Subjectivity and Origins in the Work of Mavis Gallant, Alice Munro and Margaret Atwood
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
1 A Politics of Location: Subjectivity and Origins in the work of Mavis Gallant, Alice Munro and Margaret Atwood Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. Charlotte Jane Sturgess Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, 1993 LO!'iDON Ii 1V 2 ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to discover the links between concepts of identity and origins, and Canadian women's writing. The work of three English-speaking Canadian women writers, Mavis Gallant, Margaret Atwood and Alice Munro, will be examined in order to discover the ways in which their writings problematize feminine subjecthood, and in doing so shed light on a specifically Canadian 'discourse' of identity. I posit thereby, that perceiving the absences and silences structuring their modes of representation is a (symbolic) means of perceiving Canada as a dualistic, fractured, and contradictory unity. This implies a dialogue between text and context: a reading of one through the other. The three writers in question draw on diverse, and often opposing, centres of cultural and personal consciousness. I shall attempt to demonstrate however, that the problematical concept of origins and its relation to location and to feminine self-hood defines all three. To do so I have chosen those texts, whether novel or short story, which to my mind best articulate the social, cultural and symbolic discourses informing the definition 'English-speaking Canadian Women's writing'. Other works not included would undoubtedly have proved of interest, but the type of 'close reading' which such themes required entailed an automatic limitation on the range of fiction under scrutiny. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the British Academy for the Fees Award which enabled me to pursue the Ph.D. course of study at London University. I am grateful to the Centre for Canadian Studies at the Université Paris 111-La Sorbonne Nouvelle, and Professor Michel Fabre, for encouraging my efforts and making my research trip to Canada financially possible. Kathryn Harper proved the most loyal of friends, giving up her computer for the cause. I do not think I could have managed otherwise. Finally my most heartfelt thanks go to my supervisor Dr. Mary Condé, whose professionalism, tolerance and good humour make her a shining example to the teaching profession. Her kindness and support have been invaluable to me. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1- Canadian Women's Writing: the founding consciousness. 6 2- i) Alice Munro's Men and Women: Missing Links. 31 ii) Feminine Representation and Performance in The Beggar Maid. 51 3- i) Mavis Gallant's Narrative Voice. 80 ii)Voices of History in The Pegnitz Junction 92 iii) Representation and Narrative in Overhead in a Balloon. 100 4- i) Mavis Gallant's In Transit Stories from Exile. 117 ii) Personal and Cultural disinheritance. 123 5-i) Text, Territory and Displacement in Margaret Atwood's Short Stories. 149 ii) The feminine 'inner word' and the masculine 'outer world'. 166 5 6-i) 'Other' countries: Female dystopia in The Handmaid's Tale. 176 ii) The Word, words and women. 180 iii) Individual identity and forms of the past. 188 iv) Personal Time and Empire Time. 192 7-i) Disparate Codes: the encounter of French and English culture in Mavis Gallant's fiction. 197 ii) The quest for 'information': a Canadian allegory. 207 iii) Stories of childhood and memory. 210 iv) Mothers and Daughters. 221 8-i) The female body and its disguises in Lady Oracle. 229 ii) Genre, Process and Product. 237 iii) Gothic and the Real: the maze as a subversive fiction. 243 iv) Consuming passions, consumer politics: the language of specularity and identity in The Edible Woman. 246 v) Bodily Harm : inscribing feminine exile. 254 9- i) Alice Munro's The Progress of Love 259 the parameters of secrecy. ii) The Flat's Road and women's represented roles. 269 iii) Body/Language: a trope of 'the feminine'. 279 iv) Metaphors of identity and paradigms of absence. 291 I OP) 301 BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I 6 Canadian Women's Writing: the founding consciousness Canadian fiction, particularly contemporary writing from the nineteen-fifties onwards, is noteworthy for its quantity of women writers. One of the foremost is Margaret Laurence, considered the foremother of the English-speaking feminine literary tradition, whose Manawaka cycle of novels 1 explores the ties of family and region through the historical perspective of a Scots-Canadian ancestry. Her heroines are, as W.J. Keith points out, an extension of the pioneering breed of woman negotiating and recording survival in an alien territory. Focussing the relation between roots and place they establish the theme of identity, both personal and collective, as a particularly Canadian one. But, as Keith continues, Laurence's main contribution is more explicitly literary and involves the control of voice that expresses a peculiarly Canadian sensibility. 