The Phonology of Hungarian the PHONOLOGY of the WORLD’S LANGUAGES
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THE PHONOLOGY OF THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES Series Editor: Jacques Durand, Université de Toulouse-Le Mirail, France The Phonology of Hungarian THE PHONOLOGY OF THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES General Editor: Jacques Durand Published The Phonology of Danish Hans Basbøll The Phonology of Dutch Geert Booij The Phonology of Standard Chinese San Duanmu The Phonology of English Michael Hammond The Phonology of Norwegian Gjert Kristoffersen The Phonology of Portuguese Maria Helena Mateus and Emesto d’Andrade The Phonology and Morphology of Kimatuumbi David Odden The Lexical Phonology of Slovak Jerzy Rubach The Phonology of Hungarian Péter Siptár and Miklós Törkenczy The Phonology of Mongolian Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlsson, and Vivan Franzén The Phonology of Armenian Bert Vaux The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic Janet Watson The Phonology of Catalan Max Wheeler The Phonology of German Richard Wiese In preparation The Phonology of Tamil Prathima Christdas The Phonology of Polish Edmund Gussman The Phonology of Italian Martin Krämer The Phonology of Spanish Iggy Roca THE PHONOLOGY OF HUNGARIAN Péter Siptár and Miklós Törkenczy OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX26DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris Sào Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Péter Siptár and Miklós Törkenczy 2000 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2000 First published in paperback 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data applied for ISBN 978–0–19–823841–6 (Hbk.) 978–0–19–922890–4 (Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this book we have had the benefit of advice, criticism, and help from many of our colleagues and students. First of all, it is our pleasure to acknowledge our indebtedness to our col- leagues László Kálmán, Ádám Nádasdy, and László Varga, with whom we co-authored another book (Ferenc Kiefer (ed.), Strukturális magyar nyelvtan, 2. kötet: Fonológia [The Structure of Hungarian, Volume 2: Phonology], Akadémiai Kiadó, 1994) without which this volume could never have been written. Special thanks are due to Ferenc Kiefer for having initiated the project the end product of which is the present book. We would also like to thank Anna Kürti, Catherine Ringen, and Péter Szigetvári for their careful reading of and valuable comments on various versions of the manuscript. The discussions of various aspects of Hungarian phonology with László Kálmán, Ádám Nádasdy, Krisztina Polgárdi, Péter Rebrus, and Péter Szigetvári were invalu- able and often drove us to despair. We owe a lot to our students, especially Zsuzsa Bárkányi, Zoltán Kiss, Anna Kürti, and Nóra Wenszky, who had to suffer several trial runs of vari- ous chapters of the manuscript and whose comments improved this book considerably. We would also like to thank Jacques Durand for valuable comments and for the editing of this series. We thank the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences for supporting the project between September 1996 and December 1996 (Zsig- mond Telegdi Grant) and the Hungarian Soros Foundation for the Short Study Grant awarded to us in 1998. We are grateful to the Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics, Univer- sity of Leiden, and Harry van der Hulst in particular for the hospitality, help, and the ‘atmosphere of intellectual freedom’ that surrounded us during the time we spent at HIL working on the final chapters of the book. This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Tables x Abbreviations and Symbols xi I. Background 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1. Aims, scope, and coverage 3 1.2. Overview of previous literature 4 1.3. Framework and theoretical assumptions 5 1.4. Chapter layout 12 2. PRELIMINARIES 13 2.1. The Hungarian language 13 