Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | . 1 − erences were ff in both analyzed 1 − 2 has covered 7.6 % area 1 − in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Over 71 % , and B. Mohamadi 1 1 − 2119 2120 , Z. Sissou 1 , T. Zhonghua 1 This discussion paper is/has beenSystem under Sciences review (NHESS). for Please the refer journal to Natural the Hazards corresponding and final Earth paper in NHESS if available. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 388School Lumo of Lu, Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China Abstract Arsenic contamination ofpeople groundwater worldwide, resources particularly threatens in theArsenic the densely causes health populated health river concerns of deltasin due of millions portable to Southeast of water. its Asia. The significant majoras toxicity sources and dissolution of worldwide arsenic of presence pollution arsenicgroundwater may containing dependent be natural city, minerals arsenic process and such contaminationand anthropogenic is has a activities. major recently Lahore issuethe is been of plain most portable region, water environmental wherefor health visualizing population management distribution density of issue isanalysis arsenic especially very technique, groundwater in and high. concentration exposure GIS throughdata risk geostatistics was was zones used for compared inapplied two and this to years study concentration compare (2010widely and concentration variation range 2012). between 7.3–67.8 evaluated. Town’s cities and ANOVA 5.2–69.3 and µgL test years. was Arsenic concentrations also area is represented arsenic concentration range from 20 to 30 µgL years. However, in 2012 arsenic concentration over 40 µgL 1 Wuhan 430074, Hubei2 Province, China Received: 23 December 2014 – Accepted: 8Correspondence March to: 2015 M. – M. Published: Akhtar 31 ([email protected]) MarchPublished 2015 by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Assess arsenic distribution in groundwater applying GIS in capitalPunjab, of Pakistan M. M. Akhtar Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/3/2119/2015/ Discuss., 3, 2119–2147, 2015 doi:10.5194/nhessd-3-2119-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. of Data GunjbukshAziz and Bhatti and 8.1 % Samanabad Town contain of arsenic concentration Ravi between 20–30 Town, µgL while over 90 % area of Allama Iqbal, detected among towns.groundwater In protection and light preservation for of future. current results, it needs1 urgent step Introduction to ensure Limited groundwater resources are mostThe important availability source of of safe drinkingthe and water establishment in reliable nature. sources ofgroundwater of a quality water arising stable from is urbanization, community an industrialization, essential and (Saikia agricultural pre-requisite et activity for al., 2012). The degradation of ANOVA test depicts concentration probability less than 0.05, while di 5 10 15 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | in food or water) , respectively. It 1 1 − − 2122 2121 ected worldwide by arsenic contamination in ff erent parts of the country such as Jamshoro (Baig et al., ff 70 %) of the population in Pakistan obtains water from ground ≈ ). In the province of Punjab, over 20 % and in the province of Sindh, around 1 − argarh District (Nickson et al., 2005). The Pak EPA and WHO recommended ff ect of arsenic poisoning, usually over a longer period such as from 5 to 20 years High concentration of As and other physio-chemical parameters in surface and A great majority ( More than 150 million people are a Contamination of groundwater arsenic in Punjab (Chouhan et al., 2010), Pakistan, ff groundwater hasBangladesh been (Halim et al., previously 2009), ChinaLike (Xie neighboring reported et countries, al., 2009), Pakistan from and isto India also (Gupta facing As several et serious al., contamination 2000). public South-Asianhave health in been problems countries due portable reported in water2009), Manchar di supply. lake (Arain In etMuza al., Pakistan, 2009), high Lahore and As Kasur (Farooqi concentrations et al., 2007b) and aquifers. However; surface water is anotherdomestic main source purposes of water (Aziz, for 2005). drinkingsources, and Therefore other and this then workFurthermore firstly summarized the focused various the oncontamination water-linked groundwater arsenic reported health risk in problemsinternational standards zones the were for safe country through shown andurban) drinkable due (Saikia computer of water, the only to et population 25.61 codes. % in arsenic (rural Pakistan al.,Drinking have water 23.5 access supplied 2012). and to by 30 municipalities this % However, (especially basic urbancontaminated need considering areas) with (Rosemann, to infectious 2005). the microorganisms public is or mostly hazardous chemicals (WWF, 2007). permissible limits for arsenic in drinking water 50 and 10 µgL contamination has emerged as a seriousal., public 2011). health concern In in