wetenschappen aan de faculteit diergeneeskunde Universiteit Gent, 2007 door Johannes Charlier Promotoren Prof. dr. J. Vercruysse Prof. dr. E. Claerebout Vakgroep Virologie, Parasitologie en Immunologie Faculteit Diergeneeskunde, Universiteit Gent Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke Zonder de medewerking van velen had deze thesis nooit tot stand kunnen komen. Aan hen spreek ik hier mijn oprechte dank uit. In de eerste plaats aan mijn promotoren prof. dr. Jozef Vercruysse en prof. dr. Edwin Claerebout. Zij bedachten het idee van de melkantistoffen, vonden de nodige fondsen en stimuleerden mij vervolgens om eigen invalshoeken aan het onderzoek te geven. Zij stimuleerden zowel mijn wetenschappelijk (wat is interessant) als pragmatisch (wat is haalbaar) denken, gaven mij een brede kijk op veterinaire parasitologie, lazen en verbeterden ongebreideld mijn manuscripten en gaven mij de kans naar internationale congressen te gaan. Een even grote dankbetuiging wil ik richten aan prof. dr. Luc Duchateau. Hij stond me bij met de statistische analyses, de interpretatie van de data en het verbeteren van de manuscripten. Bovendien stimuleerde hij me zelf kennis over statistische data-analyse te vergaren en had hij regelmatig een originele invalshoek in de aanpak van het onderzoek. Aan de andere leden van de begeleidingscommissie, prof. dr. Ian Dohoo, dr. Harm Ploeger en prof. dr. Dirk Berkvens die het manuscript doornamen en een belangrijke bijdrage leverden tot het finale resultaat. I also want to thank prof. dr. Ian Dohoo for the assistance of his department when we started performing the ELISAs. Aan de firma Merial, voor het financieel ondersteunen van dit project. J’adresse mes remerciements tout particuliers à Jean-Marc Lalloz qui a marqué sa sympathie pour le projet dès le début. Sa vision des implications pratiques de ces études s’est confirmée au cours du temps. Sincere thanks as well to Andy Forbes, whose contribution in the many scientific discussions proved to be very valuable and helpful. Een woord van dank ook aan Piet De Roose voor de praktische en logistieke steun bij het opzetten van de behandelingsproef . Aan Roland Bossuyt en Jean-Marie Van Crombrugge van het Melkcontrolecentrum Vlaanderen. Zij waren steeds present op belangrijke organisatorische vergaderingen van de proeven en verleenden hun volledige medewerking bij het verzamelen van de melkstalen. Aan Etienne De Mûelenaere en Kim Cattoir van de Vlaamse Rundveeteelt Vereniging. Zij steunden ons project, stelden de productiegegevens ter beschikking en motiveerden de melkcontroleurs voor het uitvoeren van de enquête. Aan dr. Luc De Meulemeester die ons in contact bracht met het Melkcontrolecentrum Vlaanderen, de Vlaamse Rundveeteelt Vereniging, en de medewerkende dierenartsen. Bovendien hielp hij mee aan de organisatie van verschillende studies. Aan al mijn collega’s op het werk voor de hulp, gezellige koffiekletsen en uitstappen. Ze hielpen mij ook door mij op het einde “gerust” te laten en taken over te nemen zodat ik ongestoord verder kon werken. Een speciaal dankwoord aan Iris die me wegwijs maakte in de ELISA wereld, Dirk, Mieke, Rudy, Stijn en Gert voor de technische ondersteuning. Aan prof. dr. Christian Burvenich en dr. Frédéric Vangroenweghe die mee de mastitis-studie mogelijk maakten. Aan de dierenartsen Adelin De Vlieger, Rony De Weweire, Peter Dhont, Raf Ide, Hendrik Keerman, Pieter Passchyn, Sylvie Rys en Tom Van Hulle en aan de veehouders die allen geïnteresseerd hebben meegewerkt aan het onderzoek. Ik zou ook m’n verloofde Inge willen bedanken voor de vele keren dat ze toestond dat ik m’n tijd besteedde aan deze