62 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 James Connell JD*, Alka Pradhan JD, LLM*, Margaux Lander BA* Lander Margaux LLM*, JD, Pradhan Alka JD*, Connell James BayGuantánamo at rehabilitationtorture to Obstacles military authorities before being published.being before authorities military States United the by redacted been has article This Organization.Defense Commissions Defense,Military of Department States *United rehabilitation areconsidered. assistancetowards to psychological theright staff. Limitedoptionsforpossible tary documents andlimitedaccesstonon-mili- of impunity, classification ofmedical tation, includingon-goingincarceration, lack obstaclestorehabili- to indicate thecurrent the CIAandarguablyafterwards, itgoeson detainees, whiletheywere inthecustodyof methodsusedonthese some ofthetorture Guantánamo Bay. After anexamination of atincluding thosestilldetainedat thefacility law,rehabilitation underinternational tofull ing treatment (CIDT)theright andcruel, inhumaneanddegrad- of torture United States of toprovide victims America setsoutthelegaldutyof This article Abstract Innovative ways• must be found toto try Theconditions underwhichdetainees • • The UnitedStates hasalegaldutyto inssues: Key prospect of being set free remains elusive. assist with rehabilitation when the medical assistance. even toprovide themwithbasic cally ormentallyrehabilitate them, or are heldmakeitimpossibletophysi- law.detainees underinternational provide rehabilitation tothecurrent

R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S on his view of the characters andmotivationson hisviewofthecharacters about hiswork withtheCIA, andelaborates promotingamemoir iscurrently program) whodevelopedpsychologists theCIA One ofthem(Dr. James Mitchell, oneofthe security, have enjoyed thetorturers impunity. beings -yet under theguiseofnational p.27). otherhuman Humanbeingstortured a vault at theCIA” (Biswas &Zalloua, 2011, Interrogation” (SSCI, program 2014). the CIA’s “Rendition, Detention, and documented someoftheshockingdetails investigation ofaCongressional Summary year, adeclassified, redactedExecutive that, “We somefolks.” tortured That same President Obamafinallyadmittedin2014 orCIDT,gations constitutedtorture CIAinterro- brutal techniques usedduring W. Bushnever acknowledged that the Project, 2013). Although PresidentGeorge stan, Iraq, andGuantánamo(Constitution ofDefense(DoD)in Department Afghani- detention operations conductedbythe Intelligence Agency, andlater “bled” into forusebytheCentral initially authorized suspects.be terror The techniqueswere (CIDT) againstMuslimmenconsideredto cruel, inhuman, treatment anddegrading andother ofusingtorture adopted apolicy In theearly2000’s, theUnitedStates Introduction Guantánamo.survivors, ment, detention, security, rehabilitation, ers, Cruel, Inhuman, orDegrading Treat- Keywords: The techniques certainly didnot The techniquescertainly “hide in Torture, Law; International prison- TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 63 This article will summarize some of the right to torture has been rehabilitation to provide duty “a universal interpreted as care and reintegrative [victims] with health as to without considerations services, whether formal complaints or court deci- responsi- was to who been made, sions have ble for the torture or where it happened” the United that Recalling 2013). (Sveass, of the the application acknowledged States to the territory under its control at CAT although the in 2014, Guantánamo Bay it does not create insists that government rights of action for Guantánamo detainees. AE200II 2013). KSM, v. (United States at of the CAT the application Nevertheless, regardless of Guantánamo legally means that every status, “clearance” or “belligerent” torture Guantánamo must be given at victim by the access to holistic rehabilitation has not been the case. That government. of Guantánamo obstacles to treatment prisoners suffering from the effects of their and offer suggestions for torture CIDT, and This article of these obstacles. amelioration of will not address the issue of treatment been released or those men who have who face resettled from Guantánamo, distinct challenges. but overwhelming Background: The torture techniques the United States Beginning in 2002, “enhanced sanctioned actively government for use on terror interrogation techniques” which included techniques suspects, to long-recognized by international law In order to constitute torture or CIDT. authorize the use of such techniques on members of the Bush terror suspects, issued legal memoranda administration of 18 U.S.C. disqualifying the application the United States paras 2340-2340A, August 2002, In anti-torture statute. Bybee Attorney General Jay then-Assistant i Such ii The United States has signed and ratified has signed and ratified The United States One of the many legal controversies at the United States The group of experts whose mandate is to interpret the i rehabilitation “should be holistic and include “should be holistic rehabilitation as medical and psychological care as well 2012, (CAT legal and social services” The CAT 3). General Comment No. therefore recognizes an enforceable right of all torture survivors rehabilitation, to receive such to provide and a legal duty of the state the free-standing Importantly, rehabilitation. the UN Convention Against Torture Torture Against the UN Convention for all treatment which mandates (“CAT”) survivors those at including of torture, Article 2002). (Chlopak, Guantánamo Bay every explicitly requires that 14 of the CAT partystate torture ensures that victims have which to compensation, “enforceable rights” “the means for as full rehabilitation includes Torture The Committee against as possible.” of States the obligation has explained that full ‘as parties the means for provide to refers to the need as possible’ rehabilitation to restore and repair the harm suffered by including the victim whose life situation, never and self-sufficiency health may dignity, as a result of the pervasive be fully recovered Torture, against effect of torture (Convention 3). No. General Comment 2012, of the detainees whom he tortured. Mean- he tortured. of the detainees whom of the survivors many remain impris- while, and unable to Guantánamo Bay oned at The suffering. speak freely about their torturecontinuing effects of on these men, and their lack of access to medical treatment, are the subjects of this article. SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR treaty, receive and respond to treaty, periodic reports by state parties, and receive individual communications regarding potential violations by state parties. ii Military Commissions at Guantánamo Bay is the One Torture. enforceability of Against the Convention military commission has ruled that although the United Torture, States is bound by Against the Convention tortured individuals cannot enforce its provisions (United States Military Commission 2013). 64 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 v followed.know,not nowwas stricture this permitted.”abuse sexual of we threats As or abuse sexual and Fahrenheit“no degrees 68 at kept be to temperature iv detainee. sedentary a for 1.2 by multiplied guidance given for use of this technique. this of use for given guidance period feet.time or maximum hands no is There moveto permission wall,without the to outstretched iii General, re-evaluate theCIA’s interrogation Bradbury, former Acting Assistant Attorney- avoidance conditioning(Mitchell, 2016). itasinvolvingdescribed classicaland manner” (CIA, 2004, p.2). Mitchell has a predictable, reliable, andsustainable conducive tothecollectionofintelligencein helplessnessanddependence learned istocreategoal ofinterrogation astate of helplessness”“learned oftheprisoners. “The sadism; theexplicitgoalwas toachieve ofdetaineeswas notmerely The torture consistent withtheU.S. statute. anti-torture techniques were approved byBybee as the waterboard.” (Bybee, 2002). All ofthese insects placedinaconfinementbox, and10. stress positions, 8. sleepdeprivation, 9. cramped confinement, 6. wall standing, 7. 3. hold, facial 4. slap(insultslap), facial 5. to beusedas “1. attention grasp, 2. walling, a secondmemoenumerating thetechniques death, Mr. Bybeecontinuedhisanalysiswith of the comparison “physical pain” tomedical even death.” (Bybee, 2002). Notwithstanding ofbodilyfunction,failure, impairment or nying physical serious injury, suchasorgan equivalent inintensitytothepainaccompa- mustbe Physical painamountingtotorture must inflictpainthat isdifficulttoendure. asdefinedinSection2340,tute torture it Gonzalesthat Alberto “for anacttoconsti- stated inamemoto White HouseCounsel Standing 4-5 feet away from a wall with arms arms with wall a awayfrom feet 4-5 Standing Used to cause “psychological discomfort,” ambient cause “psychological with to Used Bradbury memo 1: 900 kcal/day plus 10 kcal/kg/day,10 plus kcal/day 1:900 memo Bradbury Two memosissued in2005bySteven