this Pakistan (Azizullah regard,with et the the Government of assistance Pakistanpresence has from of undertaken arsenic UNICEF many contamination initiatives has sincemitigation been program, 1999. recognized at and national As consequently levelPakistan an a has with arsenic already the result been assistance launched being oflevels provided by of these by the ground UNICEF government initiatives, water (Fatmi of arsenic etwater the quality al., concentration 2009). surveys has Alarming conducted been by2012). observed PCRWR during during the 2001, course 2003 of and 2004 (Jahanzaib, was estimated that at the current EPA standard/WHO maximum permissible limit of 70 countries, outIndia of are which at 50 risk million (Ravenscrofta et people plant al., and in 2008). animal Bangladesh Since poison, and ancient and large times, oral 30 arsenic million doses was (above known people 600 as mgAsL in has been reported (Farooqiin et a shallow al., aquifer 2007a,2.4 at mgL b), 20–27 m where depth it is36 was % heavily of related polluted the that (maximum population is groundwater As exposed concentration to arsenic contamination above WHO limits. Arsenic is a serious global problem. Arsenicthe (As) drinking is water, resulting one from of both the anthropogenic2009). hazardous and metalloids Arsenic geogenic presents sources contamination in (Baig et in1999; al., ground Saxena water et is al.,the 2004). a serious The problem problems contamination encountered worldwide in ofcountries (Kondo developing groundwater et countries the with (Jahanzaib, al., problem 2012). arsenic In isunavailability is these further one of of aggravated professionals duedeveloping to countries and of the financial the lackpollution. world, of The constraint Pakistan proper country is (PCRWR, has management, alsoconsidered essentially 2005). as facing exhausted water its critical As stressed available water (Dang waterin shortage other et resources; the al., and near so 2014) future it and (Hashmi is is et al., likely 2009a). to have a water scarcity of inorganic arsenic can result toestimates death 1.7 (ATSDR, million 2007). deaths The and World 54.2 Healthworldwide million Organization Disability per Adjusted Life year Years (DALYs)e lost due to unsafe(WHO, water, 2001). hygiene Generally and inorganicof arsenic sanitation. arsenic species Arsencosis are present is more inet toxic the living al., than organisms, 2002). organic including Long forms and humans term lung, and exposure and other also diseases animals leadshigh of (Meharg blood to blood pressure skin and vessels cancer, reproductive of bladder disorders the (Azizullah cancers, et legs kidney al., and 2011). feet, and possibly diabetes, 5 5 25 20 15 10 25 10 20 15 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | N and 0 50 ◦ and 31 0 ected water and also 20 ff ◦ (SWMD, 2007). The city 1 − erent years, which was helped . Modern soils in the area consist ff 1 − C in January and an average rainfall ◦ 2124 2123 C in June to 12 ◦ E in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The study area 0 37 ◦ could be as high as 13 per 1000 persons (Sharma et al., 2009). , which is the principal reason why extensive irrigation is needed 1 1 − − and 74 , which can vary from 300 to 1200 mm. The evapotranspiration is 0 1 − and had a population in 2011 of about 7.6 million. Groundwater chemical 05 ◦ 2 , the lifetime risk of dying from liver cancer, lung, kidney, or bladder from 1 − In 1901 the population of Distract Lahore was 0.203 million, but it increased to more This study aimed to determine arsenic distribution in groundwater system of The study area is generally flat (altitude ranges from 208 to 213 m above sea level) data from the investigated areas wereA used to rapidly identify growing zones population, of potential increasingare contamination. groundwater considered depletion, the biggest pollution challenges and for scarcity this groundwater-dependent city. 2.2 Climate, geology and hydrogeology ofBoth study area the temperaturetemperature and that rainfall ranges from vary 34 greatly from season to season with a mean of Lahore is dividedto into local nine communities. administer Presenttowns towns, study (Aziz which Bhatti, focused Allama provide on Iqbal, services Data highand Ganj Shalimar populated and Baksh, town) Gulberg, dense facilities on Nishtar, areas Ravi, theWagah Samanabad of base and of eight Nishtar available Towns groundwater are chemicalare still data. still undergoing Allama devoted development, Iqbal, to thus industrialabout large and 332 agricultural areas km activities. of The them current study area includes of silt, clay, loamy clay and sand,from however, loamy the clay gradually Ravi increases withcomposed River distance of (Khan unconsolidated et alluvial al., sediments; 2008). composed The of aquifer varying underlying proportions of the Lahore area is of 575 mmyear about 1750 mmyear and slopes to thepart south of and the southwest city gradients with are an as low average as gradient 