thesis en niet met haar. En tenslotte m’n ouders voor het mogelijk maken van mijn studies en de stille aanmoedigingen bij het maken van dit werk. Mijn moeder dank ik bovendien voor de mooie tekeningen op de omslag van de thesis. List of abbreviations AUC Area under the curve BL Bovine leukaemia BVD Bovine viral diarrhoea CCC Concordance correlation coefficient CI Confidence interval Cmax Maximal concentration DIM Days in milk DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EPG Eggs per gram EU European Union FEC Faecal egg count FSG First-season grazing GI Gastrointestinal GIS Geographical information system IBR Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis Ig Immunoglobulin Inj. Injectable L1 First-stage larva L2 Second-stage larva L3 Third-stage larva L4 Fourth-stage larva LL Lower limit MAP Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis MCC Milk Control Centre ML Macrocyclic lactone NC Negative control OD Optical density ODR Optical-density ratio PBST Phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05 % Tween 20 PC Positive control RS Remote sensing UL Upper limit V.R.V. Flemish Cattle Breeding Association Table of contents List of abbreviations 4 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 9 1. INTRODUCTION 10 2. GASTROINTESTINAL-NEMATODE SPECIES AND THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE IN DAIRY CATTLE 10 3. LIFE CYCLE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI 11 4. PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY OF OSTERTAGIOSIS 13 6. REFERENCES 16 CHAPTER 1 17 THE DIAGNOSIS, IMPACT ON PRODUCTION AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN DAIRY CATTLE 17 1. INTRODUCTION 18 2. DIAGNOSIS 20 2.1. INTRODUCTION 20 2.2. FAECAL EXAMINATION 20 2.3. SERUM-PEPSINOGEN DETERMINATION 21 2.4. MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES 22 2.5. OTHER TECHNIQUES 25 3. IMPACT ON PRODUCTION 26 3.1. INTRODUCTION 26 3.2. EFFECT ON WEIGHT GAIN AND CARCASS QUALITY 27 3.3. EFFECT ON MILK PRODUCTION 28 3.4. EFFECT ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE 31 3.5. EFFECT ON IMMUNITY 32 4. CONTROL 33 4.1. INTRODUCTION 33 4.2. ANTHELMINTICS 33 4.3. CONTROL METHODS 37 5. CONCLUSIONS 40 6. REFERENCES 41 OBJECTIVES 53 CHAPTER 2 55 ASSESSMENT OF THE REPEATABILITY OF A MILK OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI ELISA AND EFFECTS OF SAMPLE PREPARATION 55 1. INTRODUCTION 56 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 56 2.1. MILK SAMPLES 56 2.2. ELISA 57 2.3. EVALUATION STUDIES 58 2.4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 59 3. RESULTS 61 3.1. BORDER EFFECTS 61 3.2. REPEATABILITY OVER REPLICATES, PLATES AND DAYS 61 3.3. EFFECT OF SAMPLE PREPARATION 64 4. DISCUSSION 64 5. CONCLUSION 67 6. REFERENCES 68 CHAPTER 3 71 THE EFFECT OF AN EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ACUTE MASTITIS ON THE TEST RESULTS OF AN OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI MILK ELISA 71 1. INTRODUCTION 72 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 72 2.1. EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND STUDY FACILITIES 72 2.2. INTRAMAMMARY INOCULATION PROCEDURE 73 2.3. SAMPLE COLLECTION 73 2.4. LABORATORY METHODS 73 2.5. TITRATION EXPERIMENT 74 2.6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 74 3. RESULTS 75 3.1. O. OSTERTAGI ODR AND IGG ODR 75 3.2. TITRATION EXPERIMENT 77 4. DISCUSSION 77 5. REFERENCES 79 CHAPTER 4 81 A SURVEY TO DETERMINE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BULK-TANK MILK ANTIBODIES AGAINST OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI AND MILK-PRODUCTION PARAMETERS 81 1. INTRODUCTION 