R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S Sleep deprivation. Stress positions, 11. Water dousing Cramped confinement, 9. Wall standing slap (insultslap), 7. Abdominal slap, 8. grasp, 4. Walling, 5. Facial hold, 6. Facial manipulation years:changed intheintervening 1. Dietary questions regardinghow thetechniques of techniques, however to rise –giving Detainee,” enumerates aslightlydifferentlist ofaHigh the Interrogation Value Al Qaeda Certain Techniques That May BeUsedin “Application of18U.S.C. §§2340-2340Ato 2005a). Bradbury’s memo, first entitled of severityinthedefinition. (Bradbury, ing,” but droppingthe “organ failure” level “severe physical ormentalpainandsuffer- statute mustcause violating theanti-torture legal standard, stating that techniques slightly modifiedBybee’s assessmentofthe techniques. memo, Inthefirst Bradbury vii vi temperature of 59 degrees. degrees. 59 of temperature water with minutes 60 or degrees; 50 of temperature water with minutes 40 Fahrenheit; degrees 41 “Application of18U.S.C. §§2340-2340A (SSCI,disruption 2014, p. 3). within “organ failure” level ofphysical which would seemtoplacethemlegally Mohammad asa ofnear-drownings,’”‘series thewaterboardingdescribe ofKhalidSheikh sions andvomitings . . . CIArecords Internal . was physically harmful, inducingconvul- states that “[t]he waterboarding technique. . oftheSSCIReport Executive Summary damaging:were theredacted particularly combined three hours of sleep between sessions.”between sleep of hours (p.134).three combined a with hours, 48 and hours, 24 hours, 46.5 of sessions deprivation sleep to al-Libi subjecting Adnan reported subsequently ExecutiveSummary,interrogators “CIA hours.”Redacted eight SSCI least atthe for to According interruption sleep “without allowedto be to had detainee 20 minutes duration of pouring allowed if water was was water if allowed pouring of duration minutes 20 Maximum duration allowed was 180 hours before hours 180 allowedwas duration Maximum The second Bradbury memoisentitled The secondBradbury iii , 2. Nudity vii The lasttwo techniques iv , 3. Attention vi , and12. v , 10. TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 65 The CIA also used loud music or white white or music loud used also CIA The claims government The United States penetrated using “the largest Ewal [sic] tube” tube” [sic] Ewal largest “the using penetrated purpose for the sole of CIA officials had, ‘total “interrogator’s the demonstrating in accord- the tortured men, over control’” model “learned helplessness” ance with the designed by Mitchell and his colleague Bruce During 82). 100, pp. 2014, (SSCI, Jessen CIA officials of detainees, anal penetration sometimes insertwould pureed food items, nuts, pasta with sauce, “hummus, including 100). p. 2014, (SSCI, and raisins” extralegal as shaving and light, constant noise, despite how recounts SSCI The techniques. only was shaving that assurances CIA’s the punitive, not was and intake upon conducted sometimes shaved, routinely were “Detainees were who detainees interrogation; to aid an as were level acceptable an at participating beards” and hair their grow to permitted “use[d] also CIA The 429). p. 2014, (SSCI, representa- the exceeding decibels at music and Justice],” of Department [the to tions the to subjected were detainees “numerous p. 2014, (SSCI, noise” white of use extended prohibi- the violated clearly this Again, 429). “severe on memo Bradbury’s in detailed tion suffering.” or pain mental use of torturethat techniques ended when the CIA detainees arrived Guantánamo at this claim However, in September 2006. Bay of torture allegations discounts the separate and CIDT during years least the first at five of military Guantánamo detention at and also ignores the allegations (2002-2007), by some former use of CIA detainees that torture Camp 7, techniques has continued at are These allegations where they are held. under the It also ignores that detailed below. failure torture to provide rehabilitation CAT, that violation constitutes a continuing treaty must be addressed. "Beginning with the CIA's first detainee, "Beginning with the CIA's first detainee, and continuing with Zubaydah, Abu the CIA applied its numerous others, enhanced interrogation techniques with at or weeks significant repetition for days Interrogation techniques such as a time. detainees (slamming ‘wallings’ slaps and used in combination, were against a wall) frequently concurrent with sleep depriva- Records do not support tion and nudity. the CIA initially that CIA representations ap- non-threatening ‘open, used an interrogations began with or that proach,’ and technique possible’ ‘least coercive the techniques to more coercive escalated 3)." p. 2014, only as necessary (SSCI, multiple techniques that also know We To demonstrate the combined use of torture demonstrate To the SSCI describes CIA sleep techniques, for “keeping detainees awake as deprivation usually standing or in stress up to 180 hours, times with their hands shackled at positions, CIA detainees At least five their heads. above experienced during disturbing hallucinations least at in and, prolonged sleep deprivation, the CIA nonetheless those cases, of two (SSCI, continued the sleep deprivation” 3). p. 2014, “legally not been had used that were Department of by the U.S. authorized” anally Multiple detainees were Justice. [the United States anti-torture[the United States to the statute] the in Techniques Combined Use of Certain CIA Detainees” Value Interrogation of High (Bradbury Memo to Rizzo on Combined the This memo reflects reality at 2005). Use, of the more than any CIA black sites, (and it contemplates in that previous memos, legal authorization) for use of the provides which is techniques in combination, above them from the the CIA had applied how As the SSCI beginning of detention in 2002. Summarysaid in the redacted Executive of its report on CIA rendition: SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR 66 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 through theC.I.A.’s ‘enhanced interrogation’ “At leasthalfofthe39peoplewhowent (Apuzzo, Fink, &Risen2016). Itfoundthat, mentalhealthproblems.persistent . . .” Cuba, dozensofdetaineesdeveloped detentioncampat Guantánamo Bay,military C.I.A. orcoercive prisons practicesat the agonizing treatment in secret enduring The New York Times concludedthat, “After government’s methodstodate. interrogation the mentalhealthconsequencesofU.S. conducted themostcomprehensive reviewof health (Sayed 2003). presentation of trauma and impact on mental hasresultedinwidevariations inthe grounds but many donot. ofback-This diversity not. Many education, have post-secondary language,Arabic astheirfirst but many do are Arabs, but many arenot. Many speak (Rosenberg, 2017).from 13countries Many culturally diverse. come The 41prisoners areMuslim,prisoners theyareotherwise endure” (Amnesty International, 2017, p.19). to not remember the torture that I still continue to plague me daily making it difficult when they come. The threats and fear torture flood in and are often unexpected among other things. The intense feelings of the still have trigger responses to sound and scents the authors’ client, Ammar alBaluchi. Mohammad alQahtani. They alsoinclude Zubaydah, KhalidShaikhMohammad, and methods: Abd alRahimNashiri, Abu U.S.the mentoexperience interrogation includesomeofthemostwell-knowners of 20,tánamo onJanuary 2017. These prison- istration, remainedat Guan- 41prisoners population at the close of the Obama Admin- toreducetheprison Despite aneffort Guantánamo at tortured the of conditions Current In 2016, Although alloftheGuantánamo As al Baluchi has described, “Years later I