0.3–0.4 of mkm 1 : 3000. In many than 5 million by 1990.and From now exceeds 1981 10 to million, with 1998, a the growth population rate of increased 3.3 3.32 %year % annually for agricultural purposes (NESPAK, 1993 in Gabriel and Khan, 2010). to understand highdiagram through and GIS software low of arsenicmore risk distribution, and detailed will area. risk be analysis great Current helpful inmultivariate for study further research area. statistical Arsenic portrayed concentration techniquessources. was comprehensive identified for through Furthermore potential arsenicvarious point health sources, problems and risk were non-point areas, summarized contamination concentration due to trend, arsenic-e identified northward to Muridke onwith the India 27 General km Trunk (Fig.rapid Road 1). development and Lahore with is finally little located concern eastward on for to a the the geo-environmental low consequences. alluvial border plain, an area undergoing 2 Study area 2.1 Location description Lahore is a rapidly growing city lying between latitudes 31 suitable suggestions were proposed tomanuscript protect has regional aquifer. been Therefore, focus theareas, on present (2) three compare objectives, arsenicinfiltration (1) trend sources. Identification in of towns arsenic with high time risk and (3) diagnosed local arsenic longitudes 74 is located on theHudiara east bank Drain of in the the famous Ravi south, River. across Its boundaries the extend Ravi from River the to Degh Nala in the west, then most populated areapollutant of in Lahore drinking city.applied The water to main and develop emphasis its As was health distribution on risk. zones evaluation Geostatistics for of analyst two the technique di was Unfortunately, due to poorproject financial is condition going and lack tocurrent of research cope identifies modern with potential technology, arsenicmange still arsenic to problem infiltration no control in points, arsenic transportation which groundwater towards must in groundwater be in Pakistan. close Lahore However, or city. drinking 1 Lwaterday 50 µgL 5 5 15 10 25 20 15 10 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 1 − ected the ff . Thus, the increasing withdrawal 1 − 2125 2126 erent parts of Lahore city. A topographic map (1 : ff ciency. Estimates suggest that more than 65 % of the rainfall in the ffi uents from India with high concentrations of pollutants and then collects additional Geostatistics analyst technique applied and ArcGIS10.1 was used to develop arsenic In Lahore the groundwater table currently varies between 14 and 43 m (WASA, ffl exploratory spatial data analysis toolscan can be be used used to toand handle create ordinary) statistical various properties using types and kriging ofneighbor and maps points co-kriging. to (probability, Geostatistics prediction, take analysisneighbor quantile, average required values value simple are a for 8 final range and analysis of 4 map, applied maximum respectively. and minimum groundwater distribution maps.the Various geostatistical interpolation technique has methods a are superior number also of popular functions for but data analysis, e.g. all of which arepollution. unplanned At and least which(3800 tons) contribute three-fourths significant is of amounts dumpedthe of the Ravi at groundwater total River these are waste open siteswater. The dumps generated without contaminants that seep in continually proper into pollute the Lahore treatment. the groundwater soil, Landfill every through groundwater weak sites and day soil river layers. along 3 Methodology 3.1 Geostatistics analysis Methodology used inas current concern study isarsenic data based pollution processing, on problem statistic50 various 000) in was techniques calculation di used applied andLand to as and develop comparison far the Water toconcentration base Information map was understand System of prepared thephases: (ILWIS), and study groundwater phase classified area. quality I for Usingfocused map on spatial the involved development of of Integrated analysis, groundwater preparation quality arsenic collected which zones. of The from groundwater involved samples production a two were wellswere thematic (depth selected for between map, developing 600 risk whereas and maps for 800 phase feet), both 2010 and II and 268 2012 was samples years. (Schnoor, 1996). The Raviaquifer River but has since alwaysregional been 1960, recharge the e increased main consumption rechargebasin by source could India potentially for be the hasoutflow, utilized seriously for thus agriculture, a an groundwaterprovide recharge assessment a and guideline of drainage for future potential water resource groundwater management contamination in2.3 Lahore. is needed Groundwater contamination to sources Ravi river moreover presentlyload discharged receives into 47 all % thee rivers of of all Pakistan (Sami, municipal 2001). The and Hudiara industrial drain receives pollution and significantly degrade theRavi groundwater River is quality. The muchhazard poorer groundwater (Dhakyanaika than et quality al., that near 2010). at There the are a three distance, active waste and dumps poses around Lahore, a serious public health contaminated waste waterwaste from water from Pakistanand various before animal sources flowing waste, contains as into well organic, as the inorganic, fertilizers Ravi industrial, and insecticides, municipal River. which The seep through the soil of potable water meansStudy that the was main conducted city to1987 area determine it is water dropped facing table a moreCurrently, and rapid than the groundwater was 15 groundwater m decline. observed in moves that some from from parts North 1960 of to to Lahore South (Gabriel at and a Khan, velocity 2010). 