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Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbori MI 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 ISLAM AND MY8TICAL MOVEMENTS _...- IN POST-INDEPENDENCE IN'DOlfE81A: SUSILA BUDHI DHARMA (SUBUD) AND ITS DOCTRINES A thesis submitted ta the Faculty ofGraduate Studies and Research in partial fhJfiIlment of the requirements ofthe degree of Master ofArts by Chuzafmah Batubara Institute ofIslamic Studies McGill University Montreal CANADA ©Chuzaimah Batubara 1999 National Ubrary Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votm nifémnœ Ourfile Notra référence The author has granted a non L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library ofCanada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnbute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies ofthis thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership ofthe L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts frOID it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son perrmssion. autorisation. 0-612-54979-8 CanadN AB8TRACT • Aut.l,.or Chuzaimah Batubara Title Islam. and Mystical Movements in Post-Independence Indonesia: Susila Budhi Dharma (Subud) and Its Doctrines Department Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill University Degree Master ofArts This thesis deals with the rise of mystical movements (Aliran Kebatinan) in post-independence Indonesia, focusing on Susila Budhi Dharma (Subud), founded in 1925 by Muhammad Subuh. Despite that Subuh had been raised as a Javanese man and was heavily influenced by Javanese culture, he also learn.ed from a $lIft master who introduced him to certain fundamental concepts of Islamic mysticism. The aim of this thesis is therefore to observe the possible influences on Subud doctrine from both Javanese and Islamic mystical traditions. The major themes oftbis thesis are three in number: first, ta discuss the historical background of the emergence ofmystical movements in Java, and to present two mystica1 movements; second, to give a brief account of Muhammad Subuh's biography and the basic concepts of Subud; and Iastly, to analyze Subud theories and practices and see its relation to bath Javanese and Islamic mystical traditions. This work also addresses the question of why this movement and other AliTan Kebatinan held such an appeal for Javanese and Westerners alike, and why they gave tise to such bitter polemic amongst Indonesian scholars. In the • case of Subud the answer ta both of these questions lies in its blend of ii Javanese and [s1amic traditiont which attracted the spiritually inclined but at • the sam.e time DDt alienating the shariça. • RÉSUMÉ • Auteur ChiJzaimah Batubara Titre Llslam et les mouvements mystiques en [ndonésie post indépendante: Le Susila Budhi Dharma (Subud) et ses doctrines Département Institut des Études Islamiques, Université McGill Diplôme Maîtrise ès Arts Ce mémoire porte sur l'ascension des mouvements mystiques (Aliran Kebatinan) en Indonésie post-indépendante, particulièrement sur le Susila Budhi Dharma (Subud), fondé en 1925 par Muhammad Subuh. Malgré que Subuh fut élevé en Javanais et fut profondément influencé par cette culture, il fut aussi formé par un maître $u]i. qui l'initia à certains concepts fondamentaux du mysticisme islamique. L'objectif de cette recherche est donc d'observer les _.." influence~ possibles sur la doctrine du Subud d'après les traditions mystiques javanaises et islamiques. Les thèmes majeurs qui seront abordés sont au nombre de trois. Premièrement, le contexte historique de ['émergence des mauvements mystiques à Java ainsi que la présentation de deux mouvements mystiques seront débattus. Deuxièmement, il sera question de donner un bref aperçu de la biographie de Muham mad Subuh ainsi que les concepts de base du Subud. EnIm, les théories et les pratiques du Subud seront analysées afm de les relier avec les traditions mystiques javanaises et islamiques. Cette étude posera aussi la question pourquoi ce mouvement ainsi que les autres AUran Kebatinan sont si attirants à la fois pour les Javanais et les occidentaux et pourquoi ils ont suscité tant d'âpres polémiques parmi les --• spécialistes indonésiens. Pour ce qui est du Subud, la réponse à ces deux questions se trouve dans le mélange des traditions javanaises et islamiques et • qui a attiré un public tenté par la spiritualité sans pour autant aliéner la --• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • l would like to take this opportunity to extend my very deep gratitude to aIl those \vho have assisted me during my graduate studies at the Institute of IsIamic Studies, McGill University. Chief among these are my thesis supervisor, Professor Howard M. Federspiel, whose intellectual insight and life-Iong commitment to scholarship, particularly in Indonesian studies, motivated me to complete my studies, and my co-supervisor, Professor Hermann Landolt, whose lectures and seminars on the Islamic mystical tradition taught me so much. Without their academic guidance and encouragement this work could not possibly have been accomplished. l benefited greatly from their constIuctive criticism and am indebted ta them in a way that perhaps cannot he repaid. 1 wish aIso to express my sincere thanks to ail my professors, the faculty -. members ofthe Institute and in particular Professor A. Üner Turgay, the Director of the Institute, for his patience and ms support. Sïncere thanks are also due to my academic advisor, Professor Wael B. Hallaq, who was sa generous with bis time and academic advice, especially during the lrrst year of my studies. Many thanks are due as weIl to CillA (Canada International Development Agency) for a scholarship grant, and to the staff of the Indonesia-Canada Higher Education Project. In Indonesia, my special gratitude goes to the officiaIs at the Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA), whose SpeCkh program to send lecturers of the State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAINs) overseas gave me the opportunity to pursue my degree at McGill University and ta Prof. Dr. M. Ali Yakub Matondang M.A., the current Rector of IAIN Sumatera Utara Medan by \vhose consent l \vas -• permitted to take temporarily leave from teaching duties at the university. "1 l am greatly indebted to ail my friends here in Montreal for their valuable • intellectual exchanges, generous help and encouragement. Thanks are aIso due to the staff of the Islamic Studies Library, in particular Salwa Ferahian. Wayne St. Thomas and Steve Millier who assisted me in obtaining materials, books and articles relating ta the topic of my research. l aIse owe a considerable debt ta Steve Millier, \vho consistently helped me in rendering my rough drafts into better English and ta Jane Trembley. who translated the abstract of this thesis inta French. Finally, my special sincere gratitude is due to my beloved husband, Ors. Saidurrahman M.A., whose endIess love and support have always been stimulating inspiration in writing titis thesis. l am also grateful to my sisters and brothers as weIl as my parents, my [ather Alm. Abdul Chalik Batubara and my mother Faridah Na~ution, whose unconditionallov~and consistent prayers have been 50 helpful ta me in finishing this work. These simple words cannat begin ta describe the depth of my feeling, and 50 this humble piece of work is affectionately dedicated ta them. Montreal, June 1999. Chuzaimah Batubara -. NOTES Throughout this thesis the sources of reference have been placed in footnotes at the bottom of every page. For example, Clifford Geertz, Islam Obserued: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia (Chicago: The University ofChïcago Press, 1968) 29. While each source bas been referred ta in full detail at its first occurrence in a particular chapter, from its second occurrence on, only the author, the title (in short fonn with quotation marks}, and the (volume and) page number were recorded. Later references will use a shortened fonn ofthe work, such as Geertz, Islam Observe~ 45. The system of transliteration of Arabie words and names applied in tItis thesis is that used by the Institute of IsIamic Studies, McGill University. The tabl~ oftransliteration is as follows: b =y db =.') t =1:, 1 =J t =ü r =J ~ =1; m =j th =~ z =j =t. n =0 j =~ s =c.J'" gh =t w =-, 1} =c sh =J:- f =J h =". kh =t :? =v&' q =J Y =tJ d = ~ 4 =d:' k =~ =j;.

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