82 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 83 2.1. SELECTION OF FARMS AND SAMPLE COLLECTION 83 2.2. COLLECTION OF FARM AND PRODUCTION DATA 83 2.3. LABORATORY METHODS 84 2.4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 85 3. RESULTS 86 3.1. ODR VALUES OF THE SAMPLED HERDS 86 3.2. FARM DATA 87 3.3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ODR AND MILK YIELD 87 3.4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ODR AND MILK-SOLIDS CONTENT 89 4. DISCUSSION 90 5. REFERENCES 94 CHAPTER 5 97 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN DAIRY HERD MANAGEMENT FACTORS AND BULK-TANK MILK ANTIBODY LEVELS AGAINST OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI 97 1. INTRODUCTION 98 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 99 2.1. DAIRY FARMS AND SAMPLE COLLECTION 99 2.2. COLLECTION OF HERD INFORMATION 99 2.3. ELISA PROCEDURE 100 2.4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 100 3. RESULTS 104 4. DISCUSSION 106 5. REFERENCES 110 CHAPTER 6 113 PREDICTING MILK-PRODUCTION RESPONSES AFTER AN AUTUMN TREATMENT OF PASTURED DAIRY HERDS WITH EPRINOMECTIN 113 1. INTRODUCTION 114 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 115 2.1. HERD SELECTION 115 2.2. TREATMENT PROTOCOL 115 2.3. SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ELISA-PROCEDURE 116 2.4. COLLECTION OF FARM DATA 116 2.5. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 117 3. RESULTS 118 3.1. FARMS AND ANIMALS 118 3.2. ANTI-OSTERTAGIA ANTIBODY LEVELS 119 3.3. OVERALL TREATMENT EFFECT ON MILK YIELD 120 3.4. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PRE-TREATMENT ANTI-O. OSTERTAGI ANTIBODY LEVEL IN THE BULK-TANK MILK AND THE TREATMENT EFFECT 121 4. DISCUSSION 121 5. CONCLUSIONS 124 6. REFERENCES 125 CHAPTER 7 127 GENERAL DISCUSSION: THE USE OF MILK ANTIBODIES TO EVALUATE PARASITE-ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION LOSSES IN DAIRY CATTLE 127 1. INTRODUCTION 128 2. THE PRACTICAL USE BY VETERINARIANS OF THE OSTERTAGIA ELISA ON BULK-TANK MILK 128 3. THE LIMITATIONS/ADVANTAGES OF BULK-TANK MILK VERSUS INDIVIDUAL MILK 130 4. THE INTEGRATION OF MONITORING GASTROINTESTINAL-NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN A BROADER DAIRY HEALTH CONTEXT 132 5. THE USE OF MILK ELISAS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS TO DETERMINE THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PARASITIC DISEASES 134 6. CONCLUSION 135 7. REFERENCES 136 SUMMARY 141 SAMENVATTING 149 General introduction 10 General introduction ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Infection of livestock with gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic nematodes is a major constraint on production worldwide. All grazing cattle are exposed to infection with these parasites resulting in economic losses (mainly due to reduced productivity and costs of anthelmintic treatments). Traditionally, infections with GI nematodes were considered to be mainly important in first-season grazing (FSG) calves. The effects of clinical disease in this age group have been clearly demonstrated and are well known to both farmers and practitioners. In contrast, infections with GI nematodes in older cattle were for a long time considered to be of no major importance because of the absence of clinical symptoms and the lower fecal egg counts usually found in these animals. However, recently 2 reviews have demonstrated that subclinical GI-nematode infections can impair milk yield (Gross et al., 1999; Sanchez et al., 2004).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products
    pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes).
