A Better Maintenance Strategy, a More Sustainable Hanok: Towards Korean Traditional Public Facilities

buildings

Article A Better Maintenance Strategy, a More Sustainable Hanok: Towards Korean Traditional Public Facilities

Jeong-Hyuk Jeong, Deuk-Youm Cheon and Seung-Hoon Han *

School of Architecture, Chonnam National University, 61186, Gwangju, Korea; [email protected] (J.-H.J.); [email protected] (D.-Y.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-62-530-1646

Received: 5 December 2018; Accepted: 26 December 2018; Published: 3 January 2019

Abstract: Currently, user demands for Hanok, the Korean traditional building type, are increasing in Korea, and their use as residences and accommodations are especially booming, while public facilities are rarely built in the style of Hanok these days. One of the most critical reasons for the issue is that Hanok lack usability and are difficult to maintain as a public facilities. Therefore, it is improvement of the usability of Hanok is needed for them to be accepted as public buildings and to set up the maintenance strategy for the style of the wooden structure. This research has defined public buildings in Hanok and classified them into three types according to structural standards. Then, this study analyzed the characteristics of each type, and suggested a checklist for Hanok usability, employing it to analyze the most recent exemplar Hanoks built as results in the governmental research project, monitored them in aspects of the facility management focused on the wooden structure and suggested strategies for sustainability by deriving eight factors in usability and another eight major types of defects to review the current status of the maintenance for the wooden structure. Finally, this study proposed the main direction for Hanok maintenance to establish its strategies for sustainability.

Keywords: Hanok; Korean traditional building; public facilities; Han style; usability; assessment system; maintenance strategy; sustainability

1. Introduction Recently, the awareness of environmentally-friendly buildings, nature-friendly urban environment, and sustainable settlement for residents has increased when compared to the past. Hanok, Korean traditional buildings, are mainly used for residential facilities such as houses and accommodations, while inactively applied at public buildings in comparison [1]. Therefore, various attempts for Hanok to be a crucial type on non-residential architecture have been considered through empowering the usability of Hanok. In addition, maintenance and operation are quite important for the type of the wooden structure like Hanok to be more functional and sustainable as the multi-purposed facility for multiple users [2,3]. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to propose evaluation indexes for the usability of Hanok public buildings based on classiﬁcations of structural composition and to suggest the main strategies for maintenance operation with monitoring recently-built public facilities in the style of Hanok. For this study, nine target buildings have been selected and analyzed with ﬁeld surveys using professional devices and monitoring know-hows for a year from November 2017 to November 2018. All of them were built as prototyped testbeds of Korean traditional public facilities by the precedent R&D projects supported by Ministry of Land and Transport Affairs of Korean Government. The range of Hanok to be analyzed in this study is in the building style with Korean traditional characteristics and elements—especially merged with recent technologies, structures, and materials for contemporary

Buildings 2019, 9, 11; doi:10.3390/buildings9010011 www.mdpi.com/journal/buildings Buildings 2019, 9, 11 2 of 14

BuildingsBuildingsBuildings 2019 2019 2019, ,9 9 FOR, FOR9 FOR PEER PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW REVIEW 22 2 use. The scope of the public facility was also designated with a basis in precedent studies that defined itTherefore, asTherefore,Therefore, the facility this this this constructed study study study has has has by selected selected selected the budget nine nine nine of target target the target government buil buil buildingsdingsdings in andin in accordance accordance openaccordance to the with with general with the the the public above above above [ two4 two ,5 two]. specificationsspecificationsspecificationsTherefore, to to toperform perform perform this study monitoring monitoring monitoring has selected for for for their their their nine usability usability usability target and buildingsand and maintenance maintenance maintenance in accordance status status status in in with inorder order order the to to above toreveal reveal reveal two thethethe specifications main main main direction direction direction to perform toward toward toward monitoringthe the the Hanok Hanok Hanok for sustainability. sustainability. sustainability. their usability For For andFor this this maintenance this study, study, study, the the the status target target target in buildings buildingsorder buildings to reveal were were were the classifiedclassifiedclassifiedmain directionby by by the the the type type towardtype o of fothe thef thethe structural structural Hanokstructural sustainability. formation formation formation with with with For collecting collecting this collecting study, data data thedata such targetsuch such as as buildings asphotographs, photographs, photographs, were building classifiedbuilding building by referencesreferencesreferencesthe type and and of and thearchitectural architectural architectural structural drawings formation drawings drawings as withas asdetailed detailed detailed collecting summary summary summary data such of of ofthe the as the photographs,cases. cases. cases. Then, Then, Then, the the building the characteristics characteristics characteristics references of of andof thethethe architecturalcases cases cases were were were analyzed analyzed drawingsanalyzed in in asinaspects aspects detailedaspects of of ofthe summarythe the spatial spatial spatial ofusability usability theusability cases. and and and Then, the the the maintenan themaintenan maintenan characteristicscece ceperformance performance performance of the cases using using using were thethethe analyzedchecklist checklist checklist inand and and aspects the the the onsite onsite ofonsite the estimation. estimation.spatial estimation. usability Finally, Finally, Finally, and the the the concept concept maintenanceconcept of of ofthe the the maintenance performancemaintenance maintenance strategy usingstrategy strategy the for for checklist for Hanok Hanok Hanok and hashashas thebeen been been onsite suggested. suggested. suggested. estimation. Finally, the concept of the maintenance strategy for Hanok has been suggested.

2.2. Characteristics2. Characteristics2. Characteristics Characteristics of of ofKorean Korean of Korean Korean Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional Public Public Public Public Facilities Facilities Facilities Facilities ThereThereThereThere are are are arevarious various various various classification classification classification classification methods methods methods methods to to todistinguish distinguish to distinguish distinguish thethe the thetypes types types types of of ofpublic public of public public facilities facilities facilities facilities in in inHanok Hanok in Hanok Hanok proposedproposedproposedproposed by by by by a a few a few few few official official official official institutions institutions institutions in in in in Korea Korea Korea like like like like Ministry Ministry Ministry Ministry of of ofLand, of Land, Land, Land, Transport Transport Transport Transport and and andMaritime and Maritime Maritime Maritime Affairs; Affairs;Affairs;Affairs;Ministry Ministry Ministry Ministry of Culture, of of ofCulture, Culture, Culture, Sports Sports Sports Sports and Tourism;and and and Tourism; Tourism; Tourism; The KoreanThe The The Korean Korean Korean Housing Housing Housing Housing Association, Association, Association, Association, and soand and on.and so so As soon. on. aon. resultAs As As a a a of resultresultresultanalyzing of of ofanalyzing analyzing analyzing those tho criteriatho thosese secriteria criteria definingcriteria defining defining defining Hanok Hanok Hanok andHanok new-Hanok and and and new new new-Hanok-Hanok- orHanok neo-Hanok, or or orneo neo neo-Hanok,-Hanok,-Hanok, it was it it judged was itwas was judged judged thatjudged the that that that most thethethe appropriatemost most most appropriate appropriate appropriate classification classification classification classification standard standard standard standard is establishing is is isestablishing establishing establishing three differentthree three three different different different types accordingtypes types types according according according to their to to structural totheir their their structuralstructuralstructuralformations formations formations formations and materials and and and materials materials materials [6]. The [6]. [6]. public[6]. The The The public buildingspublic public buildings buildings buildings in Hanok in in inHanok canHanok Hanok be can typedcan can be be be accordingty ty pedtypedped according according according to the aboveto to to thethethe criteriaabove above above criteria criteria as criteria shown as as asshown onshown shown Table on on1 on .Table Table Table 1. 1. 1.

TableTableTableTable 1. 1. Types1. Types 1. TypesTypes of of theof the of the public the public public public facility facility facility facility in in Hanokin Hanok in Hanok Hanok.. . .