New York Times R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S reporters reporters 2017, p. 19). worse, sequelae(AmnestyInternational, Baluchi, have complainedofsimilar, or (Savage, 2017). Otherdetainees, includingal and othersignsofpost-traumatic stress continuing nightmares, aphobiaof water, effectsofhistorture, including long-term show thatassessment ofalNashiri heshows ofaclassifiedpsychological portions pino &Xenakis, 2011, p.4). Declassified many years, andpossiblyalifetime” (Iaco- for symptomsthat arelikelytopersist logical severe, anddebilitating psycho- long-term reviewed “detainees continuestoexperience review in2011foundthat eachofthenine discussedinthisarticle, onerecord factors records areseverely limitedbymany ofthe problems.” (Apuzzo, Fink&Risen2016). like boxes, have sinceshown psychiatric them intowalls andlockingthemincoffin- sleep, dousingthemwithicewater, slamming program, themof whichincludeddepriving the torture survivors imprisoned there: imprisoned survivors the torture number ofrareoreven uniquechallengesto want toknow. andattorneys providers often simplycannotrecallthedetailscare et al., 2011, p.167), survivors andtorture needfordefense,”sumed permanent (Elbert The brainorganizesitselfaround “a pre- overwhelming process” (Pope, 2012, p.421). itself beanexceptionallypainfuland can ofbeingtortured painful experiences thephysically escribing andpsychologically theworldproviders over. For example, “[d] and bytreatment seekers those faced tion at Guantánamoarethesame/similarto rehabilita- Some oftheobstaclestotorture Guantánamo at rehabilitation to Obstacles Although reviewsofdetaineemedical Guantánamo does, however, present a TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 67 Although these concerns are real, there Although these concerns real, are the victims is compromised by the daily daily the by compromised is victims the face the in powerlessness own their of reminder tormentors. their of power continuing the of impunity of consequences psychological The 154). p. 2008, (Fields, damage” the exacerbate reasons to consider the viability are still two torture might be of any that treatment it that legal position the U.S. First, possible. has the right Guantánamo the to incarcerate prisoners does not of war the law under or the of the duty, the United States relieve prisoners of tortureright, of the rehabilita- the Second, tion under international law. tortureissue of incarcerated survivors is not a good “There is not unique to Guantánamo. the magnitude of methodology to calculate the but the problem of torture worldwide, numbers of torture survivors should be 2005, (Quiroga & Jaranson, million” several Special Rappor- Nations The United 70). p. visit prisons the around Torture teur on to submit urgent and are mandated world appeals regarding the torture of prisoners or for torturedlack of medical treatment although Guantánamo Therefore, prisoners. be a unique prison methods of may setting, verifiably ending torture and effectively torturetreating survivors within prison conditions must be developed. Isolation Guantánamo prisoners are currently divided groupsdetention purposes. for into two Value “High 15 so-called Approximately are generally detained in Camp Detainees” which a reviewing admiral in 2009 said 7, “supermax facility” a “effectively” was The remaining approximately 2009). (Walsh, 26 prisoners6 [other camps], are in Camp which the reviewing admiral described as standards for maximum “designed by U.S. An officer 2009). (Walsh, security detention” it is not testified that Guantánamo has at

be safe ” (PRI, 2013). Guantánamo fails 2013). (PRI, ” stable Some suggest that tortureSome suggest that rehabilitation Others may suggest that torture treatment treatment torture that suggest may Others is impossible in this prison environment. For For is impossible in this prison environment. prominent torture rehabilitation example, has proposed, Torture center Freedom from context in which “the environmental servicesrehabilitative are offered must Threatening environment Threatening The first to and most obvious obstacle torture Guantánamo is that at rehabilitation the torture survivors as are also prisoners, continues to incarcerate the United States of war. under the law ostensibly the men, Eight men are charged and face proceedings others have two in a military commission; and sentenced; not yet but been convicted another is serving a sentence while his case is The other thirty men do not face on appeal. This dual role of detainee/prisoner charges. and torture survivor is a result of the policy decision to use torture on terror suspects. is also justified by the crimes and “Torture identities of the terrorists—they the are But while the bodies .’ . . ‘worst of the worst. of prisoners be subject to violence for may they [must the extraction of information, for the govern- also be] objects of care” now which is inherently contradictory. ment, 2011,103). & Zalloua, (Biswas SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR and compo- and subjective both the objective prisoners given that nents of these criteria, and their medical care remain in the complete control of the Department of the factors most of Indeed, Defense. mentioned in this article as could be viewed and the unsafe environment demonstrating instability of Guantánamo as a context for torture treatment. counterproductive. be would Guantánamo at if, and/or change not does government the “If those Argentina, and Chile in happened as from immunity receive acts these committing for rehabilitation of modicum any prosecution, 68 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 ( Camp 6 [another camp] through good behavior possible to earn a transfer from Camp 7 to authorities of subjecting him to “sounds and al Shibh has consistently accused U.S. Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004). Bin planning of the 9/11 attacks (National Yemeni man accused of participation in the continue in Camp 7. conditions mimicking the CIA black sites testified about their perception that torturous of details. Two prisoners, however, have classification restrictions prevent discussion pursuant to a military commission order, but the few who have been inside Camp 7, One of the authors (James Connell) is among about it exist publicly (Rosenberg, 2008). was classified until 2008 very few details Agreement, 2006). US persons or interests” (Memorandum of engaged in planning for, terrorist acts against and who have conducted and/or have who were captured in the War on Terrorism to the control of the Secretary of Defense, designated by the President to be transferred DoD’s detention of certain individuals responsibilities of DoD and CIA concerning other things, this “sets out the duties and (Memorandum of Agreement, 2006). Among Department of Defense regarding Camp 7 randum of Agreement between the CIA and 2016 declassified a highly redacted Memo- (SSCI, 2014, p.160). Second, the CIA in under the operational control of the CIA” other U.S. military detainees and remained they were housed in a separate building from the U.S. military base at Guantánamo Bay, wrote, “After the 14 CIA detainees arrived at from black sites in 2006. First, the SSCI in Camp 7 beyond the prisoners’ transfer strated at least some involvement of the CIA United States v. KSM Ramzi bin al Shibh is a 45-year-old Given that the very existence of Camp 7 Two declassified sources have demon-