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(3), 972-999 REVIEW ARTICLE ……………………………………………………
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 5(3), 972-999 Journal Homepage: - www.journalijar.com Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/3597 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/3597 REVIEW ARTICLE HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS AND OVINE HOST: A RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. *Saeed El-Ashram1,2, Ibrahim Al Nasr3,4, Rashid mehmood5,6, Min Hu7, Li He7, *Xun Suo1 1. National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. 2. Faculty of Science, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. 3. College of Science and Arts in Unaizah, Qassim University, Unaizah, Saudi Arabia. 4. College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia. 5. College of information science and technology, Beijing normal university, Beijing, china. 6. Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Management Sciences and Information Technology, Kotli Azad Kashmir, 11100, Pakistan 7. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Products, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei,China. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections are a world-wide problem for Received: 05 January 2017 both small- and large-scale farmers. Infection by GI parasites in Final Accepted: 09 February 2017 ruminants, including sheep and goat can result in harsh economic losses Published: March 2017 in a variety of ways: reproductive inefficiency, decreased work capacity, involuntary culling, diminished food intake, poor animal growth rates and lower weight gains, treatment and management costs, Key words:- Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections; and mortality in heavily parasitized animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthelmintic Resistance of Ostertagia Ostertagi and Cooperia Oncophora to Macrocyclic Lactones in Cattle from the Western United States
    Veterinary Parasitology 170 (2010) 224–229 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Parasitology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar Anthelmintic resistance of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora to macrocyclic lactones in cattle from the western United States M.D. Edmonds, E.G. Johnson, J.D. Edmonds ∗ Johnson Research LLC, 24007 Highway 20-26, Parma, ID, 83660, USA article info abstract Article history: In June 2008, 122 yearling heifers with a history of anthelmintic resistance were obtained Received 15 October 2009 from pastures in northern California and transported to a dry lot facility in southwest- Received in revised form 28 January 2010 ern Idaho, USA. Fifty heifers with the highest fecal egg counts were selected for study Accepted 24 February 2010 enrollment. Candidates were equally randomized to treatment with either injectable iver- mectin (Ivomec®, Merial, 0.2 mg kg−1 BW), injectable moxidectin (Cydectin®, Fort Dodge, Keywords: 0.2 mg kg−1 BW), oral fenbendazole (Safe-Guard®, Intervet, 5.0 mg kg−1 BW), oral oxfenda- Anthelmintic resistance zole (Synanthic®, Fort Dodge, 4.5 mg kg−1 BW), or saline. At 14 days post-treatment, Cattle Bovine nematodes were recovered from the abomasum, small intestine, and large intestine. Par- Nematodes asitism was confirmed in the control group when 10/10 animals were infected with Efficacy adult Ostertagia ostertagi and 9/10 animals with both developing and early L4 stages of Cooperia O. ostertagi. Similarly, 9/10 animals were parasitized with adult Cooperia spp. Fenbenda- Ostertagia zole and oxfendazole efficacy verses controls were >90% against adult Cooperia spp., while moxidectin caused an 88% parasite reduction post-treatment (P < 0.05).
    [Show full text]
  • Ostertagia Ostertagi Excretory-Secretory Products
    Academic Year 2007-2008 Laboratory for Parasitology Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology Ghent University – Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Study of Ostertagia ostertagi excretory-secretory products Heidi Saverwyns Proefschrift voorgelegd aan de faculteit Diergeneeskunde tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Diergeneeskundige Wetenschappen Promotoren: Prof. Dr. E. Claerebout en Dr. P. Geldhof Het heeft wel eventjes geduurd, maar nu is het zover. Veel mensen hebben de afgelopen jaren direct of indirect hun medewerking verleend aan het tot stand komen van dit proefschrift. Een aantal van hen wil ik hier persoonlijk bedanken. In eerste instantie wens ik Prof dr. Jozef Vercuysse en mijn promotor Prof. Dr. Edwin Claerebout te bedanken omdat jullie mij de kans boden om op het labo Parasitologie te doctoreren. Jullie deur stond altijd open zowel in goede