AABCA A BB B CC C

TypeTypeTypeType

This type is composed of ThisThisThisThis hybrid hybrid hybrid hybrid type type type type consists consists consists consists of ThisThisThis combined combined combined type type type type comprises ThisThisThiswooden type type type is structuresis composedis composed composed in of of of theofof of basethe the the base structurebase base structure structure structure using comprisesmultiplecomprisescomprises structures multiple multiple multiple such as a nearly all components, contemporary materials for mixture of the wooden structure Description woodenwoodenwooden structures structures structures in in in usingusingusing contemporary contemporary contemporary structuresstructuresstructures such such such as as asa a a and most Korean the lower part and the wooden and other for securing the nearlynearlynearly all all all components, components, components, materialsmaterialsmaterials for for for the the the lower lower lower mixturemixturemixture of of oft hethe the wooden wooden wooden DescriptionDescriptionDescription traditional Hanoks structure for the upper part to structural stability and andandandbelong most most most toKorean Korean TypeKorean A. satisfypartpartpart and theand and structuralthe the the wooden wooden wooden stability. structurespatialstructurestructure expandability. and and and other other other for for for traditionaltraditionaltraditional Hanoks Hanoks Hanoks structurestructurestructure for for for the the the upper upper upper securingsecuringsecuring the the the structural structural structural Type Abelong normallybelongbelong to to utilizestoType Type Type A. A. the A. least amountpartpartpart to to of tosatisfy satisfy contemporary satisfy the the the technologiesstabilitystabilitystability and and and and materials, spatial spatial spatial and is the type most similar traditional Hanok. Typestructuralstructuralstructural B consists stability. stability. stability. of a base structureexpandability.expandability.expandability. with current materials like reinforced concrete (RC) and a timber structure up above. Mostly, because of the level difference of the TypeType A Anormally normally utilizes utilizes the the least least amount amount of ofcontemporary contemporary technologies technologies and and materials, materials, and and is is terrain,Type theA normally underground utilizes is partly the least exposed amount and of the contemporary lower structure technologies is considered and for materials, structural and stability is thethe type type most most similar similar traditional traditional Hanok. Hanok. Type Type B consistsB consists of ofa basea base structure structure with with current current materials materials theand/or type most a supplementary similar traditional space Hanok. like storage, Type piloti, B consists and soof ona base [6,7]. structure Type C is with composed current of materials a variety of likelike reinforced reinforced concrete concrete (RC) (RC) and and a atimber timber structure structure up up above. above. Mostly, Mostly, because because of of the the level level likestructures, reinforced materials, concrete and (RC) relatively and a free timber formal structure formations, up above. for example, Mostly, RC because as the lower of the structure, level differencedifference of ofthe the terrain, terrain, the the underground underground is ispartly partly exposed exposed and and the the lower lower structure structure is isconsidered considered differencethe ground of the layer terrain, with thethe woodenunderground structure, is partly and reformedexposed and plastic the rooves lower instructure which combinationsis considered are forfor structural structural stability stability an and/ord/or a supplementarya supplementary space space like like storage, storage, piloti, piloti, and and so soon on [6,7]. [6,7]. Type Type C isC is forwidely structural accepted stability to supportand/or a all supplementary creative Hanoks. space like storage, piloti, and so on [6,7]. Type C is composedcomposed of ofa varietya variety of ofstructures, structures, materials, materials, and and relatively relatively free free formal formal formations, formations, for for example, example, composedAmong of a thevariety three of styles, structures, Type Amaterials, is closest toand the relatively most traditional free formal form formations, of Hanok. The for surroundingexample, RCRC as asthe the lower lower structure, structure, the the ground ground layer layer with with the the wooden wooden structure, structure, and and refor reformedmed plastic plastic rooves rooves RCenvironment as the lower affectsstructure, the layoutthe ground of its layer fundamental with the formation. wooden structure, Also, intermediate and reformed spaces plastic connecting rooves the in inwhich which combinations combinations are are widely widely accepted accepted to tosupport support all all creative creative Hanoks. Hanoks. in whichrooms combinations is one of its active are widely characteristics accepted takento support from all traditional creative Hanok.Hanoks.For example, as outlined on AmongAmong the the three three styles, styles, Type Type A A is is closest closest to to the the most most traditional traditional form form of of Hanok. Hanok. The The TableAmong2, the Literaturethe three Center styles, at Type Eunpyeong A is closest Hanok Village to the located most traditional in Seoul, Korea form uses of many Hanok. traditional The surroundingsurrounding environment environment affects affects the the layout layout of ofits its fundamental fundamental formation. formation. Also, Also, intermediate intermediate spaces spaces surroundingelements such environment as Daechung affects as thethe mainlayout hallway, of its fundamental Maru as corridors, formation. and Also, yards intermediate deﬁning the boundaryspaces connectingconnecting the the rooms rooms is oneis one of ofits its active active characteristics characteristics taken taken from from traditional traditional Hanok. Hanok. For For example, example, connectingbetween insidethe rooms and outsideis one of fences. its active Another characteristics resultant prototype taken from employing traditional the Hanok. mentioned For R&Dexample, project as asoutlined outlined on on Table Table 2, 2,the the Literature Literature Center Center at atEunpyeong Eunpyeong Hanok Hanok Village Village located located in inSeoul, Seoul, Korea Korea as isoutlined an energy-saving on Table 2, hotelthe Literature at Gangneung Center Hanok at Eunpyeong Village in Hanok Gangneung. Village Thislocated facility in Seoul, was originally Korea usesuses many many traditional traditional elements elements such such as a Daechungs Daechung as as the the main main hallway, hallway, Maru Maru as as corridors, corridors, and and usesdesigned many traditionalas a residential elements unit following such as the Daechung traditional as rectangle the main plan, hallway, and it Maru is now as used corridors, as a hotel and unit yardsyards defining defining the the boundary boundary between between inside inside and and outside outside fences. fences. Another Another resultant resultant prototype prototype yardsthat defining is specialized the boundary to accept additional between inside energy-saving and outside components fences. such Another as a photovoltaic resultant prototype roof while employingemployingemploying the the the mentioned mentioned mentioned R&D R&D R&D project project project is is isan an an energy energy energy-saving-saving-saving hotel hotel hotel at at atGangneung Gangneung Gangneung Hanok Hanok Hanok Village Village Village in in in Gangneung.Gangneung.Gangneung. This This This fa fa cility facilitycility was was was originally originally originally designed designed designed as as as a a residential a residential residential unit unit unit following following following the the the traditional traditional traditional rectanglerectanglerectangle plan, plan, plan, and and and it it it is is is now now now used used used as as as a a a hotel hotel hotel unit unit unit that that that is is is specialized specialized specialized to to to accept accept accept additional additional additional BuildingsBuildingsBuildings 2019 2019 2019, 9, FOR9, FOR9 FOR PEER PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW REVIEW 3 3 3

BuildingsBuildingsBuildings 2019 2019 ,2019 9 ,FOR 9 ,FOR 9 FORPEER PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW REVIEW 3 3 3 energyenergyenergy-saving-saving-saving components components components such such such as as as a a photovoltaic a photovoltaic photovoltaic roof roof roof while while while keeping keeping keeping the the the traditional traditional traditional fo fo rm formrm [8,9]. [8,9]. [8,9]. JishinjaeJishinjaeJishinjae Hanok Hanok Hanok in in Younginin Youngin Youngin was was was the the the first first first prototype prototype prototype implemented implemented implemented for for for an an anexperimental experimental experimental mock mock mock-up-up- upthat that that energyenergyBuildingsenergy-saving-saving2019-saving, 9 components, 11 components components such such such as as a as photovoltaica a photovoltaic photovoltaic roof roof roof while while while keeping keeping keeping the the thetraditional traditional traditional fo rm fo form [8,9].rm [8,9].3 of [8,9]. 14 functions as a laboratory to monitor building performance. JishinjaefunctionsJishinjaefunctionsJishinjae Hanok Hanok as Hanokas a alaboratoryin laboratory inYoungin in Youngin Youngin to wasto monitor was monitor wasthe the firstthe buildingfirst building firstprototype prototype prototype performance. performance. implemented implemented implemented for for anfor an experimental an experimental experimental mock mock mock-up-up -thatup that that functionsfunctionsfunctions as asa as laboratorya laboratorya laboratory to tomonitor to monitor monitor building building building performance. performance. performance. keeping the traditional form [8Table,9Table].Table Jishinjae 2. 2. Public 2. Public Public Hanok Hanok Hanok Hanok infacilities facilities Younginfacilities in in Type in wasType Type A the A A ﬁrst prototype implemented for an experimental mock-up that functions as a laboratory to monitor building performance. CodeCodeCode AA-1A-Table 1- 1Table Table 2. Public2. 2.Public Public Hanok Hanok Hanok facilities facilitiesA Afacilities-2A- 2- 2in inType inType Type A A A AA-3A- 3- 3 LiteratureLiteratureLiterature Center Center Center at at at EnergyEnergyEnergy-saving-saving-saving unit unit unit at at at BuildingCodeBuildingBuildingCodeCode A-A1 -A1- Table1 2. Public HanokA facilities-A2 -A2- 2 in Type A. A-A3 -A3- 3 EunpyeongEunpyeongEunpyeong Hanok Hanok Hanok GangneungGangneungGangneung Hanok Hanok Hanok JishinjaeJishinjaeJishinjae Hanok Hanok Hanok NameNameName LiteratureLiteratureLiterature Center Center Center at at at EnergyEnergyEnergy-saving-saving-saving unit unit unit at at at BuildingCodeBuildingBuilding Village A-1 Village A-2 A-3 EunpyeongEunpyeongEunpyeongVillageVillage Hanok Hanok Hanok GangneungGangneungGangneungVillageVillage Hanok Hanok Hanok JishinjaeJishinjaeJishinjae Hanok Hanok Hanok BuildingNameUseNameUseNameUse LiteratureExhibition,Exhibition,Exhibition, Center Office Office Office at Commercial,Commercial,Energy-savingCommercial, Hotel Hotel unit Hotel at ExperimentalExperimentalExperimental mock mock mock-up-up- up VillageVillageVillage VillageVillageVillage Jishinjae Hanok Name Eunpyeong Hanok Village GangneungGangneung,Gangneung,Gangneung, Hanok Village LocationLocationUseLocationUse Use Exhibition,Exhibition,Exhibition,SeoulSeoulSeoul Office Office Office Commercial,Commercial,Commercial, Hotel Hotel Hotel ExperimentalYongin,ExperimentalYongin,ExperimentalYongin, Gyeonggido Gyeonggido Gyeonggido mock mock mock-up-up - up Use Exhibition, Ofﬁce Commercial,Gangwondo Hotel Experimental mock-up Gangneung,GangwondoGangneung,GangwondoGangneung, LocationLocationLocation SeoulSeoulSeoul Yongin,Yongin,Yongin, Gyeonggido Gyeonggido Gyeonggido YearLocationYearYear Built Built Built Seoul201320132013 Gangneung,GangwondoGangwondoGangwondo201620162016 Gangwondo Yongin,201320132013 Gyeonggido YearYearYearYear BuiltBuilt Built Built 2013 201320132013 20162016 20162016 2013201320132013

