Galaxy Populations in Galaxy Clusters Selected by the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect

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Galaxy Populations in Galaxy Clusters Selected by the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Galaxy Populations in Galaxy Clusters Selected by the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Alfredo Andr´esZenteno Vivanco Galaxy Populations in Galaxy Clusters Selected by the Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Alfredo Andr´esZenteno Vivanco Dissertation an der Fakult¨at f¨urPhysik Dissertation at the Faculty of Physics der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨atM¨unchen of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich f¨urden Grad des for the degree of Doctor rerum naturalium vorgelegt von Alfredo Andr´esZenteno Vivanco presented by Alfredo Andr´esZenteno Vivanco aus Concepci´on,Chile from Concepci´on,Chile M¨unchen,den 09.12.2013 1st Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Joseph Mohr 2nd Evaluator: Prof. Dr. Andreas Burkert Date of the oral exam: 24.02.2014 vii To the memory of Crystal Marie Brasseur viii Zusammenfassung Wir pr¨asentieren eine Studie ¨uber die Galaxienpopulation in massereichen Galaxienhaufen, ausgew¨ahltaufgrund ihrer Signatur im Sunyaev{Zel'dovich Effekt (SZE). Die Auswahl mit- tels des SZE ist ann¨aherndmassenlimitiert, d.h. das untere detektierbare Massenlimit variiert nur geringf¨ugigmit der Rotverschiebung, wodurch der SZE eine ideale Auswahlmethode f¨ur ein Studium der Entwicklung von Galaxien innerhalb einer Haufenumgebung ist. Wir be- ginnen diese Arbeit mit einer Einf¨uhrungin den SZE, einer Vorstellung des S¨udpolteleskops (SPT) mittels dessen der SZE gemessen werden kann, sowie des Forschungsprojekts, inner- halb dessen diese Arbeit entstanden ist. Im Folgenden pr¨asentieren wir dann die Studien zur Galaxienpopulation, die der Kern dieser Doktorarbeit sind. In Kapitel 3 pr¨asentieren wir die erste großskalige Folgestudie eines mittels des SZE aus- gew¨ahltenGalaxienhaufen{Samples. Von 224 Galaxienhaufen{Kandidaten des Samples wer- den 158 Haufen durch Beobachtungen im Optischen best¨atigtund deren photometrische Rotverschiebungen bestimmt. Wir finden eine Rotverschiebungsspanne von 0:1 . z . 1:35, was unsere Erwartung, daß Samples, die aus dem SZE{Signal selektiert wurden, ein großes Rotverschiebungsintervall abdecken, best¨atigt. Ein Vergleich zwischen der Signifikanz ξ der Haufenselektion auf Basis der SZE{Detektion und der Reinheit des Samples demonstriert, daß das SPT eine sehr saubere SZE{Auswahl liefert: Die Best¨atigungsrate des Samples betr¨agt 70% bei ξ > 4:5 und erreicht 100% bei ξ > 6. In 146 Haufen identifizieren wir die roten hellsten Haufengalaxien (red Brightest Cluster Galaxies, rBCGs) mittels der red-sequence{Technik. Wir vergleichen in unseren Haufen die r¨aumliche Verteilung der rBCGs im Bezug zum SZE{ Haufenschwerpunkt mit der Verteilung eines anhand von R¨ontgenstrahlung ausgew¨ahlten Samples. Wenn die Methode zur Identifizierung der rBCGs ¨ahnlich ist, stellt sich heraus, daß auch die Verteilung der rBCGs beider Samples identisch ist. Da die rBCG{Verteilung durch Verschmelzung von Galaxien in der Haufenpopulation beeinflusst wird, bedeutet dies, daß Samples beider Auswahlmethoden (SZE und R¨ontgen) ¨ahnliche Indizien f¨ur kontinuierliche Akkretion liefern. Anschließend analysieren wir die optischen Eigenschaften der ersten vier SZE–ausgew¨ahlten Haufen im Detail. Diese Haufen sind in einem f¨urdas gesamte SPT{Sample repr¨asentativen Rotverschiebungsintervall verteilt. F¨urjeden Haufen verwenden wir aus R¨ontgenbeobachtun- gen gewonnene Massenabsch¨atzungenund spektroskopische Rotverschiebungen, um die pro- jizierten Virialradien zu bestimmen. Wir finden Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) Dichteprofile, die mit den Galaxienverteilungen kompatibel sind, und ermitteln Konzentrationsparameter ¨ahnlich derer r¨ontgenausgew¨ahlter Haufen. Des Weiteren studieren wir die Leuchtkraftfunk- tionen (LFs) der Haufen und vergleichen ihre charakteristischen Helligkeiten in jedem griz{ Filter mit einem einfachen Sternenpopulationsmodell (Simple Stellar Population, SSP) und stellen deren Ubereinstimmung¨ fest. Um die Steigung α am schwachen Ende der Leuchtkraft- funktion besser bestimmen zu k¨onnen,nutzen wir die Voraussagen des SSP{Modells f¨urdie charakteristische Leuchtkraft als Funktion von Wellenl¨angenband und Rotverschiebung, und fitten eine Schechter{Funktion an die individuellen Leuchtkraftfunktionen der Haufen. Die Ergebnisse ergeben Werte f¨ur α, die konsistent sind mit den Werten, die in Studien publiziert wurden, welche auf Haufen basieren, die rein optisch oder anhand ihrer R¨ontgenstrahlung identifiziert wurden. Weiterhin bestimmen wir den Anteil blauer Galaxien innerhalb der x Virialregion jedes Haufens und finden, daß Haufen bei sehr hohen Rotverschiebungen rei- cher an blauen Galaxien sind als ihre Gegenst¨ucke bei niedrigen Rotverschiebungen. Die Fehler in diesen Messungen sind