tijden als in slechte tijden. Bedankt voor alles!! Peter, nog maar pas terug uit Moredun en vervolgens gebombardeerd tot mijn promotor. Jouw hulp was onmisbaar bij het vervolledigen van dit proefschrift. Hopelijk heb je niet te veel fietsuren moeten missen door de ontelbare corrigeersessies. Denk vooral aan die ‘oh zo leuke bureau momenten’ wanneer we samen neurieden op mijn nieuwste ringtone. Dr. Marc Fransen, bedankt voor alle hulp en goede tips wanneer mijn fagen niet deden wat van hen verwacht werd. Natuurlijk wil ik u ook bedanken voor het gedetailleerd en supersnel nalezen van dit proefschrift! Isabel, jouw hersenspinsels (neergepend in een FWO aanvraag) betekenden het startsignaal van een wilde rit op het faagdisplay rad. Je hebt ons reeds enkele jaren geleden verlaten, desalniettemin was je direct bereid om in mijn leescommissie te zetelen.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Carbon Dioxide in Nematode Behaviour and Physiology Cambridge.Org/Par
    Parasitology The role of carbon dioxide in nematode behaviour and physiology cambridge.org/par Navonil Banerjee and Elissa A. Hallem Review Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Cite this article: Banerjee N, Hallem EA Abstract (2020). The role of carbon dioxide in nematode behaviour and physiology. Parasitology 147, Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important sensory cue for many animals, including both parasitic 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1017/ and free-living nematodes. Many nematodes show context-dependent, experience-dependent S0031182019001422 and/or life-stage-dependent behavioural responses to CO2, suggesting that CO2 plays crucial roles throughout the nematode life cycle in multiple ethological contexts. Nematodes also Received: 11 July 2019 show a wide range of physiological responses to CO . Here, we review the diverse responses Revised: 4 September 2019 2 Accepted: 16 September 2019 of parasitic and free-living nematodes to CO2. We also discuss the molecular, cellular and First published online: 11 October 2019 neural circuit mechanisms that mediate CO2 detection in nematodes, and that drive con- text-dependent and experience-dependent responses of nematodes to CO2. Key words: Carbon dioxide; chemotaxis; C. elegans; hookworms; nematodes; parasitic nematodes; sensory behaviour; Strongyloides Introduction Author for correspondence: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important sensory cue for animals across diverse phyla, including Elissa A. Hallem, E-mail: [email protected] Nematoda (Lahiri and Forster, 2003; Shusterman and Avila, 2003; Bensafi et al., 2007; Smallegange et al., 2011; Carrillo and Hallem, 2015). While the CO2 concentration in ambient air is approximately 0.038% (Scott, 2011), many nematodes encounter much higher levels of CO2 in their microenvironment during the course of their life cycles.
    [Show full text]
  • Ostertagia Ostertagi: Population Dynamics Under Pasture and Confinement Conditions with Particular Reference to the Inhibition Phenomenon
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1989 Ostertagia Ostertagi: Population Dynamics Under Pasture and Confinement Conditions With Particular Reference to the Inhibition Phenomenon. Carlos Solomon Eddi Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Eddi, Carlos Solomon, "Ostertagia Ostertagi: Population Dynamics Under Pasture and Confinement Conditions With Particular Reference to the Inhibition Phenomenon." (1989). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4712. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4712 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Order Strongylida
    Overview of the Order Strongylida Objectives: 1) Describe the general structure and function of the copulatory bursa of adult males of the Order Strongylida (“the bursate worms”). 2) Compare buccal area morphology of (a) Trichostrongyloidea, (b) Strongyloidea, (c) Ancylostomatoidea, and (d) Metastrongyloidea. 3) Describe the life cycle stages outside of the host for the four superfamilies listed below: (a) Trichostrongyloidea (includes the following eight genera: Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Cooperia, Nematodirus [variation in life cycle], Dictyocaulus, Hyostrongylus, Ollulanus [variation in life cycle]); (b) Strongyloidea (includes the following five genera: Strongylus, Triodontophorus, cyathostomes [many different small strongyles], Oesophagostomum, Stephanurus [variation in life cycle]). (c) Ancylostomatoidea (includes the following three genera: Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Bunostomum); (d) Metastrongyloidea (includes the following seven genera: Metastrongylus, Protostrongylus, Muellerius, Parelaphostrongylus, Crenosoma, Aelurostrongylus and Filaroides [variation in life cycle]). 