St Peter's Church, Alvescot, Oxfordshire, 2013 Archaeological Watching Brief
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T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S St Peter’s Church, Alvescot, Oxfordshire Archaeological Watching Brief by Andy Mundin Site Code: SPC13/13 (SP 2738 0460) St Peter’s Church, Alvescot, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Watching Brief For the Incumbent and Parish Wardens of the Church of St Peter by Andrew Mundin Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code SPC 13/13 June 2013 Summary Site name: St Peter’s Church, Alvescot, Oxfordshire Grid reference: SP 2738 0460 Site activity: Watching Brief Date and duration of project: 27th February - 4th March 2013 Project manager: Steve Ford Site supervisor: Andrew Mundin Site code: SPC 13/13 Area of site: 18 sq m Summary of results: Ground reduction on the north west exterior of the church, for the foundation of a new single storey extension, exposed four 18th/19th century high status graves, three of which contained lead coffins in brick chambers. Two of these had been previously marked with tomb slabs. A piece of decorated masonry was also uncovered on the western edge of the excavation. This could represent part of an early phase of the Church. A small collection of Roman, Saxon and medieval pottery was recovered during the fieldwork. Location and reference of archive: The archive is presently held at Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading and will be deposited with Oxfordshire County Museum Service in due course. This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. All TVAS unpublished fieldwork reports are available on our website: www.tvas.co.uk/reports/reports.asp. Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford 06.06.13 Steve Preston 6.06.13 i Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47–49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) 926 0552; Fax (0118) 926 0553; email [email protected]; website: www.tvas.co.uk St Peter’s Church, Alvescot, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Watching Brief by Andrew Mundin Report 13/13 Introduction This report documents the results of an archaeological watching brief carried out at St Peter’s Church, Alvescot, Oxfordshire (SP 2738 0460)(Fig. 1). The work was commissioned by Mr Simon Jones of Acanthus Clews Architects, Acanthus House, 57 Highworth Road, Banbury, Oxfordshire, OX16 9BE, on behalf of the Church. Planning consent (11/0207/P/FP) has been granted by West Oxfordshire District Council to construct a new single-storey extension of the NW side of the Church. This would contain along with a new toilet, a ground source heat pump which would improve the heating within the church. Due to the potential of archaeological deposits being present at the location of the new extension, two conditions have been attached to the consent relating to archaeology. Conditions 8 and 9 require an archaeological watching brief to be implemented during the groundworks, based on a written scheme of investigation (WSI), approved by the local planning authority. This is in accordance with the Department of the Communities and Local Government's Planning Policy Statement 5, Planning for the Historic Environment (PPS5, 2010), which has since been superseded by the National Planning Policy Framework. The WSI was based on a brief (Coddington 2011) supplied by, and was approved by, Mr Hugh Coddington of Oxfordshire County Archaeological Service, as adviser to the District Council on matters pertaining to archaeology in planning, and the field work was monitored by him. The fieldwork was carried out by Andrew Mundin and Tim Dawson from the 27th February to 4th March 2013. The site code is SPC 13/13, and the archive will be deposited with Oxfordshire County Museum Service in due course. Location, topography and geology The site is located to the north side of the elongated village of Alvescot (Fig. 1), with the church accessible off Mill Lane (Fig.2). This small village in West Oxfordshire, situated on the B4020, lies south-west of Brize Norton and Carterton, c.2km from the town centre. The underlying geology is Kellaways Sand (BGS 1982) and the top of the graveyard by the dig location was recorded at a height of 88m above Ordnance Datum (OD). 