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The Section Sphaerosporus of Mucor - a Reassessment by B ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at The Section Sphaerosporus of Mucor - A Reassessment By B. S. Mehrotra, S. N. Singh & Usha Baijal Botany Department, University of Allahabad (With 4 Text-figs, and 3 Plates) Sphaerosporus section of the genus Mucor includes species with sporangiospores usually spherical but occasionally with few short oval ones also. Zycha (1935) had placed 7 species viz., Mucor pusillus Lindt, M. spinosus van Tieghem, M. dispersus Hagem, M. petrinsu- laris Naumov, M. lamprosporus Lendner, M. jansseni Lendner and M. globosus Fischer in this Section. Linnemann (1936) added a variety of M. dispersus viz., M. dispersus var. megalospora and H e s- s el tine (1950) added 3 more species viz., M. psychrophilis Hessel- tine, M. brunneus Naumov, and M. berolinensis Naumov. Since then five more species have been added, by various authors, to this section. They are — M. kurssanovii Milko and Beljakova (1967), M. kanivcevii Pavl. and Milko (1965), M. miehei Cooney and Emerson (1964), M. suhagiensis Mehrotra (1964 and M. assamensis Mehrotra and Meh- rotra (1969). Recently Sarbhoy (1968) has revised this section and has added one more species, i. e., M. brunneo-griseus Sarbhoy (1968). Species of Mucor are gaining importance because of their increa- sing use in making foods of different flavours. Out of the species of the section Sphaerosporus, M. pusillus Lindt, at present, is the most important. It is a thermophilic species and has been found to be of much use in cheese making (R o g o s a and Sharpe, 1959; Arima et al., 1964). The Chedder type cheese made with coagulating enzyme obtained from this species exhibited the same characteristics as that of veal rannet extract. With the help of this coagulant several other cheese types have been successfully made on an experimental scale. Being a thermophilic fungus M. pusillus also plays an important role in the decomposition of certain plant materials. Some of these organisms have been definitely associated with the process of micro- bial thermogenesis and the subsequent breakdown of such materials as manure, hay, guayule, mushroom compost, and other composting material. Undoubtedly, they also play a part in instances of spontaneous combustion of stored hay and grain. It is felt that their role in the fodder preparation may likely be as important as that of the current practice of adding antibiotics to animal feeds (Cooney and Emer- son, 1964). 41 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at In view of the prevailing uncertainties regarding the status of the species of the section, it was considered desirable to undertake a reassesment of the available species and strains. The work was begun in August 1965 and in the meantime, the results of a survey of the species of the same section undertaken at CMI, were published by A. K. Sarbhoy (1968) who was earlier assoiated with this labora- tory. This work has been of additional help in this study. Among the earlier know species of this section some of them have been considered by nearly all monographers to be valid species. They are M. pusillus Lindt (1886), M. globosus Fischer (1892), M. jans- seni Lendner (1907) and M. lamprosporus Lendner (1908). Later known species of this section are: M. plumbeus Bonorden (1864), M. spinosus van Tieghem (1876), M. sphaerosporus Hagem (1910), M. plumbeus var. recurvus Grove (1884), M. petrinsularis Naumov (1915), M. bero- linensis Naumov (1933), M. albatere var. sphaerosporus Neumov (1939), M. brunneus Naumov (1939), M. dispersus var. megalospora Linne- mann (1936), M. psychrophilis Hesseltine (1950), M. miehei Cooney and Emerson (1964), M. suhagiensis Mehrotra (1964), M. kanivcevii Pavl. & Milko (1965), M. kurssanovii Milko and Beljakova (1967), M. jalcatus Schipper (1967), M. strictus Schipper (1967), M. fuscus Bainier (1903), M. brunneo-griseus Sarbhoy (1968), and M. assamensis Mehrotra and Mehrotra (1969). The controversial species are being discussed here: Mucor plumbeus Bonorden, Adh., naturfarsch Ges. Halle, 8, 109, 1864. The isolates usually bearing spine or spines on the columellae and often having verrucose to spiny sporangiospores have been placed — from time to time — under four different species. The oldest named spe- cies, out of these four, is M. plumbeus Bonorden created in 1864. Later van Tieghemin 1876 named a new species M. spinosus and also main- tained the species M. plumbeus Bonorden. Lendner in 1908 created another species M. spinescens and distinguished it from M. plumbeus mainly on the basis of slightly smaller sporangiospores. He, however, considered M. spinosus van Tieghem to be a synonym of M. plumbeus Bonorden. In 1929 P i s p e k created