jedoch groß genug um auch kompatibel zu sein mit einem Szenario, in dem sich der Anteil der blauen Galaxien nicht mit der Rotverschiebung entwick- elt. Dieser Trend wird auch in anderen optischen Studien gefunden. Zusammenfassend zeigt unsere Pilotstudie, daß Galaxienverteilungen in SZE–ausgew¨ahltenHaufen sich nicht von den Verteilungen in durch andere Kriterien ausgew¨ahltenHaufen unterscheiden. In Kapitel 5 pr¨asentieren wir eine systematische Studie der Entwicklung der Galaxienpop- ulation in den 26 massereichsten SZE-ausgew¨ahltenHaufen aus dem 2500 deg2 Beobach- tungsbereich des SPT. Wir erzeugen SSP{Modelle f¨urjede Kombination von Teleskop und Filter aus den optischen Folgebeobachtungen. Wir kombinieren die radialen Profile einerseits unter Verwendung aller Galaxien innerhalb der Virialradien sowie unter ausschließlicher Ver- wendung der roten Galaxien und finden, daß die Verteilung der roten Galaxien geringf¨ugig konzentrierter ist als die Verteilung unter Ber¨ucksichtigung aller Galaxien. Weiterhin kom- binieren wir auch die Leuchtkraftfunktionen aller Galaxien und fitten eine Schechter{Funktion an das Ergebnis. Die resultierenden Werte f¨urdie charakteristischen Leuchtkr¨afte m∗, f¨urdie Galaxiendichte φ∗ bei ebendieser m∗, sowie f¨ur α sind konsistent mit den Literaturwerten. Des Weiteren studieren wir die Entwicklung der Galaxienpopulation im Detail und finden, daß die Entwicklung von m∗ mit der Rotverschiebung in guter Ubereinstimmung¨ mit sich passiv entwickelnden SSP{Modellen ist. Wenn m∗ an das SSP{Modell gekoppelt wird, zeigt ein Fit an die Leuchtkraftfunktion keinen Trend in φ∗ und einen 2σ{Trend in α, wobei Haufen bei hoher Rotverschiebung ein flacheres α besitzen. Mit allen Parametern der Leuchtkraftfunk- tion zur Verf¨ugungk¨onnenwir die Halobesetungsfunktion (Halo Occupation Number, HON) untersuchen. Wir fitten die HON mit einem Potenzgesetz N = N (M=M )s(1 + z)γ, 0 × pivot wobei wir f¨urdie Steigung s die Literaturwerte ¨ubernehmen, da unser Haufensample nur einen kleinen Massenbereich abdeckt. Die gemessene Normalisierung N0 ist konsistent mit der Normalisierung aus der Literatur bei gleicher Steigung. Weiterhin finden wir Hinweise auf Entwicklungstrends in der HON auf einem 2σ{Level, wobei SZE–ausgew¨ahlteHaufen bei hoher Rotverschiebung weniger Galaxien pro Masseneinheit haben als ihre Gegenst¨ucke bei niedrigen Rotverschiebungen. Das Abschlußkapitel bildet eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse dieser Doktorarbeit und skizziert zuk¨unftigeForschungsrichtungen. Abstract We present a study of the galaxy populations in massive galaxy clusters selected by their Sunyaev{Zel'dovich Effect (SZE) signatures. Selection via the SZE is approximately mass- limited where the mass limit varies only slightly with redshift, making it an ideal selection method for studying the evolution of the galaxy content of clusters. We begin by introducing the SZE, the South Pole Telescope (SPT), and the larger research project in which this Thesis is embedded. We then present the core galaxy population studies of this Thesis. In Chapter 3, we present the first large-scale follow-up of an SZE-selected galaxy cluster sample. Of 224 galaxy cluster candidates in the sample, we optically confirm 158 clusters and measure their photometric redshifts. We find a redshift range of 0:1 . z . 1:35, confirming our expectation that samples selected by their SZE signal yield a large range of cluster redshifts. A comparison between the cluster SZE detection significance (ξ) and the purity of the sample demonstrates that the South Pole Telescope (SPT) produces a very clean SZE selection: the confirmation rate of the sample is 70% at ξ > 4:5 and reaches 100% at ξ > 6. In 146 clusters, we identify the red Brightest Cluster Galaxies (rBCG) using the red sequence technique. We compare the spatial distribution of the rBCGs with respect to the SZE cluster centroid in our clusters with that from an X-ray-selected sample. We find that if the method of identifying the rBCG is similar, the SZE rBCG distribution is indistinguishable from the rBCG distribution in an X-ray selected sample. Because the rBCG distribution is affected by merging in the cluster population, this indicates that SZE and X-ray selected samples exhibit similar evidence for continued accretion. We then analyze the optical properties of the first four SZE-selected clusters in detail. These clusters are distributed in a redshift range representative of the entire SPT sample. For each cluster we use X-ray mass estimation and spectroscopic redshifts to define the projected virial radius. We then find Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profiles compatible with the galaxy distributions and recover concentration parameters similar to the values found for X-ray- selected clusters. We also study the cluster luminosity functions (LFs) and compare their characteristic luminosities in each griz band to a Simple Stellar Populations (SSP) model, finding them in agreement.
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