R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S , AE448 2016, p.6). detainee’s meals doorthroughwhich prison so-called “beanholes” –theslotsineach revealed was the2009openingof p.12180). Another elementthat Guleed Testimony ofHassanGuleed Dourad, 2016, chemical smell…forsixyears” (Transcript, high-pitchednoises,sometimes hammering, here at Camp 7. . .thenoisesaredifferent, said, “we [torture] have mentaltorturing conditions ofconfinementat Camp7. He Hassan Guleedalsotestifiedaboutthe 2016, p.11142). (Transcript, Testimony of Ramzi bin al Shibh, the worst thing I have ever went through” the injection without any reasons, that was was physical abuse, was torture. But this one, worse than black site. Black site was abuse, moment when they gave me injection, more “[T]he worst time in my life was at that drugged him. He described being drugged: about the sounds, a U.S. Navy psychiatrist testimony, he said that when he protested and vibrations” inside Camp 7. During his he deemed systematic and intentional “noise before the military commission about what technique at the black sites (Serrano, 2014). may have included reference to the vibration which are in the government’s possession and included bin al Shibh’s CIA medical records, include Mitchell’s book, but would have available to them, which at the time did not not reach a conclusion given the information state (Ramstack, 2013). The evaluators could allegation to seek evaluation of his mental and in 2013 prosecutors used bin al Shibh’s authorities have denied bin al Shibh’s claim, (Mitchell, 2016). Nevertheless, Guantánamo piece of heavy machinery) at the black sites using vibration on bin al Shibh (allegedly by a health. In Mitchell’s 2016 book, he discussed prevented him from sleeping and affected his vibrations” in his cell at Camp 7 that Later, in 2016, another prisoner known as In February 2016, bin al Shibh testified TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 69 Beyond their identities, the military their identities, Beyond present severe challenges to building a building to challenges severe present the notes, Sveaass As relationship. trusting importance: crucial of are factors following has person the that confidence of level “The rehabilitation receiving to respect with services the offered by the authorities, question as to whether the person still lives where violence has been commit- in the state ted and whether the necessary steps have been taken with regard to complaints, (Sveass assessments and documentation” with survivorsThose who work of tor- 2013). of trust, on a foundation ture must build recog- and sensitivity, believability, respect, nizing the political context of torture Not only are 2004). (Engstrom & Okamura, Guantánamo prisoners still in the custody of without serious tortured that the state them, torturelegal remedy for their acknowledged the Military– but Commission Defense is primarilyOrganization composed of U.S. of its civilian and military Many personnel. military have or intelli- contract employees gence backgrounds similar to those of officials who initially tortured the prisoners All Guantánamo. the black sites or at at must be able to Guantánamo at lawyers which means that obtain security clearances, Prisoners often citizens. they must be U.S. of their or motives suspect the loyalty Some prisoners, appointed legal teams. Americanlacking trust legal system in the declined have American lawyers, and their altogether. representation commission legal teams are by definition and lack psycho- focused on legal matters, Although the logical resources or training. standard of practice in capital cases within least one team requires at the United States member qualified to screen for psychological military commission funding authori-issues, to support been slow psychiatric or ties have psychological expert Some military services. Many of the 41 prisoners remaining at at remaining prisoners 41 the of Many can teams legal these of identities The Guantánamo – those not in active military active in not those – Guantánamo have not do simply - proceedings commission government States United The team. legal a various representation: some supports as well as offices, Defender Public Federal Re- like organizations non-governmental Rights, Constitutional for Center the prieve, bono pro Union, Liberties Civil American the prisoners firmsrepresenting law and lawyers federal in corpus habeas of writs seeking judicial or administrative other or court, varying have teams legal These relief. resources. of levels and mandates are passed (2016, p.12176). Guleed stated Guleed stated p.12176). are passed (2016, Camp 7 prisoners priorthat could to 2009, with one another not open or communicate Prisoners are through the beanholes. to open their beanholes. currently allowed teams legal Untrained the generally that means isolation strict This have who staff, prison than other people, only are prisoners Guantánamo to access regular has prisoner the if team, legal prisoner’s each the by provided are teams Legal one. Commis- Military Defense’s of Department those for Organization, Defense sions at proceedings trial active in detainees legal the of members core The Guantánamo. investigators, paralegals, attorneys, are teams legal No linguists. and analysts, intelligence psychologist independent an allocated is team have teams some although client, their for non- for funding obtaining in succeeded psychol- security-cleared -based Guantánamo clients. their with occasionally meet to ogists profes- not are themselves teams legal The and issues, psychological in trained sionally than rather litigation on focus to required are are teams legal the ways, many In treatment. survivors with work to unprepared woefully torture. of SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR 70 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 the effectsofJinn. of theeffectsJinnorindistinctionfrom may discuss some of their symptoms in terms 2005, p. 41). For example, devout Muslims medical symptoms” (Quiroga&Jaranson, express, andresolve mentaldistressand major influenceonhow we understand, Guantánamo (Sayed, 2003). “Culture hasa at culturally andethnicallydiverse prisoners illness conceptualizations ofallthe do notalignwiththephysical andmental legal professionals, however well-meaning, necessarily American. is contact withGuantánamoprisoners whohas person meanthat every restrictions with Secretlevel clearances. These security topeople contact withCamp6prisoners level. onlyallow Guantánamoauthorities mented Information/Special Access Program clearance at the Top Secret/SecureCompart- generallymusthave sites) aperson asecurity bytheCIAat theblack tortured prisoners (those contact withaCamp7prisoner mentioned,As briefly inordertobeallowed treatment medical to predominantly A Westernapproach than treatment. must generallyfocusonevaluation rather orpsychiatrist, psychologist but theseexperts commission legalteamsincludeaconsultant to dismissthesecomplaintsbecause theyare at Guantánamo,authorities have beenquick professionals, thedetention particularly Latif, Jamil, & Walker, 2011). American (Khalifa,energy andmorbidfears Hardie, possession couldbeforgetfulness, lackof cause mentalillness. SymptomsofJinn that Jinncanenterthe humanbodyand Hardie, 2005). Many Muslimsalsobelieve & mental harm, suchaspossession(Khalifa that arecapableofcausing physical and amongst Muslimsthat Jinnarerealcreatures American medical,American psychological, and

R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S viii Itiswidelyaccepted “Are we thing?” doingtheright (Fink2016). “plagued byjinns,” even asshewondered, ics” complainedofbeing afterprisoners recalled prescribing “powerful anti-psychot- one Guantánamodoctorwho interviewed al Shibhhasbeen. intosilenceasBin that theywillbedrugged they willbebelieved –orworse, theybelieve their symptomsbecausetheydonotthink donotwishtodiscuss Many otherprisoners stated that: his pain), report hispsychological infact his legs,” for himmorphine (despitegiving suffered only “from self-described ‘genies’ in government saidderisively that Dhiab ix fromHardie, &Allah(Khalifa 2005) knownaretemptingseducingandfor ors mankind to inhabitgraveyardsplacesdarktoassaidsuch and beforemankindfrom “smokelessfire.”flameof Jinn Qur’an,thetracedto backbe can Jinn originati of humans.bybutseencannot usbethatsee can o The viii secret-briefon-wheelchair-ban-at-Guantánamo/. 13 years at13 years Guantánamo. his required theuseofawheelchairduring being forciblyextractedfromhiscell, that his legsandback, from includingbrokenribs doctors. Dhiabhadnumerous problemswith independent (non-Guantánamo-affiliated) physical evaluations andpsychological by Guantánamo, andwas orderedtoundergo inhumane force-feedingproceduresat Dhiab challengedwhat hedeemedtobe lary. In2014, hungerstriker Abu Wa’el culturalvocabu-expressed inanunfamiliar http://www.courthousenews.com/genies-cited-in-once- Jinn are described in Islamic writings as createdIslamicasdescribedwritingsinare Jinn Expert Report, 2014)"Expert Cognitive processesareintact(Xenakis culture andhisphysical complaints. tohis areappropriate His descriptions can influencehealthandstate ofmind. cultural traditionsof orjins’‘spirits that delusions, orillusions. to Herefers "There isnoevidenceofhallucinations, The New York Times ix While theU.S.