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OnOnOn the the the other other other hand, hand, hand, Type Type Type B Bis Bis a is apublic apublic public building building building that that that requires requires requires a awide awide wide space space space with with with no no nopillars pillars pillars due due due to to to itsits its spatial spatial spatial characteristics, characteristics, characteristics, because because because a a neck a neck neck structure structure structure alone alone alone normally normally normally has has has a a difficulty a difficulty difficulty in in in securing securing securing a a a OnOnOn theOn the the otherthe other other other hand, hand, hand, Type Type Type B BisB isBisa apublicisa publicpublica public building buildingbuilding building that that that thatrequires requires requires requires a a widea wide widea wide space space space space with with with with no no no pillars no pillars pillars due due due to to its to necessarynecessarynecessary space space space without without without pillars. pillars. pillars. For For For this this this reason, reason, reason, most most most of of tof hemt hemthem use use use the the the contemporary contemporary contemporary construction construction construction itsits spatial spatialits spatial spatial characteristics, characteristics, characteristics, characteristics, because because because because a neck a necka a neck structure neck structure structure structure alone alone alonenormally alone normally normally normally has a has difﬁculty has has a difficultya a difficulty indifficulty securing in in securing in securinga necessarysecuring a a a materialsmaterialsmaterials like like like RC RC RC to to formto form form the the the base base base structure. structure. structure. They They They have have have often often often been been been used used used out out out of of necessityof necessity necessity and and and seem seem seem necessarynecessaryspacenecessary without space space space without pillars. without without Forpillars. pillars. thispillars. reason,For For Forthis this most thisreason, reason, ofreason, them most most most use of of thet hemof them contemporarythem use use usethe the contemporarythe contemporary constructioncontemporary construction materialsconstruction construction like veryveryvery passive passive passive in in inelevation elevation elevation to to toharmonize harmonize harmonize with with with the the the surrounding surrounding surrounding building building building components components components and and and adjacent adjacent adjacent materialsmaterialsRCmaterials to form like like likeRC the RC basetoRC toform to form structure. form the the basethe base Theybase structure. structure. havestructure. often They They They been have have have used often often often out been been of been necessityused used used out out andoutof ofnecessity seemofnecessity necessity very and and passive andseem seem seem in environmentenvironmentenvironment [8 [8– [810].–10].–10]. All All All thr thr threeee eecases cases cases in in Typein Type Type B Bsummarized Bsummarized summarized on on onTable Table Table 3 3have 3have have a awooden awooden wooden structure structure structure for for for veryveryelevationvery passive passive passive to in harmonize in elevation in elevation elevation with to to harmonize to the harmonize harmonize surrounding with with with the building the thesurrounding surrounding surrounding components building building building and components adjacent components components environment and and and adjacent adjacent adjacent [8–10 ]. thethethe upper upper upper part part part to to to demonstrate demonstrate demonstrate the the the traditional traditional traditional beauty beauty beauty of of of Hanok, Hanok, Hanok, and and and this this this combined combined combined structure structure structure is is is environmentenvironmentAllenvironment three cases [8 –[810]. [8– in10].– 10].All Type All thrAll thr Bee thr summarizedee casesee cases cases in inType in Type onType B TablesummarizedB Bsummarized summarized3 have aon wooden on Table on Table Table 3 structure have3 have3 have a woodena forwoodena wooden the structure upper structure structure part for for to for consideredconsideredconsidered to to satisfyto satisfy satisfy the the the structural structural structural stability. stability. stability. thethedemonstrate the upper upper upper part part part the to to traditionaldemonstrate to demonstrate demonstrate beauty the the thetraditional of traditional Hanok, traditional and beauty beauty this beauty ofcombined of Hanok, of Hanok, Hanok, structure and and and this this is this combined considered combined combined structure to structure structure satisfy is the is is consideredconsideredconsidered to tosatisfy to satisfy satisfy the the structuralthe structural structural stability. stability. stability. structural stability. TableTableTable 3. 3. Public 3. Public Public Hanok Hanok Hanok facilities facilities facilities in in Type in Type Type B B B

CodeCodeCode BB-1B-Table 1- 1TableTable Table 3. Public3. 3.PublicPublic Public Hanok Hanok Hanok Hanok facilities facilities facilitiesB facilitiesB-2B- 2 -in 2 inType in inType Type B B B. B BB-3B- 3- 3 HotelHotelHotel units units units at at at BuildingCodeBuildingCodeBuildingCodeCode B B-1-B1 -B1- 1 HanokHanokHanok BTechnology -TechnologyB2 B-2Technology -B2- 2 B-B3 - B-3B3- 3 GeumwaGeumwaGeumwa Kindergarten Kindergarten Kindergarten GangneungGangneungGangneung Hanok Hanok Hanok NameNameName CenterCenterCenter HotelHotelHotel units units units at at at BuildingBuildingBuildingBuilding HanokHanokHanok Technology Technology Technology HotelVillage units at Gangneung GeumwaGeumwaGeumwa Kindergarten Kindergarten Kindergarten Kindergarten Hanok Technology Center GangneungGangneungGangneungVillageVillage Hanok Hanok Hanok NameNameNameName CenterCenterCenter Hanok Village UseUseUse EducationEducationEducation Exhibition,Exhibition,Exhibition, Office Office Office Commercial,Commercial,Commercial,VillageVillageVillage Hotel Hotel Hotel Use Education Exhibition, OfﬁceGangneung, Commercial,Gangneung,Gangneung, Hotel LocationLocationUseLocationUse Use Sunchang,Sunchang,Sunchang,EducationEducationEducation Jeollanamdo Jeollanamdo Jeollanamdo Suwon,Exhibition,Suwon,Suwon,Exhibition,Exhibition, Gyeonggido Gyeonggido Gyeonggido Office Office Office Commercial,Commercial,Commercial, Hotel Hotel Hotel Location Sunchang, Jeollanamdo Suwon, Gyeonggido Gangneung,Gangwondo Gangwondo Gangneung,GangwondoGangneung,GangwondoGangneung, LocationLocationLocation Sunchang, Sunchang,Sunchang, Jeollanamdo Jeollanamdo Jeollanamdo Suwon,Suwon,Suwon, Gyeonggido Gyeonggido Gyeonggido YearYearYearYear Built Built Built 2016 201620162016 20162016 20162016 GangwondoGangwondoGangwondo201620162016 2016 YearYearYear Built Built Built 201620162016 201620162016 201620162016