4) Describe the pathogenesis and etiology of disease associated with Ostertagia in cattle, Haemonchus in sheep. 5) Outline the general control measures for trichostrongyles (Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Haemonchus and Cooperia) in cattle. 6) Outline the general control measures for trichostrongyles in sheep. 7) Describe the pathogenesis and etiology of pneumonia caused by Dictyocaulus. Outline: I. General morphology of the Order Strongylidea (bursate worms): distinctive copulatory bursa on adult males. A. Structure 1. Well-developed dorsal, ventral and lateral expansions of the surface cuticle at the posterior end, referred to as lobes. 2. Lobes supported by muscular rays. 3. Exception in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea where copulatory bursa is less well- developed. B. Function 1. To grasp the female worm at the vulvar site. 2. To facilitate male spicule insertion and movement of sperm from the male cloaca to the female vulva.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Some Vulval Appendages in Nematode Taxonomy
    Comp. Parasitol. 76(2), 2009, pp. 191–209 Evaluation of Some Vulval Appendages in Nematode Taxonomy 1,5 1 2 3 4 LYNN K. CARTA, ZAFAR A. HANDOO, ERIC P. HOBERG, ERIC F. ERBE, AND WILLIAM P. WERGIN 1 Nematology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]) and 2 United States National Parasite Collection, and Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: A survey of the nature and phylogenetic distribution of nematode vulval appendages revealed 3 major classes based on composition, position, and orientation that included membranes, flaps, and epiptygmata. Minor classes included cuticular inflations, protruding vulvar appendages of extruded gonadal tissues, vulval ridges, and peri-vulval pits. Vulval membranes were found in Mermithida, Triplonchida, Chromadorida, Rhabditidae, Panagrolaimidae, Tylenchida, and Trichostrongylidae. Vulval flaps were found in Desmodoroidea, Mermithida, Oxyuroidea, Tylenchida, Rhabditida, and Trichostrongyloidea. Epiptygmata were present within Aphelenchida, Tylenchida, Rhabditida, including the diverged Steinernematidae, and Enoplida. Within the Rhabditida, vulval ridges occurred in Cervidellus, peri-vulval pits in Strongyloides, cuticular inflations in Trichostrongylidae, and vulval cuticular sacs in Myolaimus and Deleyia. Vulval membranes have been confused with persistent copulatory sacs deposited by males, and some putative appendages may be artifactual. Vulval appendages occurred almost exclusively in commensal or parasitic nematode taxa. Appendages were discussed based on their relative taxonomic reliability, ecological associations, and distribution in the context of recent 18S ribosomal DNA molecular phylogenetic trees for the nematodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Safe-Guard• Dairy
    Safe-Guard® Dairy (fenbendazole) Technical Bulletin Brown Stomach Worm - Does it Arrest in US Dairy Cattle? Gil Myers, PhD Consulting Parasitologist Magnolia, Kentucky Summary Points Dairy producers receive advice from different sources ( vet, feed/animal health reps, nutritionist, other producers, commercial ads, etc.) concerning control of gastrointestinal nematode ( worm ) infections. Much of this information and opinion comes from beef cattle research and from foreign sources; such information may not apply to US dairy cattle management. Dairy versus beef cattle management differences are considerable and may affect the type of worm infections found. For example, dairy cows give birth throughout the year. In contrast, 70 % of US beef cows give birth in the spring. Differences in calving pattern and season may explain some of the parasitology described below. Young dairy cattle are often confined. Confinement can expose cattle to worm infections such as Nematodirus and whip- worms. In fact, published surveys show these infections are more common in dairy cattle than beef cattle. Most of what is known about worm infections in US cattle comes from studies involving beef cattle. In beef cattle, seasonal patterns of arrested development for the brown stomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi ) have been described. Arrested development is the temporary cessation of development by the brown stomach worm in the lining of the aboma- sum. In the deep South, this worm arrests in the spring to avoid extremely hot dry summer conditions. Arrested development is well-documented in southern beef cattle but is not clearly defined in US dairy cattle nor in beef cattle in the upper South and northern states.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooperia Punctata: Effect on Cattle Productivity?