ng caves beings, are rigins rigins tray TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 71 Until recently, the prisoners charged with with charged prisoners the recently, Until for attorneys therefore possible It was to the chief military however, In June 2017, telephone calls with their attorneystelephone calls with and of a albeit with a member family members, with them on the line Team Privilege Review information if any to end communications or inappropriatepresumed either classified is legal communica- Most prisoners’ conveyed. orderstions fall issued by under protective Task and Joint the District Court in D.C. that which provide Bay, Force-Guantánamo are presumed all of their communications classified until declassified by a Privilege 2009). (Eisenberg, Team Review were commission military a in offenses which orders, of set separate a by governed military Those restrictive. less generally were commu- prisoner treated orders commission concern they unless unclassified as nications (primarily categories torture-related specific The information). personnel and location techniques torture include not did categories – symptoms their or experienced prisoner a about communications prisoner that meaning were injuries enduring and torture their the allow orders The unclassified. generally unclassi- handle to authority limited attorneys and supervision, without information fied to attorneys the for mechanism a provided doubt. of case in review classification obtain share those torture details with treatment providers could correspond who some with Guantánamo prisoners through their of offer remedies - as two attorneys or even Such previously done. the authors have necessarilycorrespondence be slow would but concerns, and limited by classification could and did take place. ruled that Pohl, James commission judge, unclassified legal mail from the formereven CIA prisoners could no longer be shared including with members of the public, such as inde- potential outside caregivers, In a limited capacity, there may be there may In a limited capacity, A complex regime information governs opportunities for Guantánamo prisoners to speak with linguists who share their language occasionally their cultural heritage. and even these linguists are not trained However, not know mental health providers and may the essential terminology or concepts needed to discuss symptoms and issues in a sensitive Most importantly, 2012). manner (Pope, than medical, rather is legal, their mandate and they are simply unequipped and unable kind of rehabilitation. any to provide of medical informationClassification and treatment the One obstacle unusual to Guantánamo is use of security to limit the classification The CIA transfer of medical information. “extraordi- detainee program high-value was narily compartmentalized in order to 151), p. 2013, (Khalili, maximize secrecy” and much about the program remains of the black including the locations classified, in the sites and the personnel involved U.S. As a result, commission of torture. applied numerous classifica- authorities have making the tion regimes Guantánamo, at and about from, transfer of information to, prisoners very difficult. with different rules Guantánamo, transfer at Former CIA for prisoners in various statuses. prisoners no access to telephone or have to contact their except ordinary mail, families through the International Commit- 6) (Camp prisoners Other Cross. Red the of tee the ability to arrange occasional have Cultural humility is critical, and servicecritical, Cultural humility is “baggage the providers need to acknowledge they bring own cultures—their of their own ethnic backgrounds along with the culture of and that bedside, medicine—to the patient’s not necessarilythese may be superior” 2012). (Fadiman, SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR 72 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 doctors’ rolesintheCIAtorture. tion oftheprovider-patient relationship by ways, damagedthroughdestruc- irreversibly is,Medical careoftheprisoners inmany Medical infrastructure may notnow besharedwiththepublic: cleared forpublicrelease. Newstatements ers. This statement hadpreviouslybeen fromthe continuingtodeteriorate prisoners limited avenue oftreatment forGuantánamo care fortheimprisoned. Therefore, even that pendent organizations whoroutinelyprovide The prisoners whostillseekrehabilita- The prisoners

R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S that may beusefulforrehabilitation provid- description Baluchi isanexampleoftorture may now beclosed.effects oftheirtorture interrogation is based on the concept of using ance. The CIA view was that, “Effective information, but rather long-term compli- CIA torture and CIDT was not short-term It is important to understand that the goal of programPsychologists intorture and classification barriers. withpoorly-trainedpersonnel uphill struggle an tion fromtheir face jailers American The following statement fromMr. al TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 73 that his medical staff that Cultural norms acknowledging mean that According to a number of reports, In one of the rare studies of Guantánamo damage to the survivors (SSCI, 2014). damage to the survivors (SSCI, from same- or opposite- sexual victimization sex interrogators is especially difficult for Muslims imprisoned (Pope, Guantánamo at “Implicit in these scenarios is the idea 2012). sexual torturethat is a source of particular for Muslims and un-manning humiliation are a particular sexual freedoms and that 2008, (Bhattacharyya, West” treasure of the survivors of Among other symptoms, 13). sexual trauma report deep feelings of shame Only 71). 2004, and guilt (Oosterhoff et al., a particularly and trusted sensitive profes- the sional can properly elicit and evaluate sexual trauma of some of the Guantánamo prisoners. Guantánamo Medical care at which Bay, Force-Guantánamo Task Joint medical runs includes abundant the prisons, and psychological does not include but staff, professionals specializing in torture rehabili- torture and treating Assessing tation. survivors is a highly specialized field requir- 2012). ing particularized competence (Pope, medical and psychological personnel do not what Guantánamo at ask their patients happened to them during interrogation. USN (retired), Shimkus, Albert J. Captain told commanded the Guantánamo hospital, Times York The New consequences of the dealing with the “was was what interrogations without knowing 2016). & Risen, Fink, (Apuzzo, going on.” Iacopino & prisoner medical records, the medical records of nine Xenakis reviewed prisoners and compared them with other They abuse. evidence of the prisoners’ “The medical doctors and observed that, mental health personnel the who treated GTMO faileddetainees at inquire and/or to One participating psychologist has made made has psychologist participating One interrogatorsEvidence suggests that used clear the participation of medical doctors and and doctors medical of participation the clear (Mitchell, program CIA the in psychologists Science Behavioral Guantánamo The 2016). psycholo- included also Teams Consulting psychologists of participation the Given gists. torture of process the abuse, original the in trusting a of context the outside assessment