a species M. adriaticus with almost similar characters, neglecting the species already known. Still later, in 1935, Naumov created a species M. brunneus which he distinguis- hed from M. plumbeus mainly on the basis of lesser height of the co- lony, smaller sporangia and echinulate sporangiospores in the former. Naumov considered M. spinescens Lendner and M. recurvus Grove as varieties of M. plumbeus, and also created a new variety, M. plumbeus var. nana Naumov. Hesseltine (1950) maintained M. brunneus as distinct from M. plumbeus while Sarbhoy (1968) made it a synonym of M. plumbeus. No definite reasons for this view have been advanced. The authors have examined an isolate from soil which resembled in all characters with B o n o r d e n's M. plumbeus. The sporangia in this 42 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at strain are of the size range as described by Naumov for M. plumbeus and has echinulate instead of roughened sporangiospores as described by Naumov for M. brunneus. It is premature to express any opinion on the status of M. brunneus. However, from the isolates that have been studied there seems to be no point in retaining M. brunneus. It has therefore, been considered here a synonym of M. plumbeus. M. sphaerosporus Hagem, Christiania Vidensk. — Selsk. Skrift I. Math.-naturw. Kl. No. 4, 1—152, 1908. This species was created by H a g e m in 1908 on the basis of slight differences from the earlier known species, M. globosus Fischer. This was not acceptable to Z y c h a (1935), Hesseltine (1950), and Sarbhoy (1968). However, Lendner (1908) and Naumov (1939) maintained both the species. In the opinion of the writers the earlier known species M. globosus Fischer (1892) should be maintained and M. sphaerosporus should be abandoned as there are no substantial dif- ferences between the two. M. di s p e r sus Hagem. Annls. mycol. 8, 271, Fig. 4, 1910. This species was created by Hagem in 1910 and so far has been distinguished from M. lamprosporus on the basis of the presence of giant cells in this species. Since then all the monographers have accep- ted the validity of this species. Recently Schipper (1969) questioned its validity on the basis of mating reactions. She has come to the con- clusion that M. dispersus is a synonym of M. lamprosporus. The authors have examined a culture, Mx. 30 described as M. Lamprosporus B a i- jal & Mehrotra, 1965) and which has been included by Schip- per (1969) in his study of the strains of M. lamprosporus Lendner, and also a culture of M. lamprosporus received from CBS, Baarn. It has been found that M. dispersus differs from M. lamprosporus in having a colony with lesser height, smaller sporangia and larger sporangiospores, besides giant cells. Also, sporangiola in M. lampro- sporus are generally found on curved branches, while in M. dispersus they have been observed on straight branches, and thus, like other monographers the authors too maintain both these species. Our strain Mx. 30 of M. lamprosporus is now considered by Ellis and Hessel- tine (1969) as a strain of their species of the new genus Backusella. On a re-examination of this isolate it was found that this isolate could be a strain of Backusella circina Ellis and Hesseltine (1969) because of the occurence, though rare, of conidia in this isolate. Further, a variety of M. dispersus named by Linnemann in 1936 as M. dispersus var. megalospora has also been examined by the authors. It is considered to be a valid variety of M. dispersus as it ex- hibits the characteristic features of the species but differs from it in the size-range of sporangiospores, which are larger in the variety. 43 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at M. juscus Bainier, Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, 19: 153—172, 1903. This species was erected by Bainier in 1903, but due to in- complete description and possibly due to non-availability of type cul- ture, it remained un-noticed by later students of the genus Mucor par- ticularly Lendner, Zycha, Hesseltine and S a r b h o y. In 1915 N a u m o v erected a species apparently on the basis of repeatedly branched sporangiophores, in which branches arise immediately below a septum formed near a sporangium. Since then this species has been maintained by all monographers. Recently, Schipper (1967) had examined a culture deposited by da Fonseca and which originated from B a i n i e r's collection. She was of the opinion that this culture had all the characters of B a i n i e r's M. fuscus and that it resembles Naumov's species M. petr insular is. It has, therefore, been suggested that the species name M. fuscus be maintained in preference to M. pe- trinsularis on the basis of priority, a view with which the authors also agree.
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