    Veterinary Parasitology 183 (2012) 284–291 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Parasitology jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar Cooperia punctata: Effect on cattle productivity? a,∗ b c c Bert E. Stromberg , Louis C. Gasbarre , Audie Waite , David T. Bechtol , d a a e Michael S. Brown , Nicholas A. Robinson , Erik J. Olson , Harold Newcomb a College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, United States b Gasbarre Consulting, Crazy Woman Drive, Buffalo, WY 82834, United States c Agri Research Center, Inc., 16851 Hope Road, Canyon, TX 79015, United States d Ruminant Nutrition and Management, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, TX 79016, United States e Merck Animal Health, 35500W. 91st St., DeSoto, KS 66018, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Cooperia spp. have become the most prevalent parasites in United States cow/calf opera- Received 23 March 2011 tions as observed in the USDA NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System) Beef Received in revised form 6 July 2011 Cow/Calf survey in 2008. This is at least in part due to the widespread use of macrocyclic Accepted 13 July 2011 lactones that have recently been shown to have a reduced activity against these parasites. The effects of Cooperia spp. on cattle productivity are largely unknown. This study was Keywords: conducted to assess their effect upon cattle housed under conditions found in American Beef cattle production feedlots. Two hundred yearling calves (average weight 460 lb/209 kg) were acquired from Cooperia punctata northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma and were vaccinated and dewormed Anthelmintic resistance Daily weight gain upon arrival at the feedlot.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Vaccine-Induced Immune Response Against the Bovine Parasites Ostertagia Ostertagi and Cooperia Oncophora
    Laboratory of Parasitology Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Analysis of the vaccine-induced immune response against the bovine parasites Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora. Frederik Van Meulder Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Veterinary Science, 2019 Promotor Prof. Dr. Peter Geldhof Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 5 1 LITERATURE REVIEW: 9 1.1 NEMATODE HELMINTH INFECTIONS IN CATTLE 9 1.1.1 LIFE CYCLE 11 1.1.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - PATHOLOGY OF O. OSTERTAGI AND C. ONCOPHORA 14 1.1.3 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HELMINTH INFECTIONS 16 1.2 TREATMENT OF HELMINTHS WITH CHEMICAL ANTHELMINTHICS 17 1.3 ALTERNATIVE TO ANTHELMINTHIC DRUGS: VACCINES 18 1.3.1 VACCINES AGAINST OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI 19 1.3.2 VACCINES AGAINST COOPERIA ONCOPHORA 21 1.3.3 RECOMBINANT VACCINES 22 1.4 ANTI-PARASITE IMMUNE RESPONSES 27 1.4.1 CELLULAR RESPONSE IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 27 1.4.2 EOSINOPHILS 30 1.4.3 MUCOSAL MAST CELLS AND GLOBULAR LEUKOCYTES 31 1.4.4 GOBLET CELLS AND MUCINS 31 1.4.5 HUMORAL RESPONSE 32 1.4.6 –OMICS RESULTS OF IMMUNE RESPONSES 34 1.5 OBJECTIVES: 41 2 GRANULE-EXOCYTOSIS OF GRANULYSIN AND GRANZYME B AS A POTENTIAL KEY MECHANISM IN VACCINE-INDUCED IMMUNITY IN CATTLE AGAINST THE NEMATODE OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI 45 2.1 ABSTRACT 45 2.2 INTRODUCTION: 45 2.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 48 2.3.1 PREPARATIONS OF ASP ANTIGENS 48 2.3.2 VACCINATION TRIAL 48 2.3.3 ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYS 48 2.3.4 TISSUE COLLECTION,
    [Show full text]
  • Ostertagia Ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae)
    Acta vet. scand. 1989, 30, 77-87. Induction of Nematode-Trapping Organs in the Predacious Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora (Hyphomycetales) by Infective Larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi (Trichostrongylidae) By JfiJrn GrfiJnvold Institute of Hygiene and Microb10logy, Royal Veterinary and Agncultural Umvemty, Denmark. Grenvold, J.: Induction of nematode-trapping organs in the predacious fungus Ar­ throbotrys o/igospora (Hyphomycetales) by infective larvae of Ostertag1a ostertag1 (Tnchostrongy/idae). Acta vet. scand. 1989, 30, 77-87. - Laboratory expenments were designed to study the mfluence of temperature, concentrations of nematodes, oxygen tension, light, and nutnent levels, on the mduction of nematode-trappmg hyphal nets in the predacious fungus Arthrobotrys o/igospora When induced by infective Ostertagza ostertag1 larvae, a maximum number of nets was produced at 20°C, at which temperature nets in surplus were produced at larval concentrations up to 1,000 larvae per cm2. A obgospora did not produce nets in an anaerobic atmosphere containing 21 % C02 (v/v), and net induction was suppressed to acer­ tain degree by exposure to light. The composition of the medium had an important influence on the saprophytic growth and the net-forming capability of A o/igo­ spora as a maximum number of nets was induced at a relatively low concentration of com meal supporting the relatively sparse mycehum. It was shown that a pro­ portion of trapping nets in A. o/igospora maintained their trapping potential for more than 7 weeks when the temperature was below 25°C. Induction of nematode­ trappmg organs m A o/igospora is discussed in relation to control of infective nematode parasite larvae in cow pats.
    [Show full text]