2.2. Orthography and sound system 15 2.2.1. The vowel inventory 15 2.2.2. The consonant inventory 18 2.2.3. Dialect variation 20 2.3. Stress and intonation 21 2.4. Morphology and syntax 26 2.4.1. Derivation and compounding 28 2.4.2. Verbal inflection 35 2.4.3. Nominal inflection 38 2.4.4. Word order 43 II. Systems 3. THE VOWEL SYSTEM 51 3.1. Vowel length alternations 56 3.1.1. Low vowel lengthening 56 3.1.2. Stem vowel shortening 58 3.1.2.1. Final stem vowel shortening 58 3.1.2.2. Internal stem vowel shortening 61 3.2. Vowel harmony 63 3.2.1. Suffix harmony 64 3.2.2. Stem classes 66 3.2.3. The behaviour of neutral vowels 69 3.2.3.1. Mixed vacillating stems 69 viii CONTENTS 3.2.3.2. Mixed disharmonic stems 70 3.2.4. Rounding harmony 72 4. THE CONSONANT SYSTEM 75 4.1. Obstruents 76 4.1.1. Obstruent clusters, voicing, and the status of /x/ and /v/ 76 4.1.2. Stops 82 4.1.3. Fricatives 84 4.1.4. Affricates 87 4.2. Sonorants 89 4.3. The underlying consonant system 92 5. PHONOTACTICS: SYLLABLE STRUCTURE 95 5.1. Introduction 95 5.2. Syllable structure: SSCs 96 5.2.1. The Hungarian syllable template: the basic syllable types 96 5.2.2. Onsets—word-initial clusters 98 5.2.3. Rhymes 103 5.2.4. Codas—word-final consonant clusters 105 5.2.4.1. Non-branching codas 105 5.2.4.2. Branching codas 105 5.2.4.3. Appendices 115 5.3. Transyllabic constraints 123 5.3.1. Hiatus 123 5.3.2. Intervocalic consonant clusters 128 5.3.2.1. Two-member clusters 128 5.3.2.2. Clusters consisting of more than two members 141 5.4. Morpheme structure: MSCs 143 5.4.1. Domain-final open syllables and the minimal word/stem 143 5.4.2. VVCC: the complexity of the rhyme 150 III. Processes 6. PROCESSES INVOLVING VOWELS 157 6.1. Vowel harmony 157 6.2. Lengthening and shortening processes 170 6.2.1. Low vowel lengthening 170 6.2.2. Stem vowel shortening 173 7. PROCESSES INVOLVING CONSONANTS 176 7.1. Palatalization 177 CONTENTS ix 7.1.1. Lexical palatalization 177 7.1.2. Postlexical palatalization 180 7.2. Sibilant rules 183 7.2.1. The imperative of t-final verbs 183 7.2.2. Postlexical sibilant rules 188 7.2.3. Palatalization revisited 194 7.3. Voicing assimilation and devoicing processes 198 7.4. Processes involving nasals and liquids 207 7.4.1. Nasal place assimilation and related processes 207 7.4.2. Liquid deletion 212 8. PROCESSES CONDITIONED BY SYLLABLE STRUCTURE 214 8.1. Vowel ~ zero alternations 214 8.1.1. Stem-internal unstable vowels: ‘epenthetic’ stems 214 8.1.2. Stem-external vowel ~ zero alternations: stem-final unstable vowels and ‘linking’ vowels 218 8.1.2.1. Stem-final vowel ~ zero alternations 218 8.1.2.2. Suffix-initial vowel ~ zero alternation 219 8.1.3. Lowering 224 8.1.4. Analysis 231 8.1.4.1. Syllabification—full vowels and defective vowels 231 8.1.4.2. Major stems and ‘epenthetic’ stems—Type A and Type B suffixes 234 8.1.4.3. Syllabification and lowering 238 8.1.4.4. The past suffix 244 8.1.4.5. Analytic suffixes 256 8.1.4.6. OCP effects, residual problems 262 8.1.4.6.1. ‘Epenthetic’ stems 262 8.1.4.6.2. /t/-final stems 264 8.2. Alternations involving consonants 269 8.2.1. Alternating v-suffixes: -val/-vel,-vá/-vé 269 8.2.2. h-alternations 274 9. SURFACE PROCESSES 278 9.1. The surface vacillation of vowel duration 278 9.2. Compensatory lengthening 281 9.3. Hiatus filling 282 9.4. Degemination 286 9.5. Fast cluster simplification 293 Suggested Reading 297 References 301 Index 317 LIST OF TABLES 1. Deverbal verb-forming derivational suffixes 28 2. Denominal verb-forming suffixes 30 3. Deverbal nouns, adjectives, participles, and adverbials 30 4. Denominal/deadjectival noun/adjective-forming suffixes 31 5. Conjugation paradigms 37 6. Plural, possessive, and plural possessive forms 39 7. The Hungarian case system 40 8. Case markers used as roots for personal suffixes 41 9. Nominal FSVS stems 60 10. Examples of ISVS stems 62 11. Stem classes for vowel harmony 73 12. Word-initial CC clusters 98 13. Word-initial CCC clusters 99 14. Word-final CC clusters 106 15. Polymorphemic word-final CCC clusters 117 16.