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TypeTypeTypeType C C C acceptsC accepts accepts accepts contemporary contemporary contemporary contemporary technologies technologies technologiestechnologies and and andand materials materials materialsmaterials actively actively activelyactively at at atmost,at most, most,most, and and andand it it isit itis isrelativelyis relatively relativelyrelatively important to harmonize the essential wood structure with other components as indicated on Table importantimportantimportantTypeTypeType C toCaccepts to to C acceptsharmonize harmonize harmonizeaccepts contemporary contemporary contemporary the the the essential essential essential technologies technologies technologieswood wood structure structure and and andmaterials withmaterialswith withmaterials otherother other actively actively componentscomponentsactively components at atmost, atmost, most, asas andas indicated indicatedand indicated andit itis itisrelatively is on relativelyon relativelyon Table Table Table 4. 4. In the case of the Community Center at Eunpyeong Hanok Village, the main space is composed important4importantIn.4 importantIn. theIn the the case tocase case toharmonize ofto harmonizeof theharmonizeof the the Community Community Community the the essentialthe essential essential Center Center Center wood wood at wood at Eunpyeong atstructure Eunpyeong structureEunpyeong structure with Hanokwith Hanokwith Hanokother other Village,other Village,components Village, components components the the the main main asmain as spaceindicated as spaceindicated spaceindicated is is composed is oncomposed composedon Table on Table Table of of timber elements as the major structure and the base is a RC formation. Although two different 4. of4Intimber.of 4 Intimber.the timberIn the casethe elements case elements case elementsof ofthe of the as Communitythe the as Communityas Communitythe major the major major structure Center structureCenter structureCenter andat atEunpyeong theatandEunpyeong and Eunpyeong base the the isbase base aHanok RC Hanok is Hanokis formation.a aRCVillage, RC Village, formation.Village, formation. Althoughthe the mainthe mainAlthough mainAlthough twospace space space different is two iscomposedtwo iscomposed differentcomposed buildingdifferent of ofcomponentstimberof timber timber elements elements elements may as feel asthe as heterogeneous,the majorthe major major structure structure structure the RCand and structure andthe the basethe base base wasis isa finishedisRCa aRC formation.RC formation. withformation. traditional Although Although Although materials, two two twodifferent different anddifferent this is why the two masses seem harmonized [10]. The Agricultural Experience Center in Naju expresses a Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 4 buildingBuildingsBuildings components 2019 2019, 9, FOR9 FOR PEER PEER may REVIEW REVIEW feel heterogeneous, the RC structure was finished with traditio4 4 nal materials, and this is why the two masses seem harmonized [10]. The Agricultural Experience Centerbuildingbuilding in Naju components components expresses may maya horizontally feel feel heterogeneous, heterogeneous, emphasized the the RC form RC structure structure with an was was intermediate finished finished with with space traditio traditio floornalnal using glassmaterials,materials, doors that and and are this this a is is sort why why of the the contemporary two two masses masses seem seem materials, harmonized harmonized and the [10]. [10]. ac The cess The Agricultural Agricultural floor of the Experience Experience Maintenance CenterBuildingsCenter in2019 in Naju ,Naju9, 11 expresses expresses a ahorizontally horizontally emphasized emphasized form form with with an an intermediate intermediate space space floor floor using4 using of 14 Center at Gangneung Hanok Village is also composed of modernized components that emphasize glassglass doors doors that that are are a a sort sort of of contemporary contemporary materials, materials, and and the the ac accesscess floor floor of of the the Maintenance Maintenance its functionality as a public facility. CenterCenter at at Gangneung Gangneung Hanok Hanok Village Village is is also also composed composed of of modernized modernized components components that that emphasize emphasize horizontally emphasized form with an intermediate space floor using glass doors that are a sort of itsits functionality functionality as as a apublic public facility. facility. contemporary materials, and theTable access 4. Public floor of Hanok the Maintenance facilities in CenterType C at Gangneung Hanok Village is also composed of modernized components that emphasize its functionality as a public facility. Code C-1 TableTable 4. 4. Public Public Hanok Hanok facilities facilitiesC-2 in in Type Type C C C-3 CodeCode CommunityCC- 1Center- Table1 4. atPublic Hanok facilitiesCC-2- 2 in Type C. MaintenanceCC-3- 3 Center at Building Agricultural Experience EunpyeongCommunityCommunity CenterHanok Center at at MaintenanceMaintenanceGangneung Center Center Hanok at at CodeBuildingBuilding C-1AgriculturalAgricultural C-2 Experience Experience C-3 Name EunpyeongEunpyeong Hanok Hanok Center GangneungGangneung Hanok Hanok NameName Village CenterCenter Village Building CommunityVillageVillage Center at Agricultural Experience MaintenanceVillageVillage Center at UseName EunpyeongCommunity Hanok Service Village Exhibition,Center Office Gangneung HanokOffice Village UseUse CommunityCommunity Service Service Exhibition,Exhibition, Office Office OfficeOffice Gangneung, LocationUse CommunitySeoul Service Naju, Exhibition, Jeollanam Office-do Gangneung,Gangneung, Office LocationLocation SeoulSeoul Naju,Naju, Jeollanam Jeollanam-do-do Gangwondo Location Seoul Naju, Jeollanam-do Gangneung,GangwondoGangwondo Gangwondo Year Built 2016 2016 2016 YearYearYear Built Built Built 201620162016 2016 2016 20162016

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AA field field survey survey was was conducted conducted with with 26 26 provincial provincial Hanoks Hanoks classified classified by by nine nine target target types types A fieldA field survey survey was was conducted conducted with with 26 26 provincial provincial Hanoks Hanoks classified classified by bynine nine target target types types introducedintroduced above. above. They They comprise, comprise, in in detail, detail, 2 2community community buildings buildings in in Seoul, Seoul, 2 2public public buildings buildings in in introducedintroduced above. above. They They comprise, comprise, in in detail, detail, 2 2community community buildings buildings inin Seoul,Seoul, 2 2 public public buildings buildings in GyeonggidoinGyeonggido Gyeonggido (Suwon (Suwon (Suwon and and and Yongin); Yongin); Yongin); 1 1 1 administrative administrative administrative office office office and and 19 19 19 hotel hotel hotel uni units unitsts in in in Gangwondo Gangwondo Gangwondo Gyeonggido (Suwon and Yongin); 1 administrative office and 19 hotel units in Gangwondo (Gangneung);(Gangneung); andand and 22 2public public public facilitiesfacilities facilities in inin Jeollado Jeollado (Naju (Naju (Naju and and and Sunchang) Sunchang) Sunchang) developed developed developed by by the by the thefirst first first and and andthe the (Gangneung); and 2 public facilities in Jeollado (Naju and Sunchang) developed by the first and the secondthesecond second stages stages stages of of Hanok ofHanok Hanok Technology Technology Technology Development Development Development Research Research Research Project Project and and supported supportedsupported by byby the thethe Ministry Ministry Ministry secondofof Land, Land,stages Infrastructure Infrastructure of Hanok Technology and and Transport Transport Development TechnologyTechnolog Technology ofyof of KoreanResearchKorean Korean Government.Government. Government. Project and supported by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Technology of Korean Government. 3.3. Framework Framework of of the the Usability Usability Evaluation Evaluation and and the the Maintenance Maintenance Monitoring Monitoring 3. Framework of the Usability Evaluation and the Maintenance Monitoring 3.1.3.1. Research Research Methods Methods for for the the Maintenance Maintenance Monitoring Monitoring toward toward Hanok Hanok 3.1. ResearchInIn societies, societies, Methods architecture architecture for the Maintenance has has a aduty duty Monitoring to to preserve preserve towardthe the past past Hanok and and provide provide the the possibility possibility of of of buil building buildingding thethe present present on on the the strength strength of of culture culture culture and and and tradition tradition tradition [ [11]. 11 [11].]. For For For this this this study, study, study, monitoring monitoring methods methods for for for In societies, architecture has a duty to preserve the past and provide the possibility of building maintenancemaintenance and and and management management management of of Hanokof Hanok Hanok have have have been been been utilized utilized utilized and and they and they can they be can can classified be be classified classified into two into into types: two two the types:visual presenttypes: investigation visual visual on the investigation investigation strength and inspection of and and culture inspection inspection using and tools. using tradition using Visual tools. tools. [11]. investigation Visual Visual For investigation thisinvestigation is study, mainly ismonitoring is performed mainly mainly performed performed through methods for maintenancethroughobservations,through observations, observations, and but management includes but but includes includes all five of Hanokall senses. all five five senses. have Thissenses. should beenThis This should utilizedshould be done be be done and only done theyonly when only when can when the be recognitionthe the classified recognition recognition of into the of of two types:thephenomenonthe visual phenomenon phenomenon investigation found found found on Hanok on and on Hanok Hanokis inspection very is certain is very very using andcertain certain the tools. andpossibility and the Visual the possibility possibility of investigation error for of of judgment error error is for for mainly is judgment remarkably judgment performed is is throughremarkablylow.remarkably Inobservations, some low. target low. In cases Inbut some some includes for this targe targe research, tall t cases casesfive therefore,senses. for for this this This measurement research, research, should therefore, be therefore, tools done and only measurement measurement supplementary when the toolsrecognition tools devices and and of the supplementaryhave phenomenonsupplementary been used found devices for devices reducing on have have Hanok possible been been is used errorsused very for for certainby reducing visual reducing and inspections. possible the possible possibility errors Inspection errors by of by visual error using visual toolsfor inspections. inspections. judgment can be is remarkablyInspectiondividedInspection into low.using using hand Intools toolstools some can such can be targe asbe divided adivided ruler,t cases compass, into into forhand hand divider, this tools tools research, such compasssuch as as a anda therefore,ruler, ruler, plumb; compass, compass, and measurement automateddivider, divider, compass compassdevices tools and supplementaryandsuchand plumb; as plumb; Schmidt and and devices hammer, automated automated have crack devices devices been detector, such used such short-circuit as as for Schmidt Schmidt reducing tester, hammer, hammer, leveler, possible crack crack light detector, errors detector, detector, by short laser short visual- levelercircuit-circuit inspections. and tester, tester, so on, depending on the simplicity and the precision of handling required for target Hanoks. Inspectionleveler,leveler, lightusing light detector, detector,tools can laser laser be leveler divided leveler and and into so so hand on, on, depending dependingtools such on on as the the a simplicity ruler, simplicity compass, and and the the divider, precision precision compass of of handlingThe inspection required for items target are Hanoks. divided into two categories: spatial configuration to check the shape andhandling plumb; requiredand automated for target devicesHanoks. such as Schmidt hammer, crack detector, short-circuit tester, and positionTheThe inspection inspection of each items architecturalitems are are divided divided element in intoto andtwo two performancecategories: categories: spatial spatial to check configuration configuration whether Hanok to to check check maintains the the shape shape the leveler, light detector, laser leveler and so on, depending on the simplicity and the precision of andfunctionand position position of its of of components. each each architectural architectural Firstly, element element the configuration and and performance performance status to can to check check be identified whether whether byHanok Hanok visual maintains maintains inspections the the handlingfunctionand/orfunction required mechanical of of its its components. components.for measurementstarget Hanoks. Firstly, Firstly, to the the detect configuration configuration problems suchstatus status as can deformation,can be be identified identified movement, by by visual visual or inspection inspection departures s and/oramongTheand/or inspection mechanical components.mechanical items measurements measurements The are performance divided to to detect detectin checkto problemstwo problems can categories: be such initially such as as spatialdeformation, determineddeformation, configuration bymovement, movement, observation to or checkor departure ordeparture by the the shape andamongdegree positionamong ofcomponents. components. beatingof each inarchitectural theThe The caseperformance performance of intensity.element check check and However, can canperformance be be initially inspections—such initially determined todetermined check whether as by by insulation observation observation Hanok performance, ormaintains or by by the the the functiondegreehumidity,degree of of ofits beating and beatingcomponents. heat in in loss—that the the case caseFirstly, of cannotof intensity. intensity. the be configuration checked However, However, by theinspections inspectionsstatus inspectors’ can—— sube sensorysuch identifiedch as as insulation ranges,insulation by are visualperformance, performance, carried inspection out s and/orusing mechanical automated measurements devices. to detect problems such as deformation, movement, or departure among components. The performance check can be initially determined by observation or by the degree of beating in the case of intensity. However, inspections—such as insulation performance, Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 5 Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 5 humidity, and heat loss—that cannot be checked by the inspectors’ sensory ranges, are carried out humidity, and heat loss—that cannot be checked by the inspectors’ sensory ranges, are carried out Buildingsusing automated2019, 9, 11 devices. 5 of 14 using automated devices. 3.1.1. Visual Inspection and Photography 3.1.1. Visual Inspection and Photography Estimations by visual inspections should observe the phenomena such as deformation and Estimations by visual inspections should observe the phenomena such as deformation and movementEstimations compared by visual with peripheral inspections members should observeto lower thethe phenomenapossibility of such error. as Variations deformation such and as movement compared with peripheral members to lower the possibility of error. Variations such as movementparallel twists, compared shifts, with and peripheral departures members are all to to lower be known the possibility from the of surrounding error. Variations situation. such asIn parallel twists, shifts, and departures are all to be known from the surrounding situation. In paralleladdition, twists, defects shifts, of wooden and departures elements are suc allh to as be deterioration known from themay surrounding not be visually situation. evident, In addition, so they addition, defects of wooden elements such as deterioration may not be visually evident, so they defectsshould ofbe wooden checked elementsby tapping such or astouching, deterioration because may the not state be of visually the surface evident, can soonly they be should observed be should be checked by tapping or touching, because the state of the surface can only be observed checkedvisually. byAs tappingshown on or Figure touching, 1, it becausewill be an the important state of the method surface to cancheck only and be clear observed the limitations visually. visually. As shown on Figure 1, it will be an important method to check and clear the limitations Asvisually shown even on Figure if other1, it will sensory be an important organs are method used, to and check to and record clear the the limitations phenomenon visually through even visually even if other sensory organs are used, and to record the phenomenon through ifphotography other sensory in order organs to are confirm used, the and third to record party theof the phenomenon experts for preparing through photography alternatives. in order to photographyconfirm the third in order party to of confirm the experts the third for preparing party of the alternatives. experts for preparing alternatives.