1–1.5 cmday Lahore), and is dropping an average of 0.84 myear silt, sand and clay. Previous studies havemore shown than that 400 the m alluvial thick, sedimentstributaries and are typically of that the they were Indus deposited RiverThe by during surface the Pleistocene-Recent soils present-day time and consist (Greenman ancestral terraces mainly et and al., of 1970). layers permeable, of organic-pooroccasionally sand Aeolian reach and sediment several silt thousand on feet on the in the thickness alluvial (Greenman flood et al., plain. 1970). The alluvial sediments 5 5 25 20 15 10 20 15 25 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | for 1 − erences observed . Pakistan Council ff 1 − erent types of information; ff th location i 2128 2127 th location i coordinates and the concentration of pollutants. These XY ) (1) uents and agrochemicals are the main factors contributing pollutants i s ffl ( . Arsenic contamination presence is variegated with time in all towns 1 Z i − λ ects their health through municipal water supply. High arsenic concentration 1 ff N = i X the measured value at the = = the prediction location ) an unknown weight for the measured value at the the number of measured values ) 0 i = s s = = Similar to IDW, Kriging is tool which weights the surrounding measured values In addition, auxiliary tools are available for data transformation, declustering and ( ( i 0 ˆ λ s N detrending. Ordinary and Indicator kriging provide two di Where: Z Ordinary Kriging iswhereas Indicator useful kriging for isdeveloped best developing for for arsenic contamination identification with of potential probability.tables Database were prediction used tables to were maps, createArsenic suitable variogram using models GIS to software portray (logarithms thewas were spatial not applied structure normal). to of Ordinary the dataand Kriging where was the their then distribution used parameters. toassessed interpolate Arsenic base the on concentration variogram models standards. the range water was quality evaluated standards town stipulated by wise3.2 the and WHO Statistical and analysis PSQCA The means andExcel spreadsheet. others For the descriptive arsenicranged statistic concentration within distribution, parameters the classes concentrations according were were to calculated WHO using and PSQCA the limits, and column graph was used to display the(ANOVA) distributions were according performed to usingsoftware years SPSS and on (Statistical towns. the Package AnalysesThese arsenic for of analyzes concentration the variance variable were SocialKeuls with completed Sciences) literature factors by to identify such multiple the as means degree of year comparison significance and of tests the town. of mean di Newman– 2010 and for 2012of years Research its in range WaterLahore is Resources city between in (PCRWR) 5.4 2009 conducted and andover a explored 69.3 50 µgL µgL that study mostly to groundwaterand assess samples concentration had arsenic increasing concentration in trenddirectly is a regarded as risk for local community because it between years and towns factors. 4 Results and discussion 4.1 Geostatic data processing The second biggest citycontaminated of groundwater was Pakistan identified is2011) in facing especially many serious areas in groundwater inspatial most problem. Pakistan distribution dense Arsenic (Azizullah of populated et arsenic urban2012 al., concentration areas. years. in Figure Arsenic the 4a concentration Lahore and in city b area whole depict for area the the varies 2010 from and 7.3 to 67.6 µgL can be noted near theregions and location vicinity where; area of landfill farming sites,about activities polluted are mention in river, progress. industries statement Various studies dominant forsources, supported example, where a human activities studyand were was industrial found launched e culprit to of detect improper arsenic disposal of local municipal into surface and groundwater sources (Azizullah et al., 2011). to derive ainterpolators is prediction formed as for a weighted an sum of unmeasured the data: location.Z The general formula for both 5 5 15 10 20 25 10 15 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ) 1 − , while 1 . A study − 1 − . 