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Place and Punk: the Heritage Significance of Grunge in the Pacific North West

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Place and Punk: the Heritage Significance of Grunge in the Pacific North West Place and Punk: The heritage significance of Grunge in the Pacific North West William Kenneth Smith MA By Research University of York Archaeology May 2017 Abstract Academic institutions and the heritage industry are now actively seeking to understand the wider social, cultural and economic processes which surround the production and consumption of popular music histories. Music is a local creation; it is created through a flux of internal and external influences, and is bound up in questions of economy, networks, art, identity and technology. In the early 1990s the Pacific North West of the United States of America gave birth to what became known as the musical genre of ‘grunge’. It developed into a distinctive genre, presenting a style and sound which propagated within the confines of a specific time and place. As construction sites continue to emerge throughout the Pacific North West, the impact of music still provides an essential contribution to the regions character and culture. Despite this, countercultural pasts are vulnerable; not only to the passage of time but also the processes of development, gentrification and marginalization. This research explores the heritage significance of the Pacific North West punk scene. It presents a historiography of punk and an appraisal of the scholarly discourse surrounding place. This study utilizes artifacts, sites and oral histories to explore countercultural material and memories as well as the form and function of punk. Themes such as geography and environment are enfranchised into the discussion as ethnography and multidisciplinary approaches are applied to make a unique contribution to what is an essential and timely discussion regarding people, culture, heritage and place. ii Contents Page Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... ii Contents Page ........................................................................................................................ iii List of figures ......................................................................................................................... vii Preface .................................................................................................................................. xii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. xiv Declaration ............................................................................................................................ xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 17 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 18 1.2 Aims and Objectives ................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2: UNDERSTANDING PUNK ................................................................................... 24 2.1 The Heritage Significance of Punk .............................................................................. 25 2.1.1 Scenes and Worlds ............................................................................................... 26 2.2 Punk and Politics......................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Punk Historiography ............................................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Class or Classless .................................................................................................. 31 2.3 Style ............................................................................................................................ 32 2.4 The Punk Ecosystem ................................................................................................... 35 2.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 3: TO PLACE AND PUNK ........................................................................................ 38 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 39 3.1.1 Defining Place ...................................................................................................... 39 3.1.2 A Sense of Place ................................................................................................... 40 3.1.3 Place in Geography .............................................................................................. 40 3.2 Place Attachment ....................................................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Music and Place ................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Concluding Place......................................................................................................... 43 iii Chapter 4: Grunge ................................................................................................................ 44 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 45 4.2 An Emerging Scene ..................................................................................................... 45 4.3 Taking the Underground Mainstream ........................................................................ 51 4.4 Grunge and Activism .................................................................................................. 55 4.5 The Woman of Punk ................................................................................................... 56 4.6 Authenticating Grunge ............................................................................................... 59 Chapter 5: Methodology ...................................................................................................... 64 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 65 5.1.1 Case Study Area ................................................................................................... 65 5.2 Historiography of Study .............................................................................................. 69 5.3 Methodological Approach .......................................................................................... 70 5.3.1 Oral Histories: Secondary Data ............................................................................ 70 5.3.2 Researcher conducted interviews ....................................................................... 71 5.3.3 Conducting the Interviews ................................................................................... 72 5.3.4 Methodological Considerations ........................................................................... 73 5.3.5 Issues in Data Collection ...................................................................................... 73 5.4 Ethical Considerations and Data Protection ............................................................... 74 5.4.1 Method Statement .............................................................................................. 75 5.4.2 Data Protection .................................................................................................... 76 5.4.3 Anonymity ............................................................................................................ 76 Chapter 6: Data, Interpretation and Presentation .............................................................. 77 6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 78 6.2 Perspectives upon Punk Origins in the Pacific North West ........................................ 78 6.2.1 Isolation ............................................................................................................... 80 6.2.2 Weather ............................................................................................................... 82 6.2.3 Sub-Scenes within the Pacific North West .......................................................... 83 6.3 Infrastructure.............................................................................................................. 84 6.3.1 Radio .................................................................................................................... 85 6.3.2 Art, Posters, Flyers and Zines ............................................................................... 88 iv 6.4 Venues ........................................................................................................................ 93 6.4.1 The Satyricon ....................................................................................................... 94 6.4.2 Seattle Rock Theatre (The Gorilla Gardens) ...................................................... 101 Chapter 7: Discussion ......................................................................................................... 110 7.1 Changing Places ........................................................................................................ 111 7.1.1 The End of a Scene ............................................................................................
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