(a) (b) (a) (b) Figure 1. Monitoring method for the Hanok maintenance: visual inspection and photography. (a) Figure 1. MonitoringMonitoring method method for for the the Hanok Hanok maintenance: maintenance: visual visual inspection inspection and andphotography. photography. (a) Tactile and visual inspection; (b) Recording through photography. (Tactilea) Tactile and and visual visual inspection inspection;; (b) (Recordingb) Recording through through photography photography.. 3.1.2. Visual Inspection by Hand Tools 3.1.2. Visual Inspection by Hand ToolsTools Visual inspection can be difficult to distinguish properly if there is no subject to compare. Visual inspection can be difficultdifﬁcult to distinguish properly properly if if there there is is no no subject subject to to compare. compare. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the reliability of inspection by using simple tools. The Therefore, it it is is necessary necessary to increase to increase the reliability the reliability of inspection of inspection by using by simple using tools. simple The tools. inspection The inspection by tools is basically an extension of the visual inspection, but the possibility of error is inspectionby tools is basicallyby tools is an basically extension an of extension the visual of inspection, the visual butinsp theection, possibility but the of possibility error is excluded of error asis excluded as much as the tool is reliable. excludedmuch as theas much tool is as reliable. the tool is reliable. For example, as shown on Figure 2, it is possible to check the inclination to the horizontal For example, example, asas shown shown on on Figure Figure2, it 2, is it possible is possible to check to check the inclination the inclination to the to horizontal the horizontal water water level or to measure the inclined angle by putting a weight on the end of the column where waterlevel or level to measure or to measure the inclined the inclined angle by angle putting by aputting weight a on weight the end on ofthe the end column of the where column the where upper the upper part of the Hanok column is tilted to one side. In the case of deformation of the wooden partthe upper of the part Hanok of the column Hanok is tiltedcolumn to oneis tilted side. to In one the side. case ofIn deformationthe case of deformation of the wooden of the component, wooden component, its value can be confirmed by using a taped ruler or Vernier calipers in comparison component,its value can its be value conﬁrmed can be by confirmed using a taped by using ruler or a taped Vernier ruler calipers or Vernier in comparison calipers with in comparison a member with a member such as a foundation stone that can hardly be deformed. withsuch a as member a foundation such as stone a foundation that can hardly stone bethat deformed. can hardly be deformed.

Figure 2. Monitoring method for the Hanok maintenance: visual inspection. Figure 2. Monitoring method for the Hanok maintenance: visual inspection. Figure 2. Monitoring method for the Hanok maintenance: visual inspection. 3.1.3. Tool Inspection by Automated Devices 3.1.3. Tool Inspection by Automated Devices 3.1.3.Inspection Tool Inspection by automated by Automated tools can Devices be guaranteed to be highly reliable, but requires much more Inspection by automated tools can be guaranteed to be highly reliable, but requires much more proficiencyInspection for usingby automated it. In order tools to can obtain be guaranteed appropriate to results be highly for eachreliable, circumstance but requires and much situation, more proficiency for using it. In order to obtain appropriate results for each circumstance and situation, proficiencythe inspectors for mustusing understand it. In order howto obtain to use appropriate tools thoroughly results andfor each perform circumstance proficient and operations situation, to obtain reliable results as exemplified on Figure3. Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 6 the inspectors must understand how to use tools thoroughly and perform proficient operations to obtain reliable results as exemplified on Figure 3. Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 6

the inspectors must understand how to use tools thoroughly and perform proficient operations to Buildings 2019, 9, 11 6 of 14 obtain reliable results as exemplified on Figure 3.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Monitoring method for the Hanok maintenance: tool inspection by automated devices. (a) Measurement (usinga) devices ; (b ) Analysis with infrared photography (b) . FigureFigure 3.3. Monitoring method method for for the the Hanok Hanok maintenance: maintenance: tool tool inspection inspection byby automated automated devices. devices. (a) In case(aMeasurement) Measurement of the measurement using using devices devices;; ( bfor) ( bAnalysis) water Analysis withcontent with infrared infrared ratio, photography photography. it is necessary. to input information about wood species and set criteria for measurement under the same conditions. The point for the In case of the measurement for water content ratio, it is necessary to input information about wood measurementIn case is ofbased the measurement on the center for of water the southcontent at ratio, one meterit is necessary above groundto input levelinformation for reference. about In specieswood speciesand set criteria and set for criteria measurement for measurement under the same under conditions. the same The conditions. point for The the measurement point for the the case of the measurement for insulation performance of spatial members by infrared ray, the ismeasurement based on the is centerbased ofon the the southcenter at of one the metersouth aboveat one groundmeter above level ground for reference. level for In reference. the case ofIn sample is to be collected based on the planner wall facing the outside air, and statistical processing thethe measurement case of the m foreasurement insulation for performance insulation performance of spatial members of spatial by members infrared ray, by theinfrared sample ray, is the to shouldbesample collectedbe performed is to basedbe collected by on the based plannerratio onof wallthethe plannersurface facing the walltemperature outside facing air,the difference outside and statistical air, (TDR and processing i).statistical shouldprocessing be performedshould be performed by the ratio by of the the ratio surface of the temperature surface temperature difference (TDRi). difference (TDRi). 3.1.4. Maintenance Checklist for Field Investigations 3.1.4. Maintenance Checklist for Field Investigations 3.1.4.This Maintenanceresearch has Checklist carried forout Field the Investigationsmaintenance monitoring by using visual inspection, handy This research has carried out the maintenance monitoring by using visual inspection, handy tools, tools, automationThis research devices, has carried etc., checked out the whethermaintenance there monitoring can be unusual by using matters visual through inspection, the handy checklist automation devices, etc., checked whether there can be unusual matters through the checklist and and tools,attached automation photographs devices, for etc., each checked site aswhether suggested there canon Figurebe unusual 4. The matters maintenance through the checklist checklist is an attached photographs for each site as suggested on Figure4. The maintenance checklist is an index of indexand of possibleattached photographsproblems that for can each occur site asby suggested site and spatialon Figure member 4. The or maintenance building component. checklist is an possibleindex ofproblems possible problems that can occur that can by siteoccur and by spatial site and member spatial or member building or component.building component.

(a) (b) (a) (b) Figure 4. Monitoring method for the Hanok maintenance: maintenance checklist. (a) Photographic FigureFigure 4. Monitoring 4. Monitoring method method for for the the Hanok maintenance:maintenance: maintenance maintenance checklist. checklist. (a) Photographic(a) Photographic record by section; (b) Damage checks through architectural drawings. recordrecord by section by section;; (b ()b Damage) Damage checks checks through through architecturalarchitectural drawings. drawings.