1 − uent, dense but ffl 0.2558 respectively, − 40 µgL (Sonia, 2012). < 1 − ected with arsenic and other ff ) standard. 2130 2129 1 − , even it is much higher then WHO (10 mgL 1 − . Tremendously variation in arsenic concentration in all selected ected with contamination where arsenic concentration range is 1 ff − in both analysed years. Area with high concentration range (40– 1 − ). Over 90 % areas in Three Towns (Allama Iqbal Town, Aziz Bhatti Town 1 − reference line, in Fig. 4c data arrangement is demonstrated well. Log and ◦ ) has been increased with) area 0.5 % decreased each 1.3–0.7 % year, from while 2010 arsenic to concentration 2012. Therefore, (10– it can be predicted 1 1 − − However, in 2012 contamination density severely increased 7.6 % of the area in Data Ravi Town is regarded as hub for unhygienic and anti-environmentalism activities, Regional aquifer shows that the non-engineering landfill sites, drains, industrial Study area was classified into five categories to discover arsenic concentration Over 71 % area is a Gunjbuksh Town and 8.1 %(40–50 µgL area in Ravi Town, which showed arsenic concentration pollutants (Farooqi etconcentration. Water al., quality is 2007a,domestic Pakistan, and b); especially drink Punjab (Azizullah even et providence al., is local 2011; not Hudson-Edwards grown safe et4.2 for al., food 2010). Data items process have arsenic Before developing final maptrend by and geostatistics selection analyst, of somehistogram few options data graph are process very developed steps, important.representation data with The of data ten distribution datacompare equal frequency but to classifications data 2012 andand points (Fig. bar in of current 2). display case,Statistics 2010 A a the summary log are good of data the transformation transformation more datasetsmedian makes are was and close the also applied presented skewness distribution to withwhile calculated close to histogram reference to Kurtosis diagram. values the Mean, line normal. 3.2409, value skewedpresentation (3.0378) 3.2465 and data, and is statistic calculation alsoare are popular closed much to assess to better equality than dataset normaland distribution 2012. d) in range. represent Generally, a data QQ However, study is area. plots normally 2010on The distributed diagram because the data (Fig. almost 45 4c all points arearcsine close transformations or were over applied to the data within the Normal QQ Plot to assess and Samanabad Town) oflimit both within study 20–30 µgL years weretowns found having has arsenic directly concentration particular area. link Previous with studies reveal local study area human is activities a and the pollutants sources in undeveloped community areas, and factoriescreating are environmental badly problems. damage local Aarticle eco-system Pakistani which and published international in 2004 newspaper thatdischarge claimed untreated domestic into in and rivers industrial an waste and arecity directly canals (Dawn which International iswas deteriorated Newspaper, detected groundwater 13 at quality bank April in(Masuda of et 2004). Lahore canals al., and Arsenic 2010). rivers highest near industrial concentration and densesectors populated areas andprominent agriculture contamination resources. activities However, restconcentration in of range towns below Shalmar are 40 exhibited µgL Town the arsenic and Nishtar Town are also guideline but satisfied PAQCS (50 mgL potential level, which the arsenic range was noted between 5.2 and 69.3 µgL reveals that at Lahorehad city arsenic 15 concentration locations ranging between exceeds 40 the and PSQCA 50 µgL limit while over 47 sites from 20 to 30 µgL 50 µgL 20 µgL that arsenic concentration trend has beentime increased and from high low to risk high area concentration disperseA with widely survey on while WASA comparing Tube-wells both did diagramscontained in (Fig. 130 arsenic 4a locations quantity and in over b). Lahore WHOvalues city limit, higher and than while all PSQCA 26 water % standard samples (Hudson-Edwards samplesalong et other showed al., pollutants concentration 2010). would Arsenic promote infiltration with2010). time It and can will cover be more noted area during (Masuda town et al., wise comparison that in 2010 only Data Gunjbuksh Town hold 7.24 % of its total area impacted concentration range 40–50 µgL remaining seven towns contains Arsenic concentration value because the unplanned dumping sites, river loaded with toxic e 5 5 10 15 20 25 10 15 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ) 1 1 − − 50 µgL > in both selected , which identified 1 1 − − in 2012. The lowest 10 and , respectively. It was 1 1 < − − with widely varying but average (Hudson-Edwards et al., 2010). (PSQCA standard). In all towns, 1 − 1 1 − − . In 2012, 20.61, 92.53 and 4.85 % of 1 − 2132 2131 arsenic contents were detected across bund road in 1 − in 2010 and 21.817 and 31.144 µgL 1 . Gulberg, Data Gunj Baksh, Ravi, and Allama Iqbal towns − 1 − . Hudson-Edwards conducted an important study about arsenic 1 − erence. These results verify that the risk of arsenic contamination ff , while 4.10 % samples showed value over PSQCA prescribed range. 