Global Trends of Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Impacts On
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South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology 8(3): 1-26, 2020; Article no.SAJRM.63725 ISSN: 2582-1989 Global Trends of Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Impacts on Biodiversity: Spillover, Diversity and the Role of Bats in Evolutionary Relationships as Zoonotic Virus Reservoirs Diniz Pereira Leite Júnior1,2*, Elisangela Santana de Oliveira Dantas3, Gisela Lara da Costa4, Ronaldo Sousa Pereira2, Mário Mendes Bonci1, Regina Teixeira Barbieri Ramos1, Rodrigo Antônio Araújo Pires5, Marcia de Souza Carvalho Melhem6,7, Paulo Anselmo Nunes Felippe5,8 and Claudete Rodrigues Paula1 1School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Laboratory Investigation, Medicine School, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. 3Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. 4Taxonomy, Biochemistry and Fungal Bioprospecting Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. 5Department of Protection and Animal Welfare - Secretariat of Green Environment and Sustainable Development of Campinas, Prefecture of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. 6Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. 7Institute Adolfo Lutz (IAL), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 8State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author DPLJ conceived and designed or scope of the review. All other authors contributed to the improvement of the article, carrying out a careful review. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/SAJRM/2020/v8i330192 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Ana Claudia Coelho, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal. (2) Dr. Chamari Hettiarachchi, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka. (3) Dr. Osunsanmi Foluso Oluwagbemiga, University of Zululand, South Africa. Reviewers: (1) Siarhei A. Dabravolski, Vitebsk State Academy of Veterinary Medicine (UO VGAVM), Belarus. (2) Kishor Gopla Patil, Government Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities India. (3) Jean Pierre Namahoro, China University of Geosciences, China. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/63725 Received 25 November 2020 Accepted 20 December 2020 Review Article Published 13 January 2021 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Leite-Jr et al.; SAJRM, 8(3): 1-26, 2020; Article no.SAJRM.63725 ABSTRACT Introduction: It is possible that the evolution of man is associated with manifestations of microscopic beings that have accompanied him since ancient times. Emerging infectious diseases have been warning for decades that habitat fragmentation and degradation, antropization effects, animal trafficking increase the risk of diseases spreading from wildlife to human populations. Aims: The purpose of this study was to review the current events about the pandemics that occurred on the planet and the current situation of bat involvement, their high degree of ecological plasticity that these beings present with the emergence and spread of viruses. Methodology: Review the current knowledge about viral diversity, host condition and possible mammalian reservoirs in the face of pandemics and the close relationship of bats with humans and other possibly incriminated species. Given the epidemics of the last century, it is possible to observe that the increased interaction between humans and wild animals has facilitated the emergence of viral strains of importance for public health. Results: Given the reports argued by the scientific community, bats may be responsible for the air cycle of viral diseases, being considered of great importance in the study of epidemiology. Conclusion: The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic has come to test the ability of humans to face a threat that may be repeated in the future. As part of nature, bats cannot be framed as precursors of viral agents. The knowledge obtained, associated with investment in science, research and education, will put us one step ahead of future pandemic events. Keywords: Epidemics; Chiroptera; conservation; virus; COVID-19. 1. INTRODUCTION combatants, promoting exodus, promoting miscegenation, strengthening or weakening Since the beginning, when man stopped living on peoples. trees and allowed himself to walk on two legs, this organism went through physical changes Mammals of the order Chiroptera, are involved in that, later, originated the dominant species the emergence and spread of viruses in animals named Homo sapiens. Climate change, habitat and humans. Endowed with the ability to fly, a destruction, the way across continents, species diet rich in food, live in colonies and cover long pressures, and war between peoples, distances during migration, occupying the most comorbidities, cultural practices, demographic varied ecological niches and dispersion on the density or mitigation, any of these situations planet [2]. could have caused these hominid ancestors to descend from their trees and cause that the This remarkable ability has been providing this world should be alert, in the face of expectations, globally known species, as bats; with desires, benefits and harms that this evolution idiosyncratic and insuperable characteristics, an would bring to the planet. evolutionary success and a remarkable propensity for these animals to favor, and However, in fact, this possible evolution of man is become hosts, reservoirs and transmitters, also associated with manifestations of spreading a wide variety of viruses and other microscopic beings that have accompanied man potentially pathogenic microorganisms. since the beginning. Viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites and other microorganisms, participate Recent advances in science and in improving in the evolution of humanity and reveal how researchers' ability to detect uncultivable these microscopic beings have shaped evolution microbial species have made it possible to on the planet over millennia and, today, help us document the enormous diversity of to understand our own origin on Earth [1]. microorganisms in animals and plants and reporting that when we treat the human species, Can changes in biodiversity within the bodies of Homo sapiens, 90% of all cells are microbial [3]. organisms also change the transmission of pathogens? We can know when and how the Research on emerging infectious diseases has current epidemics started and how they warned for decades that fragmentation and conditioned human existence, decimating degradation of habitat, biopiracy and trafficking in populations, stimulating conflicts, infecting live animals increase the risk of diseases 2 Leite-Jr et al.; SAJRM, 8(3): 1-26, 2020; Article no.SAJRM.63725 spreading from wildlife to human populations. a basis for the results and relevant discussion of The appearance of several emergencies this review. The results show an analysis of the registered on our planet in this millennium; they historical reports of the pandemics that can be attributed, at least in part, to the increase devastated the planet and the recent facts about in human impacts on natural systems [4,5]. the current viral pandemic that devastated the planet. The results were grouped and compared The objective of this work was to address the into themes and are presented below. main factors involved in the emergence and reemergence of pandemic diseases. Here, we present as a methodology a review based on the 4. WHAT IS THE ORIGIN OF THE NEW current literature, to serve as a source for OUTBREAK? consultations and information on the historical reports of the pandemics that have plagued the In the 14th century, an unknown disease killed planet and the recent concepts and about 50 million people, panic made people classifications in virology and biodiversity isolated, afraid and terrified of coming into actions. In this article, we list the characteristics contact with people and objects, nobody going of the current pandemic COVID-19, with an out on the streets; a terrifying fear of coming into emphasis on aspects and characterization of the contact with particles, supposedly infectious in Coronaviridae family, viral morphology and its the air, would be involving the deadly disease [1]. structures and taxonomy. We present the relationship and interaction with the chiropteran The black plague was decreed and generated hosts and the occurrences presented by habitat panic in the population much like what we are fragmentation, the intimate relationship between experiencing in the times of Coronavirus. But viruses and mammals of this order, evaluating today, we know that in the air, there was nothing, the role that bats play as potential reservoirs and and that the disease in question: the bubonic transmitters of viral genera, performing an eco- plague (formerly known as the black plague) was epidemiological and the epidemics that occurred transmitted and caused until today, by the in the world. zoonotic bacteria Yersinia pestis, which lives in wild rodents and their fleas and which end up The world we live in is changing and the current being transmitted to humans through the bites concept of biodiversity has pointed out situations that infest mice and other rodents. in which the planetary population must be prepared to answer the questions, especially if A few decades ago, it was believed that in intact we must maintain the view that the health of the