torture the of echoes evokes itself relationship neurobio- acute the of “Some 2012). (Pope, the facilitate may trauma to responses logical The memories. traumatic of encoding remain experiences traumatic of memories easily are and decades many for indelible and stimuli sortsof all by reawakened 1993). (Charney, stressors” religious and moral techniques of sexual, the prisoners. to break down humiliation degrad- of the techniques deliberately Many violating for example, ed the Islamic faith, pornogra- to women, explicit taboos relating targeted “Torturers and homosexuality. phy and violations sexual degradation of subject: of [and] desecration . . . humiliations (Bufacchireligious & objects and rituals” interro- In particular, 356). p. 2006, Arrigo, as a tool of gators used anal penetration sometimes causing long-term control, both physical and psychological pressures in in pressures psychological and physical both cumulative and systematic, comprehensive, a to behavior, [prisoner] influence to manner posture” resistance detainee’s a overcome of years through “Refined 1). p. 2004, (CIA, paradigm psychological agency’s the practice, overload sensory of mix a on rely to came attack system a for deprivation sensory and banal seemingly via stimuli human all on cold, and heat of procedures—manipulation isolation silence, and noise dark, and light 2012, (McCoy, interrogation” intense the and to intended specifically thus CIA The 53). of make-up psychological long-term the alter prisoners. their SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR 74 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 Given the massive obstaclestoeven basic rehabilitation?torture for Options patient’s birthday. date of transferfromblacksites)asthe 6September2006(the records describing have actuallyseenunclassifiedmedical before September2006. Infact, theauthors not have accesstoany medicalrecordsfrom anti-elicitation measure. do These providers practiceand,military probably, asan limited rotations, ofordinary bothaspart atmedical providers Guantánamoserve background. As active-duty military, the information/ andpersonal access tohistorical include frequentrotations ofstaff, limited doctor-patientappropriate relationship failure to provide access to rehabilitation. engenders numerous legal issues beyond teams cannot. It should be noted that this but the putative patients and their defense prisoners can access their full medical files, seeking the execution (in some cases) of the created a situation where the legal authorities records. The United States government has cannot access full versions of the medical classified. Even attorneys for the prisoners the basis that the medical records are prisoners access to their medical records on Furthermore, prison authorities deny the records, and have done so on many occasions. claim the right to inspect prisoners’ medical Marks 2005). Prosecutors at Guantánamo to the military and CIA on request (Bloche & practitioners to provide medical information privacy. A prior policy required medical lack of respect for a prisoner’s right to medical tánamo prisoners is virtually impossible is the between military psychologists and Guan- (Iacopino &Xenakis, 2011, p. 4). symptomstheyobserved”psychological document causesofthephysical and injuries Other limitations onaneffective and Another reason a therapeutic relationship

R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S particular power,particular although theabilityto may haveprisoners, tellingtheirstories United States tosilencetheGuantánamo Karunakara, &Elbert, , 2004, p. 580). consequences” (Neuner, Schauer, Klaschik, detailed narrative oftheevent andits ofa event andtheconstruction experienced ofthetraumatic al respondingtoreminders places “focus onthehabituation ofemotion- in Chile. NETprocedureistwo-fold; it ofthePinochet regime traumatized survivors frameworkwithin ahumanrights totreat 1983), whichwas developed specifically Testimony Method(Cienfuegos&Monelli, exposure therapy(NET). NETisbasedon communication with family, largely via letters. camps], no classes in Camp 7, and only rare only specific group classes in Camp 6, [the environment at Guantánamo, which permits approach is precluded by the restrictive family and community (Kira 2002). This individual’s functioning in the context of holistic approaches which seek to restore the rehabilitation of torture victims advocate Guantánamo. Many people involved in many treatment centers is also not possible at would require a change in political currents. medical treatment. This law could change, but prisoners to the United States, even for prohibits the transfer of Guantánamo impossible at this time. Current U.S. law mo imprisonment. ofGuantána- structure account thesecurity outside theUnitedStates andtakeinto ties fortreatment would have totakeplace may exist. law, Undercurrent thesepossibili- effects nities toalleviate theongoingtorture tion areminiscule. However, smallopportu- rehabilita- possibilities for meaningful torture medical treatment at Guantánamo, the Given the extraordinary efforts ofthe efforts Given theextraordinary One possible approach might be narrative The holistic treatment approach used by Treatment within the United States is TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 75 almost impossible. The United Statesalmost has impossible. constructed a security regime which prevents its military medical care providers from effectively treating prisoners seeking rehabilitation, and bars almost all other qualified professionals from offering and providing such rehabilitation service to those prisoners. Rehabilitation for survivors of torture and CIDT at Guantánamo will require rethinking traditional models of treatment to work around the United States’ current regulation and policies – or humani- tarian transfer of detainees to countries that will provide such treatment. lu &  o ó lu & Mineka 1992; Ba lu & Mineka 1992;  o ó lu 2011). The correspondence lu 2011).  Some possibility may also exist for Some possibility may alcio Conclusion By adopting a policy of torture followed by imprisonment, the United States has created a terrible conundrum for itself. It has a legal, andmoral, ethical responsibility to provide access to rehabilitation for torture survivors, but is instead imprisoning them indefinitely and subjecting them to conditions and restrictions which make such rehabilitation treatment by correspondence, if the rule by correspondence, treatment once was regarding detainee statements subject to they were again changed such that release after declassification. “public” modalities require treatment Although many therapist and a personal between connection provide it might be possible to patient, For self-help. through guided treatment control-focused behavioral example, is designed for implementation treatment and outside traditional therapy channels, for treat- might present a possible vehicle ment (Ba share torture mail may details through legal above. as mentioned curtailed, be now wrote his Guantána- Mahmadou Ould Slahi mo Diary through short declassified state- his to express a period of years, ments over experiences Guantánamo and elsewhere. at Ammar al Baluchi has had a number of regarding his experiencesstatements parts him to tell allowing of his declassified, (Amnesty way albeit in a fragmented story, Zubaydah, Abu 2017). International, has discussed his through his attorney, interest in describing part experience of his his although through courtroom testimony, most recent effort not succeed to testify did 2017). (Rosenberg, SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR k involved in treatment would necessarily be would in treatment involved could be carried but out under the slow, existing security structure Guantánamo. at 76 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 Biswas,Zalloua,Z.S.,& A.