1 − erent towns link with River Ravi and landfill sites, which are indicated serious ff The collected samples from Aziz Bhatti Town and Nishter Town have the The diagram (Fig. 4) depicts town-wise arsenic contamination results and mostly all samples had Arsenic values around 5.2–69.3 µgL distribution in various locations ofand Lahore Shalamer city Towns were in exploredtowns 2010, with Data showed Gunj high arsenic Baksh, concentration, range Samanabad while from Gulberg and 10 Ravi to 100 µgL concentration during 2010 and 2012 below 50 µgL in di more than 50 µgL Locations near landfillcontaminated. sites, Over 1000 river µgL Ravi bank Town and two and union councils industrialPrevious of studies Samanabad zones Town are (Hudson-Edwards verifying et were al., current 2010). results. predicted most had not much di groundwater problems, should beneed taken seriously to action, testsamples and shallow that were there groundwater collected is600–800 to feet. an from evaluate urgent Mostly second thegovernment agriculture, aquifer water high-risk supply and industrial system) area. are tube-wells using andcontaminated. Because shallow installed water Due rural which all can to about be areas the dense expectedrecharge depth more populated (Gabriel (having et area, al., no groundwater 2010)system, abstraction this access which is is why to is higher cone than hasneeded facilitating been to pollutants develop eliminate in pollutants to local sources movecontamination groundwater from should study towards not area selected transport as towards well area. high as It pumping vicinity area. area, is4.4 so strongly that Arsenic concentration variation among townsThe and average years values of21.756 arsenic and concentrations 31.253 calculated mgL for the towns were between and highest values of the concentration were observed for Samanabad Town and their normal distribution. Semivariogram/Covariancestatistical cloud correlation depicted of good distance;polynomial also strength curves 3-D-trend of appeared analysis fit was and applied having good and relation found between4.3 both data. Town wise data comparison In thisarsenic part, concentration groundwater samplesstandards percentage chemical (WHO in and analysis PSQCA) whole are consideredgroundwater study results to system. area. evaluate Arsenic arsenic are maximum Two risk permissible drinking potential discussed in limit water local for according WHO is 10 to and 50 µgL is declared for PSQCAbelow 10 criteria. µgL InUET 2010, analysed about 165 1.12 WASA % tube-wellsarsenic samples water value samples concentrations higher and was than detectedof PSQCA 1.2 the % prescribed samples samples standard, had waswater while between samples arsenic 10 were content and found inobserved 50 µgL within rest that 10, number 10–50 of and samples over (with 50 µgL arsenic concentration slightly increased in 2012that as in compare 2010 to over 98 2010. % andvalue Over in all 2012 higher condition more than is than 97 extremelyResources % (PCRWR) groundwater terrible WHO identified samples concentration during criteria. a studyarsenic In about concentration 40 over % 2009, PSQCA collected water limit Pakistan samplesshowed (Gabriel had the Council et al., pollutant of 2010). concentration However, 92 range Research % between samples in 10 and Water 50 µgL groundwater serious issues in future with increasing its concentration level. water samples have arsenic concentration degree from 10 to 50 µgL years. There are fourhaving towns few (Samanabad, samples Gulberg, which Data satisfiedlimit Gunj WHO was Baksh standard, over and while Shalamer) are 10 rest µgL regarded of most towns contaminated concentration where few samples showed the concentration range 5 5 10 15 20 25 10 20 15 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ects on rocks, and ff 0.05), most probably, > erences were observed ff Pr erent result was observed when comparing ff 2134 2133 erent forms into air, water and soil (Peterson ff erences were observed between groups. ff erence of Arsenic concentration was observed between groups ff erent towns such as Data Gunjbaksh Town, Gulburg Town, Nishter Town, Ravi ff uents, urban sewage leakage, landfill sites, open drains and polluted river Ravi. erence of concentration between years for all of the cities ( Regional aquifer of Lahore is small part of vast Indus basin system. Sediments The rapid growth of the urban population in Lahore has resulted in unplanned This shows that the prediction map is a useful tool for the identification of areas at ff ffl Town; Azia Bahati Town, Iqbalsingle Town, Shallimar in its Town; and groups Samanabad while some Town which di is of di settlements, solid waste management,Water groundwater stress resources and environmental inproblem issues. urban (Halim centers etare of al., major Pakistan causes 2009; are formunicipal Hudson-Edwards facing arsenic untreated waste high et