InIn thethe architecturalarchitectural featuresfeatures of each case, case, this this study study extracted extracted the the factors factors to to be be used used for for check check of In the architectural features of each case, this study extracted the factors to be used for check of ofthe the usability. usability. The The contents contents are are as asshown shown on onTable Table 5, 5and, and the the assessment assessment factors factors extracted extracted from from the the usability.thearchitectural architectural The features contents features can canare be be as classified classiﬁedshown intoon into Table eight eight cate5 categories:, andgories: the elevation,assessment human-orientedhuman factors-oriented extracted elements, elements, from the architecturalterritory,territory, locality, featureslocality, circulation, circulation, can be classified barrier-free, barrier- free, into maintenance, maintenance, eight categories: and and communal communal elevation, space space human [8 [8––10-oriented10].]. With With these elements, these territory,criteria,criteria, locality, an an onsite onsite circulation, checklist checklist questionnaire questionnaire barrier-free, has maintenance,has been been completed completed and and preparedcommunal and prepared for spacechecking for checking [8– of10]. the HanokWith of the these criteria,usability.Hanok an usability. onsite Enquiries checklist Enquiries may also questionnaire maybe made also and be madepresented has been and to presented completed the occupants, to and the followed occupants, prepared by data followed for analysis checking by anddata of the Hanokmanagementanalysis usability. and asmanagement Enquiries seen in most mayas casesseen also [in12 most]. be made cases [12]. and presented to the occupants, followed by data analysis and management as seen in most cases [12]. Table 5. Checklist for Hanok usability

Table 5. Checklist for Hanok usability Buildings 2019, 9, 11 7 of 14

Table 5. Checklist for Hanok usability.

Evaluation Items Questions Is it possible to open the windows on the building and to ventilate naturally? Elevation Can you recognize original elements of Hanok on the building? Is there any stepped part in the room? Human-oriented Are the equipment installed considering the age of the user? elements Do furnishings have adequate heights for sitting or standing in the space? Is there an intermediate space between the inner and the outer spaces? Territory Is the height of the fence proper? Is the surrounding area separated by the intermediate space adjacent to the street? Are the local environment and the building atmosphere harmonious? Locality Have you used heterogeneous materials? Is there parking space in the suitable space? Circulation Is the building divided properly into separate buildings? Are there appropriate barrier-free elements? Barrier-free Are there any steps preventing the movement of handicapped people? Is there any structural weakening or material changes from the original status? Maintenance Does the maintenance manual or guidelines exist? Is it possible to contact the professional treatment in case severe defects are found? Communal space Are there public yards or plant gardens in the exterior space?

As the project report of the precedent R&D project mentioned as the survey analysis, residents and users for Hanok pointed out that maintenance is the most important factor with 18% weights among the above usability items to guarantee the sustainability of the building [4,13]. They also insisted the needs of the maintenance manual and the systematical guidelines in order to determine the current status of the wooden structure and to ﬁnd practical means of the treatment easily and promptly [14]. In this sense, this paper will serve as a fundamental guideline for maintaining Hanok that are built as a sensitive structure made of timbers and versatile materials. Survey results for target Hanoks have been recorded and summarized in Table6, and the maintenance issues will be handled in detail with eight major defects that can be judged by normal users or residents.

Table 6. Sample survey results in the spatial usability for target Hanoks.

Code Feature - It is difficult to move wheelchairs because the space is narrow. - Columns exist that prevent smooth movement within a unit space. A-1 - It has a wide window and shows excellent performance in lighting and ventilation. - Maintenance has been supported by the local government and kept well. - There is an intermediary space connecting the inner and the outer spaces such as the corridor (Maru) and the floor. A-2 - The parking lot is located just in front of the building and often acts as an obstacle to the façade. - The facility has been maintained by the local government and sustains good quality. - The conference room and the exhibition room in the basement require a large space. A-3 - Underground RC is not exposed, so it is in harmony with the surrounding environment. - Maintenance has not been performed successfully and many surficial defects can easily be found. - Kids’ playroom is located in the basement and a larger space is needed. B-1 - There are public gardens or vegetable fields in the exterior space. - Maintenance work has regularly been executed and the building status is pretty fair. Buildings 2019, 9, 11 8 of 14

Table 6. Cont.

Code Feature - By the outside space, Hanok elements such as stones and pillars are very visible. - Due to the nature of exhibition space, residents need a large space without columns. B-2 - RC structure on the lower part plays the role of foundation of Hanok. - Maintenance has been supported by the local government and kept well. - In the facade, the underground space is exposed very passively and does not harm the tradition. B-3 - Consideration should be given to a specific user because of steps in the space. - The facility has been maintained by the local government and is still of good quality. - Due to the nature of the community facility, a large space for gathering is needed. - The mezzanine space shown on the outside plays a role of the intermediate space. C-1 - This facility used contemporary materials on its facade to express the intermediate floor. - Maintenance has rarely been done and needs to be improved. - The building is divided into multiple levels of the floor and composed of contemporary spatial elements including a glass staircase, RC foundation, and so on. C-2 - It has used heterogeneous materials, but there is harmony between two buildings. - Maintenance should actively be performed on a regular basis. - It needs a large space in the upper floor not only for storing maintenance tools but for handling accommodation amenities. C-3 - Barrier-free elements are not enough in spite of it being a public facility. - Maintenance works have regularly been executed and the building status is pretty fair.

3.2. Evaluation for the Maintenance Monitoring of Hanok Some evaluation methods for the spatial usability devise a function analysis methodology that helps to identify ‘performance of a user function’ and reﬁne the design procedure to ‘fulﬁl a user requirement’ by questioning what user needs are and how designers meet them [15,16]. The usability of the above buildings has been evaluated by onsite investigation using the checklist, and their maintenance status as one of the most important factors in the usability has been inspected by observing the defect types with visual observation, taking pictures, measuring the degrees of changes and distortions, enquiring how maintenance is done, and surveying the recognized defects from users and residents in target Hanoks [17]. The defects found on the buildings are divided into two categories from biological and abiotic causes, and after monitoring all 26 target Hanoks, a maintenance strategy could be suggested. Table7 shows the types of defects by biological causes, and each item is summarized to share the onsite experiences.

Table 7. Defects due to biological causes.

Defect Type Frequency Fungal generation and discoloration 26 Bluish changes 26 Putrefaction (Boohoo) 0 Termites 0

3.2.1. Fungal Generation and Discoloration Degradation due to biological causes is closely related to the weather condition. All of the target Hanoks were surveyed, and it is conﬁrmed that degradation and discoloration mainly occur after the rainy season and happen not only on the wood structure but also on the outer wall. In addition, due to added moisture on the ground after rainfall, it could be observed intensively on the lower parts of the building components rather than on the upper parts. Distribution tendency of the discoloration shows that a greater passage of time results in a blacker surface as shown on Figure5. Fungi belong to incomplete microorganisms and occur on surfaces of the building. They also tend to grow on the Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 9

Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW Termites 0 9

3.2.1. Fungal Generation and DiscolorationTermites 0 Degradation due to biological causes is closely related to the weather condition. All of the 3.2.1. Fungal Generation and Discoloration target Hanoks were surveyed, and it is confirmed that degradation and discoloration mainly occur after Degradation the rainy season due andto biological happen not causes only is on closely the wood related structure to the butweather also on condition. the outer All wall. of the In addition,target Hanoks due to were added surveyed, moisture and on itthe is groundconfirmed after that rainfall, degradation it could and be observeddiscoloration intensively mainly on occur the lowerafter the parts rainy of the season building and components happen not rather only on than the on wood the upper structure parts but. Distribution also on the tendency outer wall. of the In discolorationaddition, due showsto added that moisture a greater on passage the ground of time after results rainfall, in a it blacker could be surface observed as shown intensively on Figure on the 5. Fungilower partsbelong of to the incomplete building components microorganisms rather and than occur on the on uppersurfaces parts of .the Distribution building. tendencyThey also of tend the Buildings 2019, 9, 11 9 of 14 todiscoloration grow on the shows surface that with a greaterout penetrating passage of into time the results wood. in However, a blacker there surface would as shown be a heavy on Figure risk of5. discolorationFungi belong ifto left incomplete unused for microorganisms a long time. and occur on surfaces of the building. They also tend surfaceto grow without on the surface penetrating without into penetrating the wood. However,into the wood. there However, would be athere heavy would risk ofbe discolorationa heavy risk of if leftdiscoloration unused for if a left long unused time. for a long time.

Figure 5. Hanok defects: fungal generation and discoloration. Figure 5. Hanok defects: fungal generation and discoloration. 3.2.2. Bluish Changes Figure 5. Hanok defects: fungal generation and discoloration. 3.2.2.Bluish Bluish Changeschanges are the most common defect among the degradation occasions caused by 3.2.2. Bluish Changes microorganisms.Bluish changes It is are caused the most mainly common by acanthaceous defect among fungus the degradation among known occasions microorganisms caused by microorganisms.inhabitingBluish the changes wood, It is caused normally, are the mainly most and by by common acanthaceous this situation, defect fungus amongvarious among thediscolorations degradation known microorganisms occur occasions depending causedinhabiting on the by thespeciesmicroorganisms. wood, of normally,timbers. It Blue isand caused color by this doe mainly situation,s not bydeteriorate various acanthaceous discolorationsthe physical fungus properties, occuramong depending known but could microorganisms on contaminate the species oftheinhabiting timbers. appearance the Blue wood, of colorthe normally, wood does mostly not and deteriorate by causing this situation, a the cosmetic physical various problem properties, discolorations as exemplified but couldoccur dependingon contaminate Figure 6 on. This thethe appearancedefectspecies is of one timbers. of of the the wood Bluebiological mostlycolor causes doe causings not repeatedly adeteriorate cosmetic observed problemthe physical from as exempliﬁed allproperties, target Hanoks on but Figure could during6. contaminate This the defect field issurveys.the one appearance of theThe biological investigation of the causeswood was mostly repeatedly conducted causing observed after a cosmeticthe fromcompletion allproblem target of Hanoksdemonstrativeas exemplified during Hanoks,on the Figure ﬁeld but surveys. 6 .there This Thehavedefect investigation been is one many of the was cases biological conducted in which causes after the bluishtherepeatedly completion change observed is of generated demonstrative from all when target Hanoks, producing Hanoks but during there and processing have the beenfield manytimberssurveys. cases as The well. in investigation which the bluish was changeconducted is generated after the whencompletion producing of demonstrative and processing Hanoks, timbers but as there well. have been many cases in which the bluish change is generated when producing and processing timbers as well.