(2011). Torture:Power, Bufacchi, V.,& J.Arrigo, (2006). Torture, Terrorism Bloche,M.G.,Marks,J.H.and and (2005). Doctors Campbell, T.A.(2007). Psychological assessment, Bybee,J. (2002,John for Aug.1).Memorandum Bybee,J. (2002, for Aug.Al- 1).Memorandum Rizzo JohnBradbury, for S.(2005b).Memorandum Rizzo JohnBradbury, for S.(2005a).Memorandum Amnesty International. (2017, January 10). USA bro- 10).USA (2017, International.January Amnesty References Ba Ba Apuzzo,M.,Risen,Fink,J.S., & 8) (2016, October ó ó o o   and the State: a Refutation of the of RefutationState: a the Ticking and JournalofMedicine Bay.Guantánamo at Interrogators WashingtonPress Body.Human Democracy,the and review. diagnosis,andtreatment oftorture survivors: A bybee2002.pdf. sites/default/files/olc/legacy/2010/08/05/memo- https://www.justice.gov/tive.from Retrieved opera- Qaeda an Al of interrogation re Rizzo memo20020801.pdf. com/wp-srv/nation/documents/dojinterrogation- http://www.washingtonpost.from Retrieved 2340-2340A.§§ USC 18 under interrogation for conduct of re;standards Gonzales berto detainees.Qaeda value Al high of rogation inter- the in techniques certain of use combined the to 2340-2340A §§ USC 18 of application re niques%2010%20May%20200.pdf. Memo%20to%20Rizzo%20Certain%20Tech- org.uk/pdf/PDF%2016%20[Bradbury%20 https://www.therenditionproject.from Retrieved detainee.Qaeda value Al high a of terrogation in- the in used be may that techniques certain to 2340-2340A §§ USC 18 of application re 355-373. Argument. International Publications International deficit. rights human deeper a of part is Guantánamo close promises:to Failureken ment Approaches. Torture Consequences:Current its and Treat- survivors. torture in responses stress traumatic post- in stress unpredictable and controllable quake, Warand Torture Trauma. Control-FocusedBehavioral TreatmentEarth- of HealthcareMassModelfor TraumaSurvivors: torture-Guantánamo -bay.html?_r=0 torture-Guantánamo https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/09/world/cia- Minds. U.S.How Damaged of TortureLegacy a Left lu,M. & lu, M. & Mineka,lu,S.M.(1992) & un- of role The

ClinicalPsychology Review The New The York Times k alcio Journal of Applied Philosophyof Applied Journal R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S Â . lu,E. (2011) Mental A ,353, 6-8. Cambridge . . Retrieved from . Retrieved . ,27, 628-641. Cambridge NewEngland University of University Amnesty ,23(3), - Bomb . Khalifa, N.,Khalifa,Hardie, & T.jinn.(2005).Possessionand Kennedy,C.H.,Malone, Franks,R. M.C., J.& Iacopino, V.Xenakis,Med- S.N.& of (2011). Neglect Eisenberg, S. (2009). Guantánamo Bay:S.(2009).Eisenberg,Redefining Guantánamo Engstrom,D.W. Okamura,& A. (2004). Working Elbert, T.,M.,Schauer,M., Ruf, Weierstall,R.,Neu- Higson-Smith, C. (2015). Updating the estimate of estimateHigson-Smith, C.the (2015).Updating Danner,torture:M. (2009).US Voicesblack the from Fadiman, A.(2012). Thespirit catches you and you fa Officeof the High Commissioner of Human Rights, Convention Against Inhu- TortureCruel, Other and TheConstitution Project. (2013, March). TheReport Cienfuegos, A.J.,Monelli,C. (1983).& testi- The Central Intelligence Agency.Central memo:(2004).CIA Chlopak, E. (2002). Dealing with the detainees at detainees the Chlopak,with E.(2002).Dealing Charney,D. S.,Deutch, A. Y.,J. Krystal, H.,South- chological Services, chological Bay.Guantánamo in hospital detention the at services health mental of (2009).Provision https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001027 Series.PLoS Case A of Evidence ical TortureBay:Guantánamo in cruel and unusual.and cruel Services Social FamiliesSociety: in Contemporary of Journal The of Survivors Torture:with 174. Psychologyof Psychologie/Journal für stimuli. pictorial affective with RSVP using experiences stress traumatic of tations represen- neural brain:Imaging tortured The ner,F, Rockstroh,B.,Jonghöfer, & M.(2011). suffered torture. suffered havewho States United the in resettled refugees sites. thecollision of two cultures. down: AHmong child, her Americandoctors, and No.3. Committee Against Torture,General Comment (2012,November19). Degrading or man TreatmentPunishment.or trievedfrom https://detaineetaskforce.org/. ofthe TaskForce onDetainee Treatment.Re- 53(1),43-51. instrument. therapeutic a as repression political of mony (2009). interrogation techniques. interrogation of use CIA’scombined on paper Background tions. Conven-Geneva the under obligations rights human and Bay: Humanitarian Guantánamo Archives of generalpsychiatryof Archives disorder.stress posttraumatic of mechanisms wick,S.Davis,M., & M. (1993). Psychobiologic The New The YorkBooksof Review United Nations TreatySeries Human Rights BriefRights Human American Journal of Orthopsychiatryof Journal American ,85,301-309. Center for Center of Victims Torture. 6(1),1. NEULJ,1, Medicine ,9(3),2. ACLUFOIA Approaches to Helping.to Approaches Macmillan. ,50(4),294-305. . Retrieved from . Retrieved 125. (2012). ,9. ,219,167- Zeitschrift Zeitschrift released

Psy- ll , TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 77 moti- The The Miami Reproductive Reproductive Retrieved Torture, 15, 2-3. 15, Torture, Retrieved from 418-426. International Journal of , 68-77. , The Miami Herald. The Miami Herald. New York: W.W. Norton. W.W. York: New Retrieved from http://www.mi- Retrieved Retrieved from http://www.reuters. Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald. The New York Times. York The New Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, , 579. , Reuters. Reuters. vated torture and its survivors. its and torture vated com/news/nation-world/world/americas/Guan- tánamo /article1932471.html plotter Guantánamo testifies: vibrations noises, are they real, drugged me for protesting. Miami Herald. amiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/ameri- cas/Guantánamo /article62287467.html chooses not to testify at Guantánamo war court. Retrieved from http://www.miamiherald.com/ news/nation-world/world/americas/Guantánamo /article151445502.html sanity evaluation for accused 9/11 conspira- tor. com/article/us-usa-Guantánamo -idUSBRE- 9BI0WV20131219 Scars on Guantánamo Psyche Prisoner’s for Years. 9/11 commission report: Final report of the Na- the of report Final report: commission 9/11 the upon Attacks Terrorist on Commission tional States. United U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison (2004). of nar- T. & Elbert, U., supportive exposure rative counseling, therapy, and psychoeducation for treating posttraumatic stress disorder in Africanan refugee settle- ment. 72(4) Sexual torture of men in Croatia and other conflict an situations: open secret. 