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Analisi Tecnico-Economica Di Condensatori Ad Aria Per Cicli Frigoriferi Di Grande Taglia

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Analisi Tecnico-Economica Di Condensatori Ad Aria Per Cicli Frigoriferi Di Grande Taglia POLITECNICO DI MILANO Facoltà di Ingegneria Industriale Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Energetica Analisi tecnico-economica di condensatori ad aria per cicli frigoriferi di grande taglia Relatore: Ing. Matteo ROMANO Tesi di Laurea di: Marco GIRLANDA Matr. 719500 Anno Accademico 2010 - 2011 Indice Generale Sommario 1 La risorsa gas naturale ......................................................................... 14 1.1 Il gas naturale e i processi di estrazione ...................................... 14 1.2 Risorse convenzionali e non convenzionali di gas naturale......... 15 1.3 Le riserve mondiali di gas naturale .............................................. 16 1.4 Supply cost ................................................................................... 18 1.5 Le riserve non convenzionali ....................................................... 20 2 Estrazione offshore di gas naturale ...................................................... 23 2.1 Obiettivi principali ....................................................................... 23 2.2 Impianti di produzione galleggianti (FPS) ................................... 25 3 Lavorazione del gas naturale ............................................................... 28 3.1 Composizione tipica .................................................................... 28 3.2 Trattamenti ................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Rimozione di olio e condensati ...................................... 32 3.2.2 Rimozione del mercurio ................................................. 32 3.2.3 Rimozione dell’acqua ..................................................... 33 3.2.4 Rimozione di CO2 e H2S ................................................ 34 3.2.5 Rimozione dei Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) ................... 36 3.3 Liquefazione del gas naturale ...................................................... 39 4 Condensatori ad aria ............................................................................ 41 4.1 Descrizione dei componenti ......................................................... 42 4.2 Metodi di calcolo per la progettazione......................................... 49 4.3 Ventilatori aspiranti e prementi: vantaggi e svantaggi ................ 53 4.3.1 Criteri di scelta dei ventilatori ........................................ 55 4.4 Controllo e regolazione dei condensatori ad aria ......................... 56 4.4.1 Controllo in condizioni particolari ................................. 58 5 Analisi parametriche sul programma Hudson .................................. 62 5.1 Potenza di ventilazione specifica alla potenza di condensazione 62 5.2 Peso specifico alla potenza di condensazione .............................. 66 5.3 Volume interno specifico alla potenza di condensazione ............ 68 5.4 Area frontale specifica alla potenza di condensazione ................ 69 5.5 Bare tube area specifica alla potenza di condensazione .............. 70 5.6 Costo totale specifico alla potenza di condensazione .................. 72 pag. 3 6 Riproduzione dello scambiatore a geometria Hudson con il programma Aspen ....................................................................................... 74 6.1 Analisi al variare del numero di passaggi .................................... 82 6.2 Dimensionamento Aspen con numero di passaggi libero ............ 87 6.3 Analisi parametrica in funzione della velocità dell’aria, per scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen ............................................ 95 6.4 Modifiche allo scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen: riduzione del numero di ranghi .......................................................................... 98 6.5 Modifiche allo scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen: variazione della lunghezza dei tubi (+50%) ................................................ 106 6.6 Ulteriori verifiche: rating Aspen su due geometrie differenti fornite dal programma Hudson .................................................. 108 6.7 Analisi al variare dei parametri economici assunti .................... 112 7 Analisi parametrica su geometrie LUVE ......................................... 116 7.1 Raccolta dati dal programma LUVE, per scambiatore alimentato a propano puro .............................................................................. 116 7.2 Riproduzione tramite Aspen delle geometrie LUVE ................. 134 8 Analisi su scambiatori Hudson alimentati con miscela di idrocarburi ..................................................................................... 141 8.1 Scelta del metodo di calcolo delle proprietà della miscela ........ 141 8.2 Dimensionamento di Aspen di scambiatore a geometria Hudson alimentato con miscela di idrocarburi – caso di alta pressione .. 143 8.3 Analisi parametrica al variare del numero di passaggi – miscela di idrocarburi ad alta pressione ...................................................... 148 8.4 Analisi parametrica al variare della velocità dell’aria sulla batteria – miscela di idrocarburi ad alta pressione .................................. 151 8.5 Modifiche allo scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen: riduzione del numero di ranghi ........................................................................ 154 8.6 Modifiche allo scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen: variazione della lunghezza dei tubi (+50%) ................................................ 156 8.7 Dimensionamento di Aspen di scambiatore a geometria Hudson alimentato con miscela di idrocarburi – caso di bassa pressione ..... ...................................................................................... 158 8.8 Analisi parametrica al variare del numero di passaggi – miscela di idrocarburi ad bassa pressione ................................................... 161 8.9 Analisi parametrica al variare della velocità dell’aria sulla batteria – miscela di idrocarburi ad bassa pressione ............................... 166 pag. 4 8.10 Modifiche allo scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen: riduzione del numero di ranghi ........................................................................ 169 8.11 Modifiche allo scambiatore dimensionato da Aspen: variazione della lunghezza dei tubi (+50%) ................................................ 171 8.12 Confronto tra proprietà della miscela date e proprietà calcolate da Aspen con metodo RKSHV2 per il caso a bassa pressione ....... 173 9 Analisi su scambiatori LUVE alimentati con miscela di idrocarburi .. ...................................................................................... 179 9.1 Simulazione Aspen su geometrie LUVE alimentate a miscela di idrocarburi ad alta pressione ...................................................... 179 9.2 Simulazione Aspen su geometrie LUVE alimentate a miscela di idrocarburi a bassa pressione ..................................................... 190 10 Analisi economica ............................................................................... 199 Bibliografia ..................................................................................................... 202 Appendice A ..................................................................................................... 203 pag. 5 Elenco delle Figure 1.1 Diagramma volume-disponibilità dei giacimenti .................................... 15 1.2 Illustrazione di diversi tipi di riserve di gas naturale .............................. 16 1.3 Riserve globali di gas recuperabile .......................................................... 17 1.4 Mappa delle regioni EPPA e riserve medie stimate ................................ 18 1.5 Curva globale di costo di fornitura del gas naturale con incertezza ........ 19 1.6 Curva globale di costo di fornitura del gas naturale per regione EPPA con incertezza .......................................................................................... 19 1.7 Produzione annuale di gas grezzo, per tipologia, nei 48 stati continentali degli USA (Alaska esclusa) tra il 2000 e il 2009 .................................... 20 2.1 Sistema di produzione offshore galleggiante .......................................... 26 2.2 Impianto LNG-FPSO ............................................................................... 27 3.1 Diagramma di fase di un sistema di idrocarburi di composizione fissata ................................................................................................................. 30 3.2 Diagramma dei processi di trattamento del gas naturale ......................... 31 3.3 Deidratazione per assorbimento tramite glicole ...................................... 33 3.4 Scrubbing fisico con rigenerazione per depressurizzazione e strippaggio ................................................................................................................. 35 3.5 Diagramma di fase per gas naturale contenente idrocarburi più pesanti del metano, corrente trattata e non trattata, e per metano puro. ............. 36 3.6 Processo di estrazione dei NGL dalla corrente gassosa tramite espansione criogenica in turbina, schema di impianto e diagramma a blocchi. ........ 38 3.7 Processo integrato per liquefazione di gas naturale e recupero di Natural Gas Liquids. ............................................................................................. 40 4.1 Condensatore ad aria, configurazione aspirante e premente ................... 42 4.2 Tipico aspetto dei fasci tubieri ................................................................ 43 4.3 Ventilatori a flusso assiale ......................................................................
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