Figure 6. Hanok defects: bluish changes. Figure 6. Hanok defects: bluish changes. 3.2.3. Putrefaction (Boohoo) 3.2.3. Putrefaction (Boohoo) Figure 6. Hanok defects: bluish changes. Boohoo is the phenomenon that the cell wall is broken down by the microorganism during the Boohoo is the phenomenon that the cell wall is broken down by the microorganism during the deterioration3.2.3. Putrefaction process (Boohoo) of the wood, and can cause physical damage of the wood. This may weaken the structuraldeterioration strength process of Hanok of the aswood, a wooden and can structure cause andphysical may damage cause the of safety the wood. problems. This Nomay breakouts weaken Boohoo is the phenomenon that the cell wall is broken down by the microorganism during the werethe structural observed strength from the of target Hanok Hanoks as a wooden during the structure surveyed and period, may cause and the it seems safety to problems. maintain No its deterioration process of the wood, and can cause physical damage of the wood. This may weaken integritybreakouts in were fair conditions, observed from because the they target are Hanoks just under during ﬁve the years surveyed old passed period, from and its completion. it seems to the structural strength of Hanok as a wooden structure and may cause the safety problems. No However, a multi-storied traditional Hanok may encounter putrefaction issues in which the lower part breakouts were observed from the target Hanoks during the surveyed period, and it seems to of the column does not completely protect the rainwater from the eaves. This means that the bottom of the column has a greater chance of getting wet due to precipitation and has a signiﬁcant effect on the occurrence of droughts. Observations should be continued and this issues will need focused attention in the future.

3.2.4. Termites Termites are insects that ingest cellulose of plants and largely present in the form of wood, leaf piles, soil, and so on. These materials are originally important in maintaining the subtropical and tropical ecosystems. Korea is also experiencing global warming and the temperature is gradually Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 10 maintain its integrity in fair conditions, because they are just under five years old passed from its completion. However, a multi-storied traditional Hanok may encounter putrefaction issues in which the lower part of the column does not completely protect the rainwater from the eaves. This means that the bottom of the column has a greater chance of getting wet due to precipitation and has a significant effect on the occurrence of droughts. Observations should be continued and this issues will need focused attention in the future.

3.2.4. Termites Termites are insects that ingest cellulose of plants and largely present in the form of wood, leaf Buildingspiles, soil,2019 and, 9, 11 so on. These materials are originally important in maintaining the subtropical10 and of 14 tropical ecosystems. Korea is also experiencing global warming and the temperature is gradually rising to become close to a subtropical climate, so there is a great concern about termites, especially rising to become close to a subtropical climate, so there is a great concern about termites, especially for wooden building structures. Termite damage was not confirmed in all target Hanoks during the for wooden building structures. Termite damage was not confirmed in all target Hanoks during the field study. This is because the target cases use concrete to form the building foundation mostly and field study. This is because the target cases use concrete to form the building foundation mostly and lay cornerstones and a wooden structure is built on it. Primary physical control due to the concrete lay cornerstones and a wooden structure is built on it. Primary physical control due to the concrete structure may be employed to prevent termites from entering the timber cells through the soil. structure may be employed to prevent termites from entering the timber cells through the soil. Figure7 Figure 7 shows sample maintenance sheets for monitoring Hanok defects mentioned previously shows sample maintenance sheets for monitoring Hanok defects mentioned previously through the through the field survey. field survey.

Figure 7. Sample maintenance sheet for the field survey for monitoring Hanok defects. Figure 7. Sample maintenance sheet for the field survey for monitoring Hanok defects. On the other hand, Table8 indicates the status of them by abiotic factors, and each item has also beenOn monitored the other and hand, recorded Table to 8 describeindicates onsite the status conditions. of them by abiotic factors, and each item has also been monitored and recorded to describe onsite conditions. Table 8. Defects due to abiotic causes. Table 8. Defects due to abiotic causes Defect Type Frequency DParallelefect Type twists Frequency 26 ParallelJoint fissures twists 26 JointWall fissures cracks 26 2 AdhesiveWall cracks elution 42 Adhesive elution 4 3.2.5. Parallel Twists 3.2.5.A Parallel typical Twists wood defects observed commonly among all studied Hanoks is parallel twisting. A HanokA typical is a furniture-like wood defects building observed that commonly supports among the roof all with studied a wooden Hanoks structure, is parallel and twisting. the role ofA woodHanok is is very a furniture important.-like However, buildingparallel that supports twists couldthe roof easily with be a observed wooden on structure, most building and the members role of using logs such as columns, girders, and beams. As described by the chapter of the timber structure in standard specifications for the cultural property repairs, the parallel twist should be controlled to be under 10% of the cross section. However, despite these standards, this type of defect becomes an element that hurts the beauty of Hanok. Particularly, the parallel twist on the end of the column for the joint is a main factor to lower the structural safety and is definitely the target of repair. In the case of target Hanok constructed with glued laminated woods, no parallel twists or ripples are generated, since the materials are provided by matching the regulated water content ratio. However, this defect was observed on horizontal materials like girders and beams using pine trees. The expansion of the margins or gaps on wooden components after construction normally occurs due to the drying Buildings 2019, 9 FOR PEER REVIEW 11

wood is very important. However, parallel twists could easily be observed on most building members using logs such as columns, girders, and beams. As described by the chapter of the timber structure in standard specifications for the cultural property repairs, the parallel twist should be controlled to be under 10% of the cross section. However, despite these standards, this type of defect becomes an element that hurts the beauty of Hanok. Particularly, the parallel twist on the end of the column for the joint is a main factor to lower the structural safety and is definitely the target of repair. In the case of target Hanok constructed with glued laminated woods, no parallel twists or ripples are generated, since the materials are provided by matching the regulated water content ratio. However, this defect was observed on horizontal materials like girders and beams Buildingsusing pine2019 ,trees.9, 11 The expansion of the margins or gaps on wooden components after construction11 of 14 normally occurs due to the drying shrinkage of the material; it is suggested to use completely-dried timbers to prevent parallel twists. Table 9 indicates sample results in the water inclusion ratio (WIR) shrinkagefor a target of Hanok. the material; it is suggested to use completely-dried timbers to prevent parallel twists. Table9 indicates sample results in the water inclusion ratio (WIR) for a target Hanok. Table 9. Sample results in the water inclusion ratio (WIR) for the target Hanok (B-3) on 7 June 2018 Table 9. Sample results in the water inclusion ratio (WIR) for the target Hanok (B-3) on 7 June 2018. Space Interior Exterior 1 ColumnSpace Number S-1 Interior S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S Exterior-7 S 1-8 S-9 S-10 S-11 ColumnWIR Number (%) S-110.6 S-28.3 S-38.9 S-410.2 S-59.1 S-610.1 S-710.1 S-89.5 8.7 S-9 12.1 S-10 11.4 S-11 WIR (%) 10.6 8.3 8.9 10.2 9.1 10.1 10.1 9.5 8.7 12.1 11.4 Space Exterior 2 ColumnSpace Number S-12 S-13 S-14 S-15 S-16 Exterior S-17 2 S-18 S-19 S-20 S-20 - ColumnWIR Number (%) S-1211 S-139.9 S-1410.4 S-1514.3 S-1614.2 S-1711.3 S-1815.6 S-1915.3 10.6 S-20 10.5 S-20 - - WIR (%) 11 9.9 10.4 14.3 14.2 11.3 15.6 15.3 10.6 10.5 - 3.2.6. Joint Fissures 3.2.6. Joint Fissures In most target Hanoks, joint fissures from drying shrinkage of the timber could be found, and thereIn is most a widening target Hanoks, in the joint area fissures where from the building drying shrinkage components of the made timber of could timbers be found, like dry and walls, there iscolumns, a widening and in lining the area materials where the are building connected components and fit each made other of timbers as shown like dry on walls, Figure columns, 8. As andnew- liningHanok materials or shin-Hanok are connected are being and adapted fit each to other the as lifestyle shown of on contemporary Figure8. As new-Hanok people, the or air shin-Hanoktightness is getting are being more adapted important to the inlifestyle aspects ofof contemporarythe energy performance, people, the while air tightness traditional is gettingHanok moreemphasized important spatial inaspects breathability of the to energy assist performance, natural air flow. while Therefore, traditional this Hanok defect emphasizednot only lowers spatial the breathabilityairtightness for to assistthe contemporary natural air flow. Hanok, Therefore, but also this becomes defect notan important only lowers cause the airtightnessof deterioration for the in contemporaryperformance. Hanok, but also becomes an important cause of deterioration in performance.