1 Archaeological background The archaeological potential of the site has been highlighted in the brief prepared by Oxfordshire County Archaeological Service (Coddington 2011). The church is a Grade II* Listed Building (LB 253323). The earliest surviving elements of the church are the north transept, and the nave doorway, both of the 13th century. The western wall of the north transept is situated on the east side of the excavation area. A blocked doorway, with exterior arch, is visible on the nave wall on the southern side of the area. The tower contains a 15th-century construction, which was probably later strengthened with buttresses. It is considered usual for parish churches to be close to the historic core of a settlement, which could have Saxon and early Medieval origins. Documentary evidence recorded a settlement here at the time of Domesday Book (1086), which describes Elfegescote as held from the king by Særic, a lesser land owner (Williams and Martin 2002). It was made up of 2 hides, and 3 acres of pasture. The location of the extension contains two limestone tombs, one badly decayed, with no mark visible to provide an indicator of the date and occupant. The second is identified as Catherine Neate, who died on 22nd February 1853 (Pl. 1). Her husband, the Reverend Thomas Neate, a rector in this parish who died three years later, is buried in the southern graveyard. A memorial commemorates them both, in the interior of the Church on the north-west nave wall. Objectives and methodology The purpose of the watching brief was to excavate and record any archaeological deposits affected by the groundworks. The human remains were to be recorded and through liaison with the architect were to be protected if impacting on location of structural elements of the new foundation. No Victorian or Post-Medieval human remains were to be lifted. Human remains of Medieval (or earlier) date were to be excavated, lifted and retained for study, if approved by the Consistory Court. All other finds would be retained at the Church. The reduced dig was carried out largely with a Kubota-type mechanical excavator, with access along the northern church path. All pieces of buried brickwork or masonry were hand defined and cleaned. The existing foundations of the church were also hand cleaned and photographically recorded. All works were undertaken with a bladed bucket. Interior works associated with the distribution of heating ducting pipes in the church would not disturb existing floor layers and would be contained within a new raised floor. 2 Results Prior to excavation, the existing graves were dismantled and the grave slab of Catherine Neate stored away from the works to be reset into the floor of the new construction. The area excavated was 3.2m wide by 5.6m long, and excavated to a depth of 1m. During mechanical excavation, a backfill under both grave locations was clearly visible, which was a homogenous yellow-brown clay with small gravel towards the top and, in the case of Catherine Neate's grave, also contained large stone pieces (52). Limestone pieces were also found in the site overburden (50), which was disturbed by this grave cut (Grave 3). Some appeared to be faced, and during excavation, a broken gravestone was encountered. This gravestone was in two pieces, of which the lower piece measured 360mm by 320mm, and the upper piece was 375mm long and 180mm (Pl. 7). It would not have been used in the present graves and is significantly earlier than them. The top of the first grave encountered was the intact limestone slab of Grave 2 (Fig. 3; Pl. 2). The top of the slab was 0.8m deep in excavation. No marker was directly associated with this burial. The slab reached the SE corner of the excavation area, which meant that a change to the foundation plan was necessary, distributing the weight of this corner to the existing north transept wall. Once the slab was lifted the brick chamber was visible. This measured 2.3m long by 0.8m wide. The lead coffin within was intact (Pl. 4). This measured 2.03m long by 0.53m wide. The size of the coffin suggests a male occupant. Much of the ornamentation of the lead coffin was also intact, and two gilded pieces of decoration remained, though much of the wood on top had decayed. The leather and wood corner protectors had fallen off the edges, but were mostly in large pieces, and contained brass upholstery stubs. The brass name- and date-plaque in the centre of the coffin was corroded but partly legible. The name John Leni.. Ken... or Ren.. is partially visible. A memorial in the church makes reference to a John Kenn, who died in 1830 and was buried with his wife. The date on the coffin does not, however, correspond with the inscription. The inscription reads ob. 9 Ma... ..29. Once that grave was recorded the void was infilled and the slab replaced. Typologically the ornamentation of the grave suggest a 18th century date, possibly a century prior to the date that the recorded John Kenn died. The top of the next grave encountered was the broken and decayed limestone slab of Grave 1 (Fig. 3; Pl. 2). This was recorded at a depth of 0.87m deep in the excavation and was associated with the decayed limestone tomb on the surface. The grave cut measured 2.12m long and 0.8m wide.