2 The link between a problematical sense of place, and an attention to a tone and register of fictional voice, is reflected in the work of Mavis Gallant, whose stories, as I will demonstrate later, translate both a 'placed' and 'placeless' quality. The former in the sense of poised and true, and the latter in the sense of coming from a problematical 'elsewhere', outside the confines of a historicized, represented locale. If, however, a certain cultural experience and Square brackets, indicate the original date of publication. Otherwise the imprint is that of the edition used. 1 Margaret Laurence's 'Manawaka' cycle refers to the series of five novels published in the period 1964 - 74. 2 wj Keith, Canadian Literature in English (Longman: London/New York, 1985), 159. 7 a certain landscape has forged a distinctive literary identity, in what ways does this experience differ from that of Canada's neighbour on the North American continent; the United States? Whilst both emerged as nations from the pioneer and settler communities, Canada forged an essentially different imaginary topography from its neighbour. The United States' turbulent and resolute separation from British colonization structured the nation in a founding myth of a new Eden, an overarching ideology moulding economic and social realities into a homogeius nation state. By contrast, Canada did not develop within such centralized discourses and ideological centrality. Instead, it came out of a ragged colonization by both British and French, and maintained a long-lasting loyalty to British history and traditions, tied up with the lack of a revolutionary break from the 'Mother' country. Indeed, during the American civil war Canada became the safe haven for fleeing rebel 'loyalists'. As Ramsay Cook remarks: The country was founded on two distinct European cultures. One, the French, had been separated from Europe not by choice, but by conquest.. ..Together these communities were small and divided in almost everything that counts: language,religion, and culture. They were united, mainly, in the conviction that they did not wish to become part of the United States.1 This last statement is particularly important for the imaginative development of Canadian literature. A marked propensity to I Ramsay Cook, "Imagining a North American Garden: Some Parallels and Differences in Canadian and American Culture" in Canadian Literature, 103 (Winter,1984), 11. 8 self-define against other cultural influences, and perhaps to see- saw between a powerful southern neighbour and a distant but strong European tie, characterizes Canadian history, and by extension the Canadian imagination. The vastly divergent responses to nature in the founding myths of the two nations demonstrates this divide. For American pioneers the wilderness was the physical territory of expansion and the imaginary territory of transformation; material for the production of an ideology of freedom and liberty. The 'garrison mentality' of the Canadian pioneers evoked a diametrically opposed relation to nature. Chaos and disorder may reign outside, but inside British order and balanced government carried out the task of reproducing Britain in a new hostile environment. Both Catherine 'e. Parr Trail! and Susanna Mood , the two Victorian pioneers who 4 kept literary accounts of their encounter with Canada, looked back towards England for the parameters of literary inspiration. Their two best-known works, Moodie's Roughing it in the Bush and Traill's The Backwoo ,ds of Canada, lay out in different forms the gentrified Victorian lady's attempt to adjust to the new continent.1 In The Backwood^ of Canada Trail! bemoans: 1 Susanna Moodie is best-known for Roughing it in the Bush [1852] and Life in the Clearings [1853]. (Although, as Coral Ann Howells has pointed out in Private and Fictional Words citing John Thurston, the former work was a collaborative effort of Moodie, her husband and her publishers). Catherine Parr Traill is best-known for The Backwoods of Canada [1836]. 9 Here there are no historical associations, no legendary tales of those that come before us. Fancy would starve for marvellous food to keep her alive in the backwoods.1 If 'Americanisation' took place within an ethos of frontiers as limits to expand and extend under God's benevolent supervision, this is far from the problematical Canadian context of overdetermined boundaries of power and allegiance, signifying overlapping and shifting imaginary perspectives. Concerned rather with the threat of submersion in American culture through an ambivalent closeness and distance from such dominant discourses, 'borders' signify a defensive protection from a culture seen as both threatening and attractive Other.2 It is women writers who, in my opinion, best articulate this relation of Canadian cultural and historical discourse to fictional discourses. The attention to power plays and their threat to authenticity can be seen in Margaret Atwood's work, and is most straight- forwardly rendered in her second novel Surfacing, 3 to which I 1 Catherine Parr Traill, The Backwoods of Canada cited in "Imagining a North American Garden", 14.