(a) (b)

Figure 8. Hanok defects: parallel twists and jointjoint ﬁssures.fissures. (a) Parallel twists;twists; (b) Joint ﬁssuresfissures

3.2.7. Wall CracksCracks There is a big difference in the rate of deterioration of Hanok by resident existence in the space. space. InIn thethe casecase ofof aa mock-upmock-up HanokHanok (A-3)(A-3) thatthat has notnot beenbeen occupiedoccupied by residentsresidents for fivefive yearsyears afterafter construction, most of its its drywalls drywalls have have been been cracked. cracked. Those Those of the testbed house (A-1)(A-1) which which is is constantly used as a literature museum and an office,office, have not been cracked at all in the fivefive years sincesince itit waswas built.built. On the otherother hand, in thethe casecase ofof thethe MaintenanceMaintenance CenterCenter atat GangneungGangneung Hanok VillageVillage (C-3),(C-3), whichwhich hashas beenbeen underunder operationoperation forfor twotwo yearsyears afterafter thethe completioncompletion of constructionconstruction in 2016, as aa specialspecial case,case, visiblevisible crackscracks have occurred on thethe drywalldrywall due to impactsimpacts andand vibrationsvibrations caused byby thethe progressprogress of of the the structural structural change change for for the the inner inner wall. wall. There There is nois no significant significant effect effect on theon performance of the drywall, but it can be improved through finishing repairs and may become better in aspects of the building aesthetics.

3.2.8. Adhesive Elution It is advantageous for securing rigidity and preventing parallel twists to use the nature of the glued laminated wood with attaching and cumulating cut woods. For this reason, several target Hanoks utilize that kind of wooden component unlike most traditional ones, and therefore adhesive elution could found only from these structures as exempliﬁed on Figure9. The amount of glue or adhesives used for combining module timber elements was assumed to be small, but this defect BuildingsBuildings 2019 2019, 9, FOR9 FOR PEER PEER REVIEW REVIEW 1212

thethe performance performance of of the the drywall, drywall, but but it itcan can be be improved improved through through finishing finishing repairs repairs and and may may become become betterbetter in in aspects aspects of of the the building building aesthetics. aesthetics.

3.2.8.3.2.8. Adhesive Adhesive Elution Elution It Itis is advantageous advantageous for for securing securing rigidity rigidity and and preventing preventing parallel parallel twists twists to to use use the the nature nature of of the the gluedglued laminated laminated wood wood with with attaching attaching and and cumulating cumulating cut cut woods. woods. For For this this reason, reason, several several target target HanoksHanoks utilize utilize that that kind kind of of wooden wooden compone componentnt unlike unlike most most traditional traditional ones, ones, and and therefore therefore Buildings 2019, 9, 11 12 of 14 adhesiveadhesive elution elution could could found found only only from from these these structures structures as as exemplified exemplified on on Figure Figure 9 .9 The. The amount amount of of glueglue or or adhesives adhesives used used for for combining combining module module timber timber elements elements was was assumed assumed to to be be small, small, but but this this hasdefectdefect polluted has has pollut pollut the surfaceeded the the surface of surface the building of of the the building componentbuilding component component with black with with discoloration black black discoloration discoloration and may and beand amay negativemay be be a a aestheticnegativenegative aesthetic factor. aesthetic factor. factor.

(a()a ) ( b()b )

FigureFigure 9. 9. Hanok Hanok defects: defects: parallel parallel twists twists and and joint joint fissures. ﬁssures. fissures. ( a ()a Wall ) Wall cracks;cracks cracks; ((b;b ())b AdhesiveAdhesive) Adhesive elutionelution elution

AllAll 26 26 target target Hanoks Hanoks Hanoks categorized categorized categorized in inin three threethree different differentdifferent types types are are built built by by by efforts efforts efforts with with with the the the capital capital capital of of ofthethe the host host host institution institution institution and and and supports supports supports from from the the subsidy subsidy subsidy of of of the the the government, government, government, and and and the the the ownership ownership and and managementmanagement authority authority authority belong belong belong to to the to the host the host host institution. institution. institution. Figure Figu Figu 10re showsre 10 10 shows shows the current the the current current condition condition condition for Hanok for for maintenanceHanokHanok maintenance maintenance performed performed performed on the site. on on the As the Hanoksite. site. As As are Hanok Hanok based are onare based the based material on on the the of material material timbers, of ofthey timbers, timbers, must they pay they closemustmust attention pay pay close close to attention maintenance attention to to maintenance formaintenance better usability for for better better and usability sustainability usability and and sustainability in sustainability comparison in to in comparison contemporary comparison to to buildings.contemporarycontemporary Interviews buildings. buildings. with theInte Inte officersrviewsrviews in with with host the organizations the officers officers in inand host host management organizations organizations experts and and also management management confirmed theexpertsexperts need also foralso aconfirmed confirmed better maintenance the the need need for system.for a abetter better Fundamental maintenance maintenance management system. system. Fundamental Fundamental is in progress management management to remove is and is in in repairprogressprogress defects to to remove occurred remove and onand target repair repair Hanoks, defects defects and occurred occurred it is based on on targeton target daily Hanoks, Hanoks, management and and it that it is is removes based based on onsurface daily daily contaminationmanagementmanagement that andthat removes proceedsremoves surface withsurface oil contamination contamination stain treatment and and to proceeds prevent proceeds pollution with with oil oil stain such stain astreatment treatment blue discoloration to to prevent prevent andpollutionpollution fungi. such In such addition, as as blue blue irregular discoloration discoloration maintenance and and fungi. fungi. for the In In joint addition, addition, fissures irregular irregular or widening maintenance maintenance between forthe for columns,the the joint joint thefissuresfissures wall and/oror or widening widening joints between have between been the thetreated columns, columns, with the silicon. the wall wall However, and/or and/or joints therejoints have was have no been been separate treated treated official with with budgetsilicon. silicon. forHowever,However, regular, there systematicthere was was no no maintenance separate separate official official and budget repairs. budget for for regular, regular, systematic systematic maintenance maintenance and and repairs. repairs.

(a()a ) ( b()b )

FigureFigure 10. 10. 10. Current Current situation situation for for HanokHanok Hanok maintenancemaintenance maintenance performedperformed performed on on thethe the site.site. site. ( a ()a OrdinaryO) Ordinaryrdinary manual manual manual maintenance;maintenancemaintenance; (b; ())b FixingFixing) Fixing fissuresfissures fissures usingusing using silicon.silicon silicon. . 4. Conclusions 4.4. Conclusions Conclusions This study proposes a usability evaluation index and the maintenance guideline as its topmost ThisThis study study proposes proposes a ausability usability evaluation evaluation index index and and the the maintenance maintenance guideline guideline as as its its topmost topmost factor for public facilities in Hanok. Based on the investigation, it was possible to identify characteristics factorfactor for for public public facilities facilities in in Hanok. Hanok. Based Based on on the the investigation, investigation, it it was was possible possible to to identify identify of each type by categorizing public facilities from a structural point of view, and a Hanok maintenance characteristicscharacteristics of of each each type type by by categorizing categorizing public public facilities facilities from from a astructural structural point point of of view, view, and and a a framework could be suggested by analyzing those properties. HanokHanok maintenance maintenance framework framework could could be be suggested suggested by by analyzing analyzing those those properties. properties. Furthermore, this study investigated the types of defects identified as the most important for Hanok by conducting field surveys of the maintenance status of target Hanoks; 9 representative cases and 26 target facilities in three categories have been studied. The most common defects are caused by fungi and bluish discoloration that are not related to the physical performance, but harmful to the aesthetics of Hanok. Especially, those pollutions are the most prominent defects found due to characteristics of the weather in Korea where rainy seasons occur every year. In addition, parallel twists and the widening of pillars, walls, and trusses due to the drying shrinkage of the wooden components, not only damage the design of Hanok but also affect the building Buildings 2019, 9, 11 13 of 14 performance in matters of structural safety, energy, and so on. On the other hand, joint fissures cause a decrease in the air tightness and deteriorate the insulation effect. Particularly, the segregation occurring in the defective parts may cause severe problems in the structural stability of Hanok. This is considered the most negative factor effecting sustainability. Furthermore, a more restrictive standard for the water inclusion in timbers is required when considering the pattern of defects after completion, although the water content for the wooden structure is currently limited to 19% or less. Otherwise, it is impossible to secure the air tightness to improve the performance of Hanok or new-Hanok. The gap between the elements caused by drying shrinkage of the wood is difficult to repair or improve by technological achievements only due to the reality that the field conditions are always variable and optimized maintenance is needed for sustainability. Necessary regulations such as the water content ratio of the wood used for Hanok should also be implemented and applied to realize more sustainable Hanok.

Author Contributions: J.J., D.C. and S.H. conceived and designed the field surveys; J.J. and D.C. performed the evaluations; S.H. analyzed the data; J.J., D.C. and S.H. wrote the paper. Funding: This research was funded by Ministry of Land and Transport Affairs of Korean Government. (Project No.: 18AUDP-B128652-02). Acknowledgments: This research was supported by a grant from Urban Architecture Research Program (Technology Development of Design and Construction for Large-Space Hanok over 10 Meters, Development of Hanok Technology, Phase III). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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