12(23) health matters, tion support for survivors of A torture: case Rehabilitation Torture Freedom study: from Retrieved Model. from https://www.penalre- form.org/resource/case-study-freedom-torture- rehabilitation-model/ ture survivors: Essential errors, avoidable steps, and helpful resources. Law and Psychiatry 35, the Numbers. from http://www.miamiherald.com/news/ /arti-nation-world/world/americas/Guantánamo cle2163210.html tives tives held at off-limits Gitmo camp. Herald. Rosenberg, C. (2016, FebruaryAlleged Rosenberg, (2016, C. 9/11 24). Abu Zubaydah May Rosenberg, (2017, 18). C. Politically- (2005). M. J. & Jaranson, J., Quiroga, Ramstack, T. (2013, December (2013, Judge 19). orders T. Ramstack, Savage, C. (2017, March 17). C.I.A. Torture Left Torture March (2017, C.I.A. C. 17). Savage, Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, C., Klaschik, M., Schauer, F., Neuner, & Ketting, (2004). E. P., Zwanikken, Oosterhoff, P., ReformPenal International Rehabilita- July). (2013, Psychological(2012). K.S. assessment Pope, of tor- Rosenberg, C. (2016, October Rosenberg, (2016, Guantánamo C. 25). by Rosenberg, C. (2008, FebruaryRosenberg, (2008, C. Platinum 7). cap- . he he , 8, 8, , lker, D. D. lker, Psycho- , 98(8), 98(8), , Crown University University of Traumatology , 68-77. , Retrieved from CIA Stanford Stanford University Press , 581. , International Journal of Cul- of Journal International Torture, 22(1), 38-57. 22(1), Torture, , 141-5. , https://www.cia.gov/library/read- Enhanced Interrogation. , 16. , International journal of mental health Torture, 21(2) Torture, The Wraparound Approach. Approach. Wraparound The Journal of the Society Royal of Medicine 351-353. and magic black Jinn, about Beliefs (2011). M. first and gender age, Muslims: among eye evil the influences. language 4(1) Health, Mental and ture in counterinsurgencies. 61-90. Wheelchair Secret Ban Briefat Guantanamo. on Courthouse Retrieved from News. https://www. courthousenews.com/genies-cited-in-once- secret-briefon-wheelchair-ban-at-guantanamo/ I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than wa- The Retrieved Guardian. from terboarding.' https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/ feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican- debate-torture doctrine of coercive interrogation. Wisconsin Pres. & M., Hamed, Low- A., B. Rahman, H., M. Rehabilitation Shang, (2010). of C. torture survivors in five countries: common themes and challenges. 4(1) systems, Complemen- (2012). A. M. & Grodin, P., Lama, of taryin the medicine treatment and alternative and survivors a refugees of and review torture: for action. proposal ment of Defense (DOD) and the Central Intelli- Agencygence (CIA) Concerning the Detention at a by Facility at Terrorists DOD Of Certain Guantánamo Bay Station Naval FOIA (2006), Released 6541712 (2016), Reading Room, ingroom/document/6541712 Forum, USA. USA. Forum, torture and torture-related symptoms. A Journal of Assessment: Consulting logical and 3(4) Clinical Psychology, Reflections tation: on treatment outcome stud- ies. Kira, I.A. (2002). Torture Assessment and Treatment: Treatment: Assessment and Torture (2002). I.A. Kira, Khalifa, N., Hardie, T., Latif, S., Jamil, I., & Wa & I., Jamil, S., Latif, T., Hardie, N., Khalifa, Time in the confinement Shadows: (2012). L. Khalili, SPECIAL SECTION: IN THE NAME OF THE WAR ON TERROR Memorandum Agreementof Between the Depart- Klasfeld, A. (2014, June 19). ‘Genies’ Cited ‘Genies’ In June (2014, Once- A. 19). Klasfeld, Trump: February(2016, Donald 7). T. McCarthy, The US and impunity: Torture (2012). W. A. McCoy, Gjerding, Omar, C., S., Higson-Smith, H., McColl, (2016). J. Mitchell, Mckenna Longacre, M. M., Silver-Highfield, E., E., Silver-Highfield, M., M. Longacre, Mckenna Mollica, R. F., & Caspi-Yavin, Y. (1991). Measuring(1991). Y. & Caspi-Yavin, F., R. Mollica, Montgomery, E., & Patel, N. (2011). Torture rehabili- Torture (2011). N. & E., Patel, Montgomery, T (2004). Attacks. Terrorist on Commission National 78 TORTURE Volume 27, Number 2, 2017 Sveaass, N. (2013, May 8). Gross human rights viola- Sveaass, rights N.human 8).(2013,Gross May Serrano,R. report 10).A.Senate(2014, December (“SSCI”).Intelligence on Committee Select Senate Scarry,E.(1985). ill- Sayed,mental M.A.of (2003).Conceptualization United States Military Commission,Guantánamo Military States United v.Statesal., Mohammad,United et Shaikh Khalid Commission,Guantánamo Military States United Commission,Guantánamo Military States United Commission,Guantánamo Military States United UnitedStates District Court of the District of Col tion. repara- of form a as rehabilitation approaching law: international under reparation and tions torture-gitmo-20141211-story.html http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg- Los Angeles court. in Times.from Retrieved suspects terrorism aid could torture CIA on and-interrogation-program. intelligence-committee-study-on-cia-detention- feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/senate- https://www.from Retrieved Program. tion Agency’sInterroga- Rendition,Detention,and Intelligence Central the of Study Committee the of 9).Executive(2014,Summary December journal,31(4) sonality: international an settings.cross-cultural in challenges cultures:Meeting within Arab ness -bay-abd-al-rahim-al-nashiri.html Guantánamo https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/us/politics/ USA. world.the of unmaking KSM%20II%20(TRANS2June2016-AM1).pdf. KSM%20II%20(TRANS2June2016-AM1).pdf. http://www.mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/KSM2/from TestimonyDourad.Retrieved Hassan Guleed of Bay.2).(2016,June (TRANS24Feb2016-AM1).pdf. mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/KSM2/KSM%20II%20 http://www.from Shibh.Retrieved al bin Ramzi al.,Mohammad,et Shaikh Khalid Testimonyof Bay.v.States 24).United (2016,February (AE200II).pdf mc.mil/Portals/0/pdfs/KSM2/KSM%20II%20 Against Torture.http://www.from Retrieved #1 Order ProtectiveConvention the Violates Because Amended Dismiss to Motion Defense Bay.to 16).Order (2013,AE200II February port%20to%20the%20court. retired%20Army%20psychiatrist%27s%20re- Guantánamo/article2524292.ece/binary/The%20 herald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/ September15). Retrieved from www.miami- ofStephen N. Xenakis, M.D., L.L.C. (2014, bia,Petitioner’s Notice of Filing of Expert Report doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.17191. http://from 10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.17191. Retrieved

European Journal of Psychotraumatology,of Journal European 4 R O R R E T N O R A W E H T F O E M A N E H T N I : N O I T C E S L A I C E P S The body in pain:in body The and making The Oxford University Press,University Oxford Social Behavior and Per-and Behavior Social ,333-341. um- , Walsh,P.M., VADM.23).Guan- (2009,February Commission,Guantánamo Military States United Guantánamo -bay-investigation-reportGuantánamo https://www.c-span.org/video/?284246-1/from lington, VA:Room.Retrieved Pentagon Briefing C-SPAN.InvestigationBayReport. tánamo Ar- Against Torture. #1 Order ProtectiveConvention the Violates Because Amended Dismiss to Motion Defense Bay.to 16).Order (2013,AE200II February tainee”Designation. Removeto Baluchi’s “High Motion ValueDe- Bay.7).(2016,Mr.September AE448 al