great water concentration al., directly stressprincipal in source drain 2010). and of groundwater, into Arsenic even drains, Agricultural quality for industrial rivere groundwater and activities in and open Lahore is places. agriculture The Some activities, groundwater samples industrial were found to havelimits. arsenic Due values well to above high the desirable pumpingand groundwater already cone flow has from been vicinity created areas into towards groundwater urban system areas (Gabrielrisk et of al., arsenic 2010). contamination,of but depth that understanding iscontamination the has of local caused geology vital a asgroundwater serious importance a arsenic panic function contamination for for has theThis specific been is people reported areas. the in in worst Lahore In caseare arsenic city. of now detected fact, It mass ringing countries. is poisoning the in felt theas urban severity that world area a has of of ever serious Pakistan experienced. arsenic since Alarm problem arsenic bells in across groundwater the has emerged country. Pakistan Council of Research in Water for each year asless displays than the 0.05. values No of di the probability in Table 1, which shows value Lahore (located on Indus Riverarsenic tributaries) in has shallow serious aquifers and contamination surfacereveals concentration soil during of (Farooqi et a al., study 2007b, that 2009). in EPA, Pakistan the Lahore district arsenic concentration in ambient air is ingredients of Indus River and linkedfertilizer tributaries (Campos, (Nickson 2002) et and al., various 2005), farmingbeen local activities industrial indicated waste (Rehman as et primary al., 2008) sources have of As. A study was conducted on a village near atmospheric deposition (Patelsystem et also al., depends on 2005).of regional Occurrence the geology, hydrogeology, aquifer, of geochemical and characteristics arsenic climatemineral changes species into (Ul-Haque of local et arsenicrest water al., (60 of % 2007). regarded are Lee as discovered arsenates, arsenides,1996). over 20 oxides % 200 and sulphides silicates) and in the sulphosalts Earth and sediments (Lee et al., Resources (PCRWR) conducted a comprehensiveto study assess in water 23 quality major fromof cities 2002 water of to samples Pakistan 2006. unfit It for wasthe human discovered consumption. fact that that The an problem the average is contamination 84–89identified. made is % more occurring complex below by the ground where it cannot4.5 be easily Arsenic geological and anthropogenic sourcesArsenic in study contamination area inconcern water in resources has Pakistan,review emerged especially has as Lahore explored aare city. that regarded serious From local as public above major geologicalmobile health sources discussion composition element, of and and which arsenic high circulates literature anthropogenic concentration. in activities Arsenic di is regarded as et al., 1981; Savoryreleased et into al., water 1989). bodies Arsenicet from is known al., certain as human 2007). poisonous activities Generally,such substance, and arsenic as; which Earth’s industrial originates is crust waste, from (Ul-Haque mining natural activities, and farming, anthropogenic weathering e sources, Gulberg Town, respectively. Table 1 displayscomparison the results between of towns the ANOVA anddi test and years. means Analyze of the results showvalues that of there the concentration is between no towns for each year. Di due to short period of time. Oppositely, di 5 5 25 20 15 10 10 15 20 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | uents ffl cer explored in 2010 and ffi 1 − uents, sewage leakage erence of concentration ffl ff erences were observed for each year ff uents disposal should be strictly observed ects. Groundwater sources in the city area ffl ff 2135 2136 0.05). Di > ) area 7.6 and 8.1 %, respectively. While in Allama 1 Pr − . Over 97 % water samples arsenic concentration limit higher than 1 − (JICA and Pakistan EPA 2000). However, groundwater in Pakistan is 3 − During ANOVA test the results show that there is no di Arsenic concentrations widely range 7.3–67.8 and 5.2–69.3 µgL Data GunjBaksh and Ravi Town are most polluted among towns where highest risk As sensitivity of water pollution, the Government of Pakistan has initiated The current patterns of groundwater pumping and waste disposal are leading to the Four anthropogenic sources are identified: fertilizers, polluted river, unorganised The following recommendations can be suggested inThere response should be of introduced a the regular current monitoring system for regional groundwater. Solid waste, Industrial and municipal e Iqbal, Aziz Bhatti and Samanabad Town allvalue analysed below water 30 samples µgL have concentration WHO prescribed guideline inin both future years, with which increasing indicates its groundwater concentration level. serious issues 2012, respectively. It explorescommunity. concentration increasing trend which is risky(arsenic for concentration local 40–50 µgL and all industries andtreatment municipal measures. corporations Infiltration shouldmust of stop be landfill immediately forced and leachate establish to from new adapt environmental local friendly wastewater landfill non-engineering sites. sites between years for all ofas the displays cities the ( values of the probability, which shows valuedepletion less of than 0.05. groundwater aquifersthreatening and the the ability contamination of future of residents shallow to aquifers, access thereby water. landfill sites and industrialMitigation waste. of High pollutants risk iscapacity areas tube-wells. due are identified to near developed these cone locations. in groundwaterresearch system outcomes, which and may help heavy towater control quality or in diminish second the biggest problems of city deteriorating of Pakistan. Local authorities should be providedwater. facilities for monitoring and purification of drinking comprehensive surveycontamination with has beenand the detected consequently in assistance arsenic manysupervision parts mitigation (Fatmi of et of program al.,many UNICEF county has 2009). cause especially However, been since and the urbansources launched above in sources areas 1999. discuss Lahore under of area depicts UNICEF Arsenic are arsenic that geological there infiltrate structure, are industrial into e groundwater system, the main are highly pollutedexceed and the quality not standards safe forof drinking for public water. drinking human Bacteriological water and consumption havethe chemical been country. as pollution the The cause most followings are of of the waterborne most diseases the important in pollutants findings many of parts the of research. and through thepesticides. use The intrusion of of saline deep water2012). into soakage Arsenic the fresh poison pits water in zone and ishabitants, groundwater a especially heavy near result in (Jahanzaib, Lahore application children causes (Farooqi ofthat et bone arsenic al., fertilizers deformity 2003). among disease and A other in leakage. senior heavy WASA Current o metal paper is analysisresources being also have seep serious has arsenic into been concentration, the which proved is ground that risk due Lahore for to local city community. sewage groundwater and other anthropogenic sources. 5 Conclusions and recommendations This study has presented theGIS most latest approach available was data adapted on to waterof analyze quality Lahore and in city. present Lahore. Attempt map The was arsenicthe made contaminant problem, risk to it’s map provide probable an overview causes of and the e extent and severity of being contaminated by raw sewage irrigation and land disposal of industrial e 230–2230 ngm 5 5 15 25 10 10 15 20 25 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | from selected area of Sindh, Pakistan: ff 2138 2137 ected by phosphate fertilizers at Sao Paulo, Brazil, ff ects of pollution in River Krishni on hand pump water ff Authors would like to thank Water and sanitation Authority (WASA), ects. Public awareness campaigns should be launched to educate the ff ects. ff Farmer community can play very important role in protection and preservation of Groundwater depletion and developed cone width should also be monitor, which Unfortunately, general public are still unaware of arsenic contamination and its Finally, on the basis of results it was concluded that due to As contamination in Environ. Geol., 42, 83–87, 2002. J. Exp. Biol., 48, 666–678, 2010. caused by the rapiddata, urban Nat. development Hazards in Earth the Syst. Sci., Hanoi 14, region 657–674, (Vietnam), doi:10.5194/nhess-14-657-2014 356241/lahore-high-arsenic-concentration-in-potable-water-study-isposal-of-untreated- using 2014. ALOS InSAR industrial-waste (last access: 12 June 2014), 2004. quality, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 3, 14–22,groundwater 2010. of KalalanwalaA90–A90, Area 2003. near Lahore, Pakistan, Geochim. 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A., Nabi, areas D., and Hayat, W.: unsafe Groundwater arsenic contamination for – a multi- consumption, Local World Health Organization: Arsenic in Drinking Water, WHO FactWWF: Sheet No. 210, Pakistan’s revised, May waters at risk WaterXie, and X., health Wang, related Y., issues Duan, in M., Pakistan and and key Xie, Z.: Geochemical and environmental magnetic 5 15 25 10 20 30 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2144 2143 . (b) and 2012 (a) Arsenic concentration distribution map develop through Geostatistics analysis Location map of selected area at distract Lahore. technique for 2010 Figure 2. Figure 1. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 2010) and Normal QQ plot b 2012, a 2146 2145 2010). Display data process/trend in histogram ( Percentage number of samples with arsenic concentration range (as WHO and d 2012, c Figure 4. PSQCA standard). Figure 3. ( Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | erent towns. ff 